OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the correlations and proportional relationships between maxillary anterior teeth (MAT) and facial measurements in Han Chinese individuals with the most attractive smiles, as evaluated by dental professionals. METHODS: Ten dentists with more than 5 years of clinical experience from different professional directions in a tertiary stomatological hospital were selected to evaluate the smile attractiveness of volunteers by visual analogue scale (VAS). Eighty-eight Han volunteers with the most attractive smile were selected. The perceived width of the MAT, the dimensions (height and width) of the maxillary central incisors (MCI), and the facial dimensions (intercanthal distance, interzygomatic distance, interalar distance, facial height and lower facial height) of the volunteers were measured on the frontal photos of the smile, digital oral model, and 3D face model. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze linear correlations, and regression analysis was carried out to explore the proportional relationships. Reliability analysis using the intraclass correlation coefficient verified the stability of these proportional relationships. In addition, the correlations between MAT perceived width and the proportional relationships of (MCI) height to width ratio, with facial dimensions were explored and their reliability was verified. RESULTS: In Han Chinese individuals with the most attractive smiles, as evaluated by dental professionals, the Pearson correlation coefficients among MAT perceived widths were 0.813, 0.389, and 0.560. A proportional relationship existed between the lateral incisor and central incisor, and the ratio was 0.729. No significant correlations were found between MCI and the inner canthal distance, zygomatic distance, interalar distance, facial height, or the lower one-third facial height except for a negative correlation (r=-0.357) between MCI height and facial height in males and a positive correlation (r=0.249) between MCI width and interalar width when genders were combined. CONCLUSIONS Correlations exist among MAT perceived widths in Han Chinese individuals with the most attractive smiles, as evaluated by dental professionals. Partial correlations are observed between MCI height and width and facial measurements. The perceived width of the lateral incisor can serve as a reference indicator for predicting the perceived width of the central incisor, providing a reference for the aesthetic restoration of MAT in the Han ethnicity population.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; China ; Esthetics, Dental ; Face/anatomy & histology* ; Incisor/anatomy & histology* ; Maxilla/anatomy & histology* ; Smiling ; East Asian People

Objective: To learn the status and influencing factors of development among infants at ages of 0 to 36 months in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City, so as to provide the reference for promoting healthy development of infants. Methods: Infants at ages of 0-36 months who underwent physical examination in Child Health Clinic of Xiaoshan District Community Health Service Center were selected in 2022. General data of infants and their mothers were collected through questionnaires, and the development status of infants was screened by Age and Stages Questionnaire (third edition). Factors affecting the development status were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 2 519 infants were investigated, including 1 339 males (53.16%) and 1 180 females (46.84%). There were 608 infants with abnormal development of at least one functional area of communication (CM), gross motor (GM), fine motor (FM), problems solving (CG) and personal-social (PS). The abnormal rate was 24.14%, and the abnormal rates of the above functional areas were 9.77%, 6.59%, 7.98%, 6.39% and 9.33%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that gender (male, OR=1.563, 95%CI: 1.191-2.052), mother's childbearing age (≥35 years, OR=1.411, 95%CI: 1.001-1.988), mother's educational level (lower than junior college, OR=1.460, 95%CI: 1.116-1.912) were factors affecting abnormal development of CM; preterm birth (OR=2.323, 95%CI: 1.315-4.103) was factors affecting abnormal development of GM; gender (male, OR=1.654, 95%CI: 1.225-2.232) was factors affecting abnormal development of FM; gender (male, OR=1.511, 95%CI: 1.086-2.102) and mode of delivery (cesarean section, OR=1.460, 95%CI: 1.060-2.010) were factors affecting abnormal development of CG; gender (male, OR=1.340, 95%CI: 1.019-1.763) and birth weight (low birth weight, OR=1.985, 95%CI: 1.149-3.432) were factors affecting abnormal development of PS. Conclusions The rate of abnormal development among infants at ages of 0 to 36 months in Xiaoshan District is 24.14%. Gender, preterm birth, mode of delivery, birth weight, mother's childbearing age and mother's educational level could affect the development status of infants.

Objective To explore the relationship between glycated albumin ( GA ) in 2 consecutive months and hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c) in diabetes patients.Methods Totally 100 consecutive patients with main diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were enrolled retrospectively from April 2015 to January 2016 in outpatient clinic of endocrinology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, who had undertaken GA tests every 4 weeks for 2 successive months and had HbA1c test in the second month.GA was measured with liquid enzymatic method. HbA1c was measured by ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography.The relationship between HbA1c and GA for the 2 successive months was determined.Results A total of 85 patients were enrolled.The regres-sion equation between HbA1c (y) and average GA (j) for successive 2 months was y=3.187+0.218j (adjusted R2 =0.520, P=0.000), which showed a similar effect as the regression equation for HbA1c and the levels of GA tested for the 2 successive months (adjusted R2 =0.514, P=0.000), and both had more significant regressive effect than the regression equation for HbA1c and single measurement of GA (adjusted R2 =0.392, P=0.000). Conclusions The regressive effect between HbA1c and GA (or the average of GA) in successive 2 months is bet-ter than that with single measurement of GA, hence could better predict HbA1c in clinical practice.

