Based on advancements in modern medical research regarding the intricate connection between the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas， as well as the relationship between pancreatic functions and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） spleen system， this paper discussed the categorization of the pancreas. It is proposed that the pancreas is neither a true zang organ nor a fu organ， but possessed the attributes of an extraordinary fu-organ and can be classified under the spleen. The spleen governs transportation and transformation， ascent of the clear and dispersion of essence， which encompasses the endocrine and exocrine functions， and pancreatic enzymes and glucose-regulating hormones form the material basis for the spleen's function of dispersing essence. Diseases of the pancreas exhibit characteristics of both zang-organ deficiency and fu-organ excess， so treatment should simultaneously supplement zang-organ disease and regulate fu-organ disease when pancreas showing endocrine and exocrine co-morbidities， with focus on restoring the pancreas （spleen）'s dispersing essence function. Therapeutic strategies include supplementing spleen qi， nourishing spleen yin to strengthen spleen earth， unblocking spleen collaterals， raising spleen yang， and removing spleen turbidity to support the spleen's dispersing essence function， so as to replenish the essential qi of zang-fu organs， ensure their distribution throughout the body， and improve the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective:To systematically analyze the correlation between vault and its related factors following posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (ICL) V4c implantation.Methods:Literature on factors related to vault height following ICL V4c implantation published from January 2011 to August 2022 was searched through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, China National Knowledge Network Infrastructure, VIP Network, Wanfang Data, China Biomedical Literature Database and China Clinical Trial Registry Database using the correlation coefficient method.This study complied with the Cochrane systematic review guidelines, and the study protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews website.Stata 16.0 software was used to perform statistical analyses.Results:Twenty-one studies with 1 245 patients (1 978 eyes) were included.Meta-analysis results showed ICL size, anterior chamber depth (ACD), horizontal corneal diameter, axial length, pupil diameter and anterior chamber volume were positively correlated with vault ( r=0.42, 0.40, 0.29, 0.20, 0.31, 0.31; all P<0.05). Age, postoperative angle-to-angle distance, central corneal thickness, lens thickness and crystalline lens rise (CLR) were negatively correlated with vault height ( r=-0.20, -0.35, -0.12, -0.34, -0.56; all P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that the vault height measured by Pentacam was 490.20 μm, which was 99.10 μm lower than 589.30 μm measured by optical coherence tomography.The vault measured more than 6 months after surgery was 513.90 μm, which was 13.50 μm lower than 527.40 μm measured within 1 month postoperatively. Conclusions:ICL size and ACD have a strong positive correlation with vault height, while CLR has a strong negative correlation with vault height.The vault height measured by Pentacam is lower than that measured by optical coherence tomography, and the vault height exhibits a gradual decline over time.

Objective:To systematically analyze the correlation between vault and its related factors following posterior chamber phakic implantable collamer lens (ICL) V4c implantation.Methods:Literature on factors related to vault height following ICL V4c implantation published from January 2011 to August 2022 was searched through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, China National Knowledge Network Infrastructure, VIP Network, Wanfang Data, China Biomedical Literature Database and China Clinical Trial Registry Database using the correlation coefficient method.This study complied with the Cochrane systematic review guidelines, and the study protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews website.Stata 16.0 software was used to perform statistical analyses.Results:Twenty-one studies with 1 245 patients (1 978 eyes) were included.Meta-analysis results showed ICL size, anterior chamber depth (ACD), horizontal corneal diameter, axial length, pupil diameter and anterior chamber volume were positively correlated with vault ( r=0.42, 0.40, 0.29, 0.20, 0.31, 0.31; all P<0.05). Age, postoperative angle-to-angle distance, central corneal thickness, lens thickness and crystalline lens rise (CLR) were negatively correlated with vault height ( r=-0.20, -0.35, -0.12, -0.34, -0.56; all P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that the vault height measured by Pentacam was 490.20 μm, which was 99.10 μm lower than 589.30 μm measured by optical coherence tomography.The vault measured more than 6 months after surgery was 513.90 μm, which was 13.50 μm lower than 527.40 μm measured within 1 month postoperatively. Conclusions:ICL size and ACD have a strong positive correlation with vault height, while CLR has a strong negative correlation with vault height.The vault height measured by Pentacam is lower than that measured by optical coherence tomography, and the vault height exhibits a gradual decline over time.

