Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep， sleep maintenance disorder and impaired daytime function. Its pathological mechanism involves multiple factors such as nerve excitability， circadian rhythm， cell apoptosis， oxidative stress injury. As a classical tyrosine kinase signaling pathway， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） triggers Akt phosphorylation cascade， inducing inflammatory response， apoptosis， autophagy， oxidative damage， nerve excitability， and circadian rhythm imbalance. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） can improve sleep by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Based on this， this paper systematically reviews the research progress on the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway by traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） for insomnia at home and abroad. These drugs can regulate neuronal excitability by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway， affect the circadian rhythm， alleviate inflammation， apoptosis， autophagy and oxidative stress， and thus regulate sleep-wake. Furthermore， literature review indicates that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may represent a specific pathway underlying phlegm-turbidity disturbing the upper Jiao-type insomnia.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep， sleep maintenance disorder and impaired daytime function. Its pathological mechanism involves multiple factors such as nerve excitability， circadian rhythm， cell apoptosis， oxidative stress injury. As a classical tyrosine kinase signaling pathway， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） triggers Akt phosphorylation cascade， inducing inflammatory response， apoptosis， autophagy， oxidative damage， nerve excitability， and circadian rhythm imbalance. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） can improve sleep by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway. Based on this， this paper systematically reviews the research progress on the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway by traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） for insomnia at home and abroad. These drugs can regulate neuronal excitability by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway， affect the circadian rhythm， alleviate inflammation， apoptosis， autophagy and oxidative stress， and thus regulate sleep-wake. Furthermore， literature review indicates that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may represent a specific pathway underlying phlegm-turbidity disturbing the upper Jiao-type insomnia.

Insomnia is a prevalent clinical condition that not only diminishes the patient's quality of life but also has the potential to give rise to further health complications.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used to treat insomnia for thousands of years,with distinct advantages.TCM uses syndrome differentiation and therapy to achieve its therapeutic effects,by regulating the internal balance of the human body.To gain a deeper understanding of how TCM treats insomnia,it is crucial to create animal models that exhibit insomnia symptoms closely resembling those found in humans.This review summarizes the current disease-syndrome combination models,which can be classified into four categories:liver depression and Qi stagnation,heart-spleen deficiency,heart-kidney incompatibility,and Yin and blood deficiency.This paper focuses on specific modelling method ologies,assessment indicators,and model performances,with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of insomnia in the context of TCM,and providing technical assistance for clinical efficacy evaluation and the creation of novel drugs.

Insomnia is a prevalent clinical condition that not only diminishes the patient's quality of life but also has the potential to give rise to further health complications.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used to treat insomnia for thousands of years,with distinct advantages.TCM uses syndrome differentiation and therapy to achieve its therapeutic effects,by regulating the internal balance of the human body.To gain a deeper understanding of how TCM treats insomnia,it is crucial to create animal models that exhibit insomnia symptoms closely resembling those found in humans.This review summarizes the current disease-syndrome combination models,which can be classified into four categories:liver depression and Qi stagnation,heart-spleen deficiency,heart-kidney incompatibility,and Yin and blood deficiency.This paper focuses on specific modelling method ologies,assessment indicators,and model performances,with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of insomnia in the context of TCM,and providing technical assistance for clinical efficacy evaluation and the creation of novel drugs.

In order to screen antigenic genes of Clonorchis sinensis (C.sinensis).Firstly,a cDNA expression library from adult worms of C.sinensis was successfully constructed with lambda ZAP express vector.Total RNA of C.sinensis adult worms were extracted by the Trizol reagent and mRNA were further purified through oligo-dT cellulose.The first strand eDNA was synthesized by using MMLV reverse transcriptase.After the synthesis of the second strand,the cDNA were purified by CHROMA SPIN-400 kit and then ligated with lambda ZAP express vector,then packaged in vitro and amplified.The original library contained 1.5 × 106 pfu cDNA clones,the titer of amplified library reached 1.5 × 1010 pfu/mL,in which about 99% clones were recombinants and most of insert DNA fragments were 0.4-2.0 kb.Secondly,immunoscreened using the naturely infected man serum from C.sinensis.The positive clones were sequenced and analyzed.From 2.0 × 105 recombinant clones of the eDNA library,41 positive clones were obtained.Sequence analysis indicated that the cDNAs encoded proteins including glycine rich antigen 2,proline rich antigen 2 and antigen Cs44 from C.sinensis,anothers were lower similarity to predicted protein from Nematostella vectensis,transcription elongation factor GreA from Bartonella quintana str.Toulouse and NM_132090 CG3446 gene product in Drosophila melanogaster from Schistosoma japonicum.These data may form a foundation for identifying recombinant antigens that can be used in the diagnosis or vaccination against clonorchiasis.