Objective:To analyze the curative effect of locking compression pediatric hip plate (LCH-PHP) in the treatment tumor-like lesions of femoral neck in children.Methods:From January 2012 to June 2019, 45 children with Erol type Ⅱ-Ⅳ tumor-like lesions of femoral neck were retrospectively analyzed, involving 32 males and 13 females, aged 2-14 years.Among them, 27 cases were simple bone cyst, 15 cases were fibrous dysplasia, 3 cases were Langerhans histiocytosis, and 17 cases were accompanied with pathological fracture.Patients without pathological fracture were divided into 2 groups according to different surgical methods: lesion removal and bone grafting+ LCH-PHP preventive fixation group (group A) and lesion removal and bone grafting group (group B). Patients with pathological fracture were divided into 2 groups according to the different surgical methods: lesion removal and bone grafting+ LCH-PHP fixation and reduction group (group C) and lesion removal and bone grafting group (group D). The loss of femoral neck-stem angle, healing time and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scores were compared between group A and group B. Changes of femoral neck-stem angle were compared between group C and group D at postoperative 1 day and the last follow-up.Results:Forty-five patients were followed up for an average of 2.6 (1-4) years.The loss of femoral neck-stem angle in group A and group B were (0.50 ± 0.45)°, and (2.26 ± 1.64)°, which was significantly different ( t=-3.193, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the healing condition, healing time and MSTS scores at the last follow-up between group A and group B(all P>0.05). In group C, the ipsilateral femoral neck-stem angle at the postoperative 1 day and the last follow-up were (133.67±4.53)°and (133.00±4.32)°, respectively, which was comparable ( P>0.05). In group D, the ipsilateral femoral neck-stem angle at the postoperative 1 day and the last follow-up were (133.36±7.82)°and (130.63±8.24)°, respectively, which was significantly different ( t=7.11, P<0.05). Conclusions:LCH-PHP fixation can effectively maintain the femoral neck-stem angle and prevent the occurrence of pathological fracture children with Erol Ⅱ-Ⅳ tumor-like lesions of femoral neck.

Objective:To compare the clinical effect of manual reduction and plaster fixation, closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation, as well as open reduction plate and elastic intramedullary pin fixation in the treatment of unstable distal ulna and radius fractures in older children.Methods:The clinical data of 110 cases treated in Department of Orthopedics, Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2014 to December 2017, for unstable fractures of the distal ulna and radius were retrospectively reviewed.There were 73 males, 37 females, aged from 10 to 14 years[(11.6±2.3) years old]. According to the different treatments, the 110 cases were divided into 3 groups which included manual reduction group (48 patients), closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation group (35 patients, K-wire fixation group) and open reduction with plate and elastic stable intramedullary nail fixation group (27 patients, open reduction group). All cases were treated with plaster external fixation.After the fracture healing, the plaster was removed and then exercises were begun.The data of operative time, fracture healing time, displacement rate and wrist function after treatment were recorded in the three groups and compared statistically.Results:There was no significant difference in general data between 3 groups before operation (all P>0.05). For the manual reduction group, K-wire fixation group and open reduction group, the operation time was (20.2±8.4) min, (35.4±12.2) min and (68.5±20.4) min, respectively; the clinical fracture healing time was (42.1±3.8) d, (44.2±4.3)d and (48.4±5.3) d; the cost of treatment was (2 000.4±551.3) Yuan, (8 000.2±1 151.6) Yuan and (20 010.7±2 453.3) Yuan, respectively.There were significant differences in operation time and cost treatment among the 3 groups ( χ2=11.266, F=58.427, all P<0.05). The Berton score of excellent and good were 89.6% (43/48 cases), 91.4% (32/35 cases) and 92.6% (25/27 cases) 3 months later after surgery in the manual reduction group, K-wire fixation group and open reduction group.The mean follow-up was (11.2±3.7) months(range 6-18 months). In the manual reduction group, there were 6 cases with fracture displacement within 2 weeks after the manual reduction.There were 3 cases with symptoms of caudal irritation in K-wire fixation group, which happened in 1 case in the open reduction group.No complications such as nonunion and iatrogenic nerve injury were found during the follow-ups. Conclusion:There is no significant difference in the wrist function among the 3 methods for the treatment of distal radius and ulna fractures in older children.The manual reduction therapy has a high fracture displacement rate.The open reduction therapy causes maximal operative trauma and costs highly.The percutaneous K-wire method is minimally invasive and has shorter operative time and a lower fracture displacement rate.Therefore, percutaneous K-wire is the optimal treatment for distal ulna and radius fractures.

