Oral fluid specimens are a new type of specimen whose clinical application value is widely evaluated. Compared with conventional pathogen detection technology, they have the advantages of non-invasive, simple operation and self-collection. They can be used for biochemical analysis, nucleic acid detection of infectious pathogens and tumor cells, and have been recommended for screening and diagnosis of certain diseases. This article mainly summarizes the collection methods of oral fluid and related samples, as well as their application in the diagnosis of infectious pathogens, providing a reference for the detection and research of clinical infectious disease etiology in China.

Oral fluid specimens are a new type of specimen whose clinical application value is widely evaluated. Compared with conventional pathogen detection technology, they have the advantages of non-invasive, simple operation and self-collection. They can be used for biochemical analysis, nucleic acid detection of infectious pathogens and tumor cells, and have been recommended for screening and diagnosis of certain diseases. This article mainly summarizes the collection methods of oral fluid and related samples, as well as their application in the diagnosis of infectious pathogens, providing a reference for the detection and research of clinical infectious disease etiology in China.

Objective To grasp the main environmental factors affecting the growth of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao;To predict the distribution of suitable areas of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Shanxi Province;To provide references for the rational distribution of the resources in Shanxi Province.Methods This study utilized the sample point longitude and latitude information collected in the"Fourth Survey of Chinese Materia Medica Resources"database in Shanxi Province.The data were supplemented by searching the China Digital Herbarium and retrieving related literature records.347 sample points distribution data and environmental factors were added to the MaxEnt model.The main environmental factors and contribution rates affecting the geographical distribution of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao were screened out.The ArcGIS software was used to divide the ecological suitable area of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Shanxi Province.Results The area under the ROC curve of the established MaxEnt model was 0.909,indicating that the model prediction results were accurate.The model screened 19 environmental factors.Among them,climate factor was the most important environmental factor,followed by biological factor and topographic factor,and soil factor had the least influence.The potential suitable areas of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Shanxi Province were mainly distributed in the northern mountainous areas,presenting a trend of gradually decreasing suitability levels from north to south.Under the current climate conditions,the most suitable area for Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Shanxi Province was 15 424 km2,the suitable area was 19 856 km2,the sub suitable area was 59 436 km2,and the unsuitable area was 61 894 km2.Conclusion Based on MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software,this study predicts the distribution of suitable areas of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Shanxi Province,which has certain reference value for the protection and rational distribution of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao resources in Shanxi Province.

Objective:To systematically retrieve, evaluate, and summarize evidence on insomnia screening and assessment in adult malignant tumor patients.Methods:The clinical decisions, guidelines, and expert consensus on screening and assessing insomnia in malignant tumor patients were systematically searched in clinical decision support systems, guideline websites, literature databases, and professional association websites. This study conducted methodological quality evaluation and evidence extraction, translation, and integration.Results:A total of 8 articles were included, including three clinical decisions, two evidence-based guidelines, and three expert consensuses. After extracting and summarizing evidence, 38 pieces of evidence were obtained from three aspects of general management principles, insomnia screening, and insomnia assessment.Conclusions:The insomnia screening and assessment in adult malignant tumor patients should be standardized according to evidence-based standards and combined with specific clinical situations in China.

It is difficult to accurately distinguish pharyngitis caused by Group A Streptococcus(GAS) from other pathogens according to the clinical presentation alone, which cannot effectively guide the rational use of antimicrobials.The pharyngeal swab culture, rapid antigen detection test, nucleic acid test, and blood test can help definitively diagnose GAS pharyngitis.However, there are differences in different guidelines on who the laboratory test methods are intended for, interpretation of laboratory test results and so on.This article summarizes and analyses the laboratory diagnostic modalities and their characteristics, as well as recommendations for GAS pharyngitis in different guidelines to provide references for the clinical diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, and further study of GAS pharyngitis.

Middle-aged women experienced foreign body sensation in both eyes without obvious causes for many days. The clinician tried to diagnose the patient according to her physical and laboratory examinations. After detecting worm bodies in the patient′s eye, and examining the worms with a microscope, the diagnosis of conjunctival sucking nematodes was confirmed. After targeted treatment, the patient′s symptoms improved significantly.

Objective:To investigate the infection status and influencing factors of hepatitis E virus infection among different occupational populations in Xinjiang region,and to provide a available evidence for control of hepatitis E.Methods:A randomly sampling survey was carried out in the population of public health practitioners, the serum IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus in 1 720 samples were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the experimental data was analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software;the differences of infection rates between genders,ages and occupations were analyzed.Results:Among 1 720 subjects,440 persons were anti-HEV IgG positive,and the total positive rate was 25.58%;the positive rate of males (27.99%)was higher than that of females (23.35%),and the IgG positive rate was increased along with the age;there were significant differences of the anti-HEV-IgG antibody positive rates between the populations with different ages (χ2 =118.262, P = 0.000 ). There was a statistically significant difference of infection rate of hepatitis E between different occupational populations (χ2 = 98.262,P = 0.000),the slaughterman had the highest positive rate (81.53%), followed by the livestock and meat salesperson (79.37%),food service population (30%),supermarket population (11.21%)and others (9.03%).Conclusion:The hepatitis E infection rate is high among the public health practitioners in Xinjiang region,and occupation,age and gender are the major influencing factors of hepatitis E infection rate.