Objective To evaluate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of pregnant women with different glucose tolerance status,and their secretion characteristics of insulin,glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after oral glucose challenge.Methods We analyzed 74 cases pregnant women with positive results of 50 g glucose challenge test in 24-28 gestational weeks,who received regular obstetrical follow-up in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2009 to June 2012.A further 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed,based on which the included women were divided into three groups,namely gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group (n =25),impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group (n =25) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n =24).The general clinical data and biochemical indexes of the three groups were compared,and the indexes about insulin resistance and the function of pancreatic islet beta cells were calculated.Glucose,insulin,glucagon and GLP-1 were measured in OGTT.The secretion characteristics of each of these hormones and their correlation with other indicators were evaluated.Results Compared with the NGT group,the GCT [(9.21 ±0.75) mmol/L vs.(8.52 ±0.50) mmol/L,P ＜0.05] and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c [(5.39±0.34)％ vs.(5.18 ±0.20)％,P＜0.05] were significantly higher in the GDM group.In OGTT,the area under curve (AUC) of glucose in the GDM group was significantly higher than that inthe IGT group and NGT group [(26.58 ±2.02) mmol/(L · h) vs.(23.20 ± 1.51) mmoL/(L · h),(26.58 ± 2.02) mmol/(L · h) vs.(19.84 ± 1.95) mmol/(L · h),both P ＜ 0.05].The peak values of insulin secretion in the GDM group and IGT group were delayed to 2 hours after OGTT.The 3-hour insulin level in the GDM group was significantly higher than that in the NGT group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the NGT group,the glucagon levels in each time point after OGTT and the AUC of glucagon levels were reduced in the GDM group and the IGT group,but with no significant differences.The peak glucagon levels in the 3 groups all appeared at 3 hours after OGTT.The GLP-1 levels in each time point of OGTT were gradually increased from the NGT group to the IGT group to the GDM group,but no significant differences were found.The peak value of GLP-1 level was presented at 1 hour after OGTT in the NGT group and the IGT group and at 2 hours after OGTT in the GDM group.The valley values of GLP-1 level in the 3 groups all appeared at 3 hours after OGTT.In comparison with the NGT group,the ratios of GLP-1 to blood glucose levels (GLP/BG) at 1-hour and 2-hour were significantly decreased in the GDM group (P ＜ 0.05).The AUC of glucagon levels in OGTT were negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose (r =-0.287,P =0.013) and 1-hour glucose levels (r =-0.266,P =0.022) in OGTT and positively correlated with insulin secretion sensitivity index (ISSI) (r =0.297,P =0.010) and HOMA-β (r =0.236,P =0.043).Moreover,the AUC of GLP-1 levels in OGTT was negatively correlated with the levels of C-reactive protein (r =-0.264,P =0.035).The AUC of GLP/BG in OGTT was positively correlated with ISSI (r=0.406,P＜0.001).Conclusions Pregnant women with GDM and IGT in the second trimester have insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic islet β cells.Potential GLP-1 resistance and inadequate secretion may exist in GDM patients.GLP/BG may be a better parameter to evaluate the secretion function of L cells in pregnancy and an effective parameter to estimate the compensatory function of pancreatic β cells indirectly.Glucagon levels may not start to change obviously before 28 gestational weeks.

Objective To evaluate clinical features,insulin sensitivity,and serum adipocytokines levels in pregnant women with different glucose tolerance status and to investigate the possible serum predictive biomarkers of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods We included 74 pregnant women with positive results of 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT),who received regular obstetrical follow-up in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2009 to June 2012.A further 100 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 24-28 gestational weeks,based on which the 74 pregnant women were divided into GDM group (n =25),impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group (n =25) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n =24).The clinical data were recorded in detail.Serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19,FGF-21,visceral adiposespecific serine protease inhibitor (vaspin),leptin,insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1),and adiponectin levels of the 3 groups were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared.The associations of these adipocytokines with the patients' baseline data and metabolic indexes were analyzed.Results The blood glucose after GCT and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c in the GDM group were significantly higher than those in the NGT group [(9.21 ±0.75) mmol/L vs.(8.52 ±0.50) mmol/L,P ＜0.05;(5.39 ± 0.34) ％ vs.(5.18 ± 0.20) ％,P ＜ 0.05],but not significantly different from those in the IGT group [(9.14 ± 0.64) mmol/L,P ＞ 0.05;(5.28 ± 0.28) ％,P ＞ 0.05].Age,systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the first trimester,pre-gestational body mass index (BMI),increment of BMI during pregnancy,serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,and C-reactive protein levels in the three groups showed no significant differences (all P ＞0.05).From the NGT group to the IGT group to the GDM group,the area under curve of blood glucose (AUCBG) [(19.84±1.95),(23.20±1.51),(26.58±2.02) mmol/(L · h)] and AUC of insulin (AUCINS) [(1.84± 0.91) ×103,(1.85 ±1.15) ×103,(2.49 ±1.36) ×103 pmol/(L · h)] both gradually increased.Compared with the NGT group,the GDM group had significantly higher HOMA-IR [3.0 (1.5,5.2) vs.2.5 (1.5,3.4),P ＜0.05] significantly lower HOMA-β [230.5 (144.6,311.6) vs.235.6 (168.1,350.0),P ＜ 0.05].Among the GDM,the IGT,and the NGT groups,there were no significant differences in serum FGF-19 [(284.42±78.16),(268.17 ±72.97),(283.86 ±79.74) ng/L],FGF-21 [(798.16±273.57),(882.43 ±322.17),(842.75 ±343.01) ng/L],vaspin [(22.36 ±7.27),(23.53 ±7.90),(22.63±9.11) μag/L],leptin [(5.51 ± 1.44),(5.58 ± 1.58),(5.48 ± 1.47) μg/L],adiponectin [(798.85 ± 255.14),(863.44 ± 252.18),(828.36 ± 249.32) μg/L] and IGFBP-1 [(40.44 ± 16.41),(49.57±12.60),(43.80±16.58) μg/L] levels (all P＞0.05).Conclusions There are no significant differences of a variety of adipocytokines in pregnant women with different glucose tolerance status,and no effective serum predictors of GDM are found.The effect of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of GDM remains to be further investigated.