Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis(CIP)is a relatively common immune-related adverse event.The current treatment for CIP mainly relies on glucocorticoids,with 70％～80％of patients being controlled by conventional glucocorticoid therapy.However,steroid-unresponsive CIP is often se-vere and can be life-threatening.There is no standard treatment protocol for steroid-unresponsive CIP,highlighting a significant unmet clinical need.This paper reviews the diagnosis,treatment progress,and exploratory research of steroid-unresponsive CIP to provide evidence-based guidelines and directions for clinical and translational research.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis(CIP)is a relatively common immune-related adverse event.The current treatment for CIP mainly relies on glucocorticoids,with 70％～80％of patients being controlled by conventional glucocorticoid therapy.However,steroid-unresponsive CIP is often se-vere and can be life-threatening.There is no standard treatment protocol for steroid-unresponsive CIP,highlighting a significant unmet clinical need.This paper reviews the diagnosis,treatment progress,and exploratory research of steroid-unresponsive CIP to provide evidence-based guidelines and directions for clinical and translational research.

Objective To investigate the role of miR-429 in osteosarcoma stem cells.Methods We employed different approaches to test the expression of miR-429 in osteosarcoma stem cells.miR-429-high and miR-429-low cells were separated using molecular probes and their stem cell-like properties were compared.The effect of miR-429 on osteosarcoma stem cell-like properties was further tested through transfection assays.Furthermore,the miR-429 downstream target gene was confirmed by luciferase assay.Results The expression of miR-429 in osteosarcoma stem cells was much lower than that in control cells.miR-429-high cells displayed fewer stem celllike properties than did miR-429-low cells.These observations were confirmed by transfection assays.Additionally,our luciferase assays showed that miR-429 regulates Sox2 at the post-transcriptional level.Conclusion miR-429 negatively regulates osteosarcoma stem celllike properties by targeting Sox2.