AIM:To measure the superficial capillary plexus(SCP)vessel density(VD), deep capillary plexus(DCP)VD, and the area, circumference, and roundness index of the foveal avascular zone(FAZ)in healthy individuals of four ethnic groups, namely, Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, and Hui by optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), and to investigate the differences of blood flow parameters in macular area of healthy individuals among different ethnic groups in China.METHODS: A total of 80 cases(80 eyes)of healthy subjects if each of the four ethnic groups who went to the Eye Center of the Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazak autonomous Prefecture from December 2022 to March 2023 and met the criteria were selected for the study, with 320 eyes totally. The patients were grouped and numbered according to their ethnicity, and the spherical equivalent and axial length were obtained by using an autorefractor and IOL Master. The blood flow images of the macular area in the range of 3 mm×3 mm were obtained by using a DRI Triton OCT detector, and the images were analyzed by using the built-in IMAGENET6 software to obtain the blood flow parameters. Furthermore, the differences in the blood flow parameters between different ethnic groups as well as the effects of gender, age, and axial length on macular blood flow parameters of different ethnic groups were compared.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, axial length, diopter, and image quality(IQ)among the four groups of subjects(all P>0.05). Ethnic differences: in SCP, Uyghur inferior VD is higher than Kazakh, Hui inferior VD is higher than Han and Kazakh, Han and Hui nasal VD is higher than Uyghur, Kazakh foveal VD is higher than Han and Hui, Kazakh FAZ area is smaller than the other 3 ethnic groups, Han and Hui FAZ perimeter is larger than Kazakh, and Hui FAZ circularity index is lower than the other 3 ethnic groups; in DCP, Uyghur foveal VD is higher than Han and Hui, Kazakh foveal VD is higher than Han and Hui, Kazakh FAZ area and perimeter are smaller than the other 3 ethnic groups and Kazakh FAZ circularity index is higher than the other 3 ethnic groups(all P<0.05). Sex differences: in SCP, FAZ area and perimeter of Han females were larger than those of males, and FAZ circularity index of Hui females was higher than that of males(all P<0.05); in DCP, parafoveal VD and whole VD in females of all four ethnic groups were higher than those of males(all P<0.05). Age correlation: in SCP, age was negatively correlated with the FAZ circularity index of Kazakh; in DCP, age was negatively correlated with the parafoveal and the whole VD of Han, Kazakh, and Hui(all P<0.05). Axial length correlation: in SCP, the axial length was negatively correlated with Kazakh and Hui foveal VD, Hui parafoveal VD, Uyghur, Kazakh and Hui whole VD, and positively correlated with Kazakh FAZ area and perimeter; in DCP, the axial length was negatively correlated with Uyghur, Kazakh, Hui foveal VD, Hui whole VD, and positively correlated with Kazakh and Hui FAZ area and perimeter(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION:There were differences in macular blood flow parameters among the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, and Hui populations, with the area and perimeter of the FAZ of the Kazakh significantly smaller than those of the other three ethnic groups. Gender, age, and axial length are also related to macular blood flow parameters.

In the field of dental aesthetics,digital aesthetic design plays a crucial role in helping dentists to predict treatment outcomes vis-ually,as well as in enhancing the consistency of knowledge and understanding of aesthetic goals between dentists and patients.It serves as the foundation for achieving ideal aesthetic effects.However,there is no clear standard for this digital process currently in China and abroad.Many dentists lack of systematic understanding of how to carry out digital aesthetic design for treatment.To establish standardized processes for dental aesthetic design and to improve the homogeneity of treatment outcomes,Chinese Society of Digital Dental Industry(CSD-DI)convened domestic experts in related field to compile this consensus.This article elaborates on the key aspects of digital aesthetic data collection,integration steps,and the digital aesthetic design process.It also formulates a decision tree for dental aesthetics at macro level and outlines corresponding workflows for various clinical scenarios,serving as a reference for clinicians.