Objective:To assess the clinical effect of retrograde elastic stable intramedullary nailing(ESIN) in distal humerus metaphysis-diaphyseal junction fractures in children.Methods:A total of 14 cases of children with distal humerus metaphysis-diaphyseal junction fractures treated by retrograde ESIN in Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2016 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 9 males and 5 females, aged 3.0-13.2 years old(median: 6.4 years old). Nine cases had fractures on the left side and 5 cases on the right side.Two prebent ESINs were inserted into the proximal humerus metaphysis through the humerus marrow cavity from medial and lateral sides of the distal humerus respectively after the closed/open reduction of fractures.After surgery, the shoulder abductor stent or long arm plaster was used for fixation post-operatively.X - ray examination was performed at regular post-operative follow-up.The stability of internal fixation was analyzed by measuring the Baumann angle and checking whether humeral anterior lines passed through capitulum humeri in lateral radiographs immediately after the surgery and at the last follow-up.Meanwhile, efficacy was evaluated according to Flynn functional evaluation criteria.Results:All the 14 patients in this group were followed up for 10-27 months after the operation, with an average of 18.4 months.The Baumann angle was within the normal range at both the end of the operation and the last follow-up, and no significant difference was observed.Lateral radiographs showed humeral anterior lines passed through the capitulum humeri.According to Flynn functional scores, there were 13 excellent cases and 1 good case.No wound infection, intramedullary nailing displacement, Volkmann contracture, cubital varus deformity, or iatrogenic nerve injury occurred in any of the children.Conclusion:Retrograde ESIN technique is a safe and reliable treatment for children with distal humerus metaphysis-diaphyseal junction fractures.

The elastic stable intramedullary nailing ( ESIN ) technique is widely accepted by pediatric orthopedic surgeons for the following advantages: being minimally invasive, non-destructive on epiphyseal function, easy, rapid postoperative recovery, allowing early functional exercise and having low complication rate. It has become the mainstream technique for the treatment of long bone fractures in children. Although the concept of minimally invasive surgery for children with long bone fractures is constantly evolving and the surgical technique is becoming more and more mature, there are still some complications after ESIN operation, such as tendon and iatrogenic nerve injury, soft tissue irritation and infection, poor alignment after fracture or re-shift, delayed union and non-union, leg-length discrepancy, rotation and angular deformity, osteofascial compartment syndrome, and other clinical problems. These complications often occur due to the negligence of important biological principles, obvious technical errors and the negligence of the characteristics of local anatomy. The authors review the problems of ESIN technique in the treatment of humeral fractures, radius and ulna fractures, femoral fractures and tibial fractures of children, seeking to avoid the complications as much as possible and giving full play to the minimally invasive advantages of ESIN.

Objective: To summarize the clinical data of elastic stable intramedullary nailing(ESIN) in the treatment of long bone fracture of children in a single medical center, and to analyze the problems occurred after the ESIN surgery and corresponding solutions. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted regarding the clinical data of 2 133 pediatric long bone fractures conforming to inclusion and exclusion criteria from June, 2005 to December, 2017 in Department of Orthopedics, Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.There were 1 191 boys and 942 girls, aged from 23 months to 14 years with mean age of (5.7 ± 3.1)years.There were 1 866 cases treated with closed reduction with ESIN, while 267 cases were treated with small incision assisted reduction with ESIN.Postoperative problems have been statistically analyzed. Results: There were altogether 2 133 children, including 603 cases of femur, 311 cases of tibia, 8 cases of fibula, 219 cases of humerus, and 992 cases of ulna/radius.The postoperative complications mainly consist of 62 cases of needle tail irritation reaction, 21 cases of misalignments of fracture alignment, 11 cases of intramedullary nail deformity or angular deformity, 7 cases of limb shortening, 14 cases of limited joint activity, 4 cases of nerve injury, 2 cases of tendon injury, 14 cases of difficult nail removal, 4 cases of cortical cleavage, 8 cases of delayed union, 1 case of nonunion, 6 cases of varus/valgus deformity, 5 cases of epiphyseal injury, 6 cases of ESIN exposure, and 2 cases of metal debris of ESIN′ end. Conclusions The complications of treatment for children with long bone fractures by ESIN cannot be ignored.To master the important biomechanical properties, to get familiar with the local anatomy and to avoid obvious technical errors can reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of three internal fixation techniques,namely K-wire,hollow screw and pediatric hip locking compression plate (LCP),for treating displaced femoral neck fractures in children.Methods The clinical data of 56 patients treated from January 2010 to August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed by case-control study.All the patients received open reduction after unsuccessful closed reduction.According to the methods of internal fixation,the patients were divided into K-wire group (18 cases),hollow screw group (21 cases) and LCP group (17 cases).Operation time,intraoperative blood loss,neck-shaft reduction,bone union time,and complications after surgery were recorded.Ratliff and Harris scores at final follow-up visit were evaluated.Results In K-wire group,hollow screw group and LCP group,the operation times were respective(74.2 ± 12.9) min,(90.2 ± 18.9) min and (125.1 ± 20.6) min,the intraoperative blood loss of the three groups were respective (27.3 ± 15.4) ml,(32.4 ± 18.7) ml and (57.7 ± 22.1) ml,and the neck shaft reduction of the three groups were respective (3.74 ± 0.80) °,(2.96 ± 0.74) ° and (1.22 ± 0.39) °.K-wire group were superior to other two groups in operation time and intraoperative blood loss,and PHP group were better than the other two groups in prevention of neck-shaft reduction(P ＜ 0.05).There was one case in K-wire group with bone nonunion combined with hip varus.In K-wire group,hollow screw group and LCP group,the avascular necrosis were 11％,14％ and 12％,respectively (P ＞ 0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in follow-up time,bone union time,and Ratliff as well as Harris scores among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).The case of epiphyseal premature closure,iatrogenic injury of blood vessel and nerve as well as osteo-fascial compartment syndrome was not observed after surgery.None of the patients had epiphyseal close,neurovascular injury and osteofacial compartment syndrome.Conclusions All three internal fixation techniques can have good clinical results in children with displaced femoral neck fractures after unsuccessful closed reduction.K-wire has advantages of less blood loss,shorter operation time and easier handling.Hollow screw has no obvious advantages or disadvantages in intraoperative situation and postoperative complications.Pediatric hip LCP can reduce the loss of neck-shaft angle and decrease the occurrence of hip varus.