Objective To evaluate the infection rate and influencing factors of Hepatitis E Virus among different occupational population in nanjiang region of Xinjiang. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in occupational population and non-occupational population having a close contact with livertock. Serum IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus was tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , and logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of HEV infection. Results The result showed that the total positive rate was 51.88% and 317 out of 611 subjects were anti-HEV IgG positive. Non-occupational population had the lowest positive rate (35.90%), followed by the stock man of intensive nursery (24.14%), stock man of scattered nursery (76.00%), livestock and meat salesperson (79.37%) and slaughterman (81.53%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that close contact with livestock , eating out and without frequent hand washing increased the risk of HEV infection . And HEV infection rate decreased in the population with professional training. Conclusion It is noticeable that promoting good health habits and cutting off animal-contact transmission are effective measures for the prevention of hepatitis E.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of Q?SPECT, CTPA, Q?SPECT/CT, and Q?SPECT/CTPA for pulmonary embolism (PE) in rabbit models. Methods (1) The PE models were constructed by injecting Gelfoam into the femoral vein of New Zealand rabbits ( n=30) . Q?SPECT, CTPA, Q?SPECT/CT and Q?SPECT/CTPA fusion images were obtained by integrated SPECT/CT. (2) All images were interpreted by two experienced nuclear radiologists who were blind to pathologic findings. The locations and numbers of lung lobes with PE were recorded respectively. ( 3) Serial sectioning of the lungs was per?formed and pathologically determined. (4) Se, Sp and Ac of different methods were compared using McNemar test;PPV and NPV were compared usingχ2 test. Kappa test was used to analyze the consistency between two nuclear radiologists. Kappa values<0.40 were interpreted as poor consistency, 0.40 to 0.75 as moderate con?sistency, >0.75 as good consistency. Results (1) Histologically confirmed emboli were present in a total of 26 pulmonary lobes and absent in 79 lobes. (2)The Se, Sp, Ac, PPV, and NPV of 4 imaging methods were:53.8%(14/26), 93.7%(74/79), 83.8%(88/105), 14/19, 86.0%(74/86) for Q?SPECT;73.1%(19/26), 96.2%(76/79), 90.5%(95/105), 86.4%(19/22), 91.6%(76/83) for CTPA;76.9%(20/26), 93.7%(74/79), 89.5%(94/105), 80.0%(20/25), 92.5%(74/80)for Q?SPECT/CT;88.5%(23/26), 91.1%(72/79), 90.5%(95/105), 76.7%(23/30), 96.0%(72/75) for Q?SPECT/CTPA. (3) McNemar test showed Q?SPECT/CT and Q?SPECT/CTPA had higher diagnostic Se for the detection of PE than Q?SPECT (χ2=4.167, 7.111, both P<0.05) , but without any significant difference with CTPA in diagnostic efficiency (χ2=0-2.250, all P>0.05) . Q?SPECT/CT had higher diagnostic Ac than Q?SPECT (χ2=4.167, P<0.05) . There was no significant difference between Q?SPECT/CT and Q?SPECT/CTPA in diagnostic effi?ciency (χ2=0.001-1.333, all P>0.05). (4)Kappa values of 4 imaging methods for radiologist 1 and 2 were 0.902, 0.915, 0.973, and 0.884. Conclusions Q?SPECT/CT imaging provides good Se and Sp. The diag?nostic efficiency of Q?SPECT/CT is better than that of Q?SPECT and is corresponded roughly to the efficien?cy of CTPA, Q?SPECT/CTPA. The diagnosis of two radiologists on Q?SPECT/CT images has the best con?sistency.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of Cangfu daotan decoction on expression of organic anion transporting poly-peptide(oatp4a1)and level of sex hormone in the endometrium and ovary tissues of rats with obesity-type polycystic ovarian syn-drome(PCOS). METHODS:Obesity-type PCOS rat models were established. 50 rats were randomized into a normal control(iso-metric normal saline)group,a model(isometric normal saline)group,a metformin(0.043 g/kg)group and Cangfu daotan decoc-tion high-dose and low-dose [5.68 and 1.42 g(medicinal materials)/kg] groups. The rats were given drugs ig once a day for 14 con-secutive days. The expression of oatp4a1 protein in the endometrium and ovaries of the rats was determined by ECL and Western blot. The levels of luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),testosterone(T)and estradiol(E2)in rat’s se-rum were detected by ELISA. RESULTS:Compared to the normal control group,those in the model group had weaker expression of oatp4a1 protein in the endometrium and ovaries,higher levels of serum LH,LH/FSH and T,lower levels of serum FSH and E2. There were statistical significances(P<0.01). Compared to the model group,those in metformin group,Cangfu daotan decoction high-dose and low-dose group had higher expression of oatp4a1 protein in the endometrium and ovaries,lower levels of LH/FSH and T,higher levels of serum E2;those in metformin group and Cangfu daotan decoction high-dose group had lower levels of serum LH,higher levels of serum FSH. There were statistical significances(P<0.01 or P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Cangfu daotan decoc-tion can increase the expression of oatp4a1 in the endometrium and ovaries of obesity-type PCOS model rat,alleviate phlegmy dampness and regulate the level of sex hormone.