AIM: To analyze the changes of the dominant eye in myopic patients after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)and its effect on visual quality.METHODS: Prospective clinical study. A total of 140 patients(280 eyes)who underwent SMILE operation to correct myopia in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from June to December 2022 were selected. They were divided into dominant eye transformation group(46 cases, 92 eyes)and non-transformation group(94 cases, 188 eyes)according to whether the dominant eye transformation occurred during the follow-up in postoperative 3 mo. The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)of the two groups was evaluated, the subjective visual quality was evaluated by the quality of life impact of refractive correction(QIRC)scale, and the objective visual quality was evaluated by measuring the high-order aberrations of the whole eye before and at 1 and 3 mo after surgery.RESULTS: Before SMILE, the right type of dominant eye was 105 cases, left-type was 35 cases. There were 46 cases had change at 1 mo postoperatively, and there was no new change at 3 mo after operation than 1 mo after operation. There was no significant difference in UCVA and QIRC scale score between the two groups preoperatively and at 1 and 3 mo postoperatively(P>0.05). Comparison of the dominant eye between the two groups: the total higher-order aberrations and spherical aberrations at 3 mo postoperatively were significantly higher than those in the non-transformed group(P=0.030, 0.046); Comparison of the non-dominant eye between the two groups: trefoil in the transformed group at 1 mo postoperatively was significantly higher than that in the non-transformed group(P=0.008). The binocular difference of trefoil in the transition group was significantly higher than that in the non-transition group at 1 mo after surgery(P=0.022), with no differences in the rest parameters.CONCLUSION: Some patients may experience a change in the dominant eye after SMILE surgery, with no significant impact on subjective visual quality. The decrease of objective visual quality in the early postoperative period may be an associated factor in the dominant eye transformation.

Corneal refractive surgery, a widely adopted method for correcting refractive errors, has demonstrated its safety, efficacy, and predictability in extensive research. Studies indicate varying degrees of intraoperative fluctuations inintraocular pressure, potentially impacting the posterior segment structures and functions due to surgical techniques, equipment, technical proficiency, and patient-specific factors. Although short-term postoperative follow-up in most patients does not reveal visual dysfunction, the long-term effects and potential risks of transient high intraocular pressure during surgery on the posterior segment structures and functions remain unclear. Therefore, the assessment of posterior segment complications following corneal refractive surgery is of paramount importance in clinical practice. This review aims to explore the characteristics of intraocular pressure fluctuations during corneal refractive surgery and their effects on structures and functions of the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve in the posterior segment, analyze possible causes and risk factors, discuss their implications for current clinical treatment, and consider future trends, providing insights for clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the effect of knocking down the lysyl oxidase-like protein 1 ( LOXL1) gene on the expression and aggregation of elastin in the human lens epithelial cells (HLECs), as well as its impact on the proliferation activity and migration ability of HLECs. Methods:The human lens epithelial cell line HLE-B3 was cultured in vitro and divided into shLOXL1-1 group, shLOXL1-2 group, shLOXL1-3 group, and normal control group.The shLOXL1-1 group, shLOXL1-2 group, and shLOXL1-3 group cells were subjected to LOXL1 gene knockdown intervention using different sequences of lentiviral transfection methods, while the normal control group was subjected to meaningless sequence lentiviral transfection intervention.The relative expression level of LOXL1 mRNA in different groups was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The fluorescence intensity of elastin in HLE-B3 was determined by immunofluorescence.The expression of elastin in HLE-B3 was detected by Western blot.The content and aggregation degree of elastin in HLE-B3 was detected by electron microscopy scanning.The migration rate of HLE-B3 was detected by cell scratch assay.The proliferation activity of HLE-B3 was detected using the cell counting kit 8. Results:After knocking down the LOXL1 gene, the relative expression levels of LOXL1 mRNA were lower in the shLOXL1-1, shLOXL1-2, and shLOXL1-3 groups than those in the normal control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.001).The shLOXL1-3 group had the best knockdown effect, so the shLOXL1-3 group was selected for subsequent experiments and compared with the normal control group.After immunofluorescence staining, stable expression of elastin was observed in HLE-B3 cells.The average fluorescence intensity of elastin in the shLOXL1-3 group was 56.96±5.56, significantly lower than 80.52±4.78 in the normal control group ( t=5.572, P<0.001).The relative expression level of elastin in the shLOXL1-3 group was 0.807±0.002, significantly lower than 1.185±0.064 in the normal control group ( t=5.802, P<0.01).Under the electron microscope, the elastin density in the shLOXL1-3 group was lower than that in the normal control group, but its morphology, size, and aggregation degree did not show significant changes.At 24 and 48 hours after transfection, the relative migration rates of shLOXL1-3 group cells were 0.292±0.041 and 0.439±0.032, which were lower than 0.463±0.017 and 0.719±0.007 of normal control group, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=8.178, 2.611; both at P<0.05).After 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of cultivation, the cell viability values of shLOXL1-3 group were lower than those of normal control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.555, 2.704, 6.695, 7.266; all at P<0.05). Conclusions:Knocking down the LOXL1 gene in HLECs can cause a significant decrease in the expression level of elastin in the cells, as well as decreases in cell migration ability and proliferation activity.