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of three different approaches of elastic stable intramedullary nail for treatment of humeral shaft fractures in older children.Methods From January 2011 to December 2015,54 older children(31 males and 23 females) aged 8-14 years(average 11.4 years old) of humeral shaft fractures were treated in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University with elastic stable intramedullary nail.The left side involved 24 cases and right involved 30 cases.Patients were divided into 3 groups according to different approaches:bilateral retrograde group (31 cases),radial retrograde group (15 cases) and anterograde group (8 cases).Abduction brace was carried out postoperatively for about 6 weeks.Implant removal took place about 3-4 months later,when the X-ray showed fracture line disappeared and continuous trabecular bone was formed.A retrospective study was performed to compare the operation time,imaging findings after the surgery,fracture healing time and recent complications among the 3 groups.Results Bilateral retrograde nailing operation lasted for an average of (51 ±25) min and residual angle in X-ray films postoperative was (5.4 ± 1.8) °.The radial retrograde nailing average operating time was(46 ± 12)min and average residual angle in X-ray films postoperative was (12.8 ±2.9)°,while anterograde nailing was (44 ±16) min and (13.0 ± 3.6)°.The angle of the fracture after operation in the bilateral retrograde group was significantly less than those of the radial retrograde group and the anterograde group,and the difference was statistically significant (F =19.340,P ＜ 0.01).Children were followed up for 6 to 18 months (averaged 11 months).Each fracture was healed successfully.The excellent rates of Constant scores of postoperative shoulder joints 6 months after surgery were 96.8％ (30/31 cases),93.3％ (14/15 cases),87.5％ (7/8 cases).The excellent rates of Mayo scores of elbow joints 6 months after surgery were 93.5％ (29/31 cases),100.0％ (15/15 cases),100.0％ (8/8 cases).All fractures were healed without abnormal appearance or decreased range of motion.In terms of their complications,in the bilateral retrograde group,there was 1 case of iatrogenic ulnar nerve palsy and 5 cases with skin irritation.One case of skin irritation occurred in the radial retrograde group.Conclusions In treatment of humeral shaft fractures in older children,functional outcomes are similar in 3 groups.The technique of bilateral retrograde insertion is effective and has extensive applicability.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous haemostat stroke-poking reduction and elastic intramedullary nailing for pediatric radial neck fractures of O'Brien types Ⅱ & Ⅲ.Methods From January 2014 to June 2016,38 children (23 boys and 15 girls) with radial neck fracture of O'Brien type u or Ⅲ were treated by percutaneous haemostat stroke-poking reduction and elastic intramedullary nailing in our department.We had 26 left and 12 right sides.Their ages ranged from 5 to 14 years,averaging 8.6 years.All fractures were fresh.According to O'Brien classification,22 cases were type Ⅱ and 16 type Ⅲ.The operation time,frequency of intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopy,frequency of percutaneous haemostat stroke-poking reduction,and union time were recorded.The elbow function was assessed one day before removal of internal implants according to the Métaizeau scoring system.Results All operations succeeded,lasting from 12 to 25 min (average,16.4 min).The frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy ranged from 3 to 11 times (average,6.4 times);the frequency of intraoperative percutaneous reduction ranged from 1 to 4 times (average,2.3 times).The patients were followed up for 6 to 22 months (average,1 1.2 months).Postoperative X-ray films showed satisfactory alignment of the fracture ends.All fractures demonstrated clinical and radiographic evidence of complete healing after a mean time of 58 days (from 38 to 72 days).The Métaizeau scoring showed 33 excellent,4 good and one fair cases,yielding an excellent to good rate of 97.4％.Follow-ups revealed no infection,implants breakage,nonunion,fracture redisplacement,or iatrogenic radial nerve injury.Conclusions As percutaneous haemostat stroke-poking reduction can increase the probability of successful reduction at first attempt,reduce frequency of close reduction and X-ray exposure for both children and medical staff,and shorten operation time,the procedure is effective,simple,reliable and minimally invasive,leading to fewer complications.