Optic nerve injury by trauma would lead to secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss, which are the causes of irreversible visual impairment and even blindness.Currently, there is still no effective clinical treatment to cure optic nerve injury owing to limited regeneration or recovery and complex death mechanism in RGCs.Recently, stem cell therapy has been proposed as a viable treatment strategy for optic nerve injury.Adult stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely studied in animal models and tested in clinical trials for optic neuropathies.MSCs could promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration by their neuroprotective effects, including neurotrophic factor and exosome secretion, cell-cell contact and immunomodulation.The neuroprotective properties of MSCs could further be enhanced by preconditioning.In addition, MSCs are also able to be induced and transdifferentiate into RGC for potential cell replacement therapy.This article reviews the applications of MSCs in optic nerve injury treatment and their related mechanisms, summarizes the strategies to enhance the neuroprotective effects of human MSCs and discusses the future prospects of MSCs for optic nerve injury treatment to present the diversified function of MSCs, which will help formulate a more complete and reliable treatment strategy for MSC application in traumatic optic nerve injury in the future.

Optic nerve injury by trauma would lead to secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss, which are the causes of irreversible visual impairment and even blindness.Currently, there is still no effective clinical treatment to cure optic nerve injury owing to limited regeneration or recovery and complex death mechanism in RGCs.Recently, stem cell therapy has been proposed as a viable treatment strategy for optic nerve injury.Adult stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely studied in animal models and tested in clinical trials for optic neuropathies.MSCs could promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration by their neuroprotective effects, including neurotrophic factor and exosome secretion, cell-cell contact and immunomodulation.The neuroprotective properties of MSCs could further be enhanced by preconditioning.In addition, MSCs are also able to be induced and transdifferentiate into RGC for potential cell replacement therapy.This article reviews the applications of MSCs in optic nerve injury treatment and their related mechanisms, summarizes the strategies to enhance the neuroprotective effects of human MSCs and discusses the future prospects of MSCs for optic nerve injury treatment to present the diversified function of MSCs, which will help formulate a more complete and reliable treatment strategy for MSC application in traumatic optic nerve injury in the future.

Purpose: The risk stratification of pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has not been standardized. In this study, new risk factors were included to establish a new risk stratification system for ALCL, and its feasibility in clinical practice was explored. Materials and Methods: On the basis of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Berlin–Frankfurt–Munster 95 (NHL-BFM-95) protocol, patients with minimal disseminated disease (MDD), high-risk tumor site (multiple bone, skin, liver, and lung involvement), and small cell/lymphohistiocytic (SC/LH) pathological subtype were enrolled in risk stratification. Patients were treated with a modified NHL-BFM-95 protocol combined with an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor or vinblastine (VBL). Results: A total of 136 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 8.8 years. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival of the entire cohort were 77.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69.0% to 83.9%) and 92.3% (95% CI, 86.1% to 95.8%), respectively. The 3-year EFS rates of low-risk group (R1), intermediate-risk group (R2), and high-risk group (R3) patients were 100%, 89.5% (95% CI, 76.5% to 95.5%), and 67.9% (95% CI, 55.4% to 77.6%), respectively. The prognosis of patients with MDD (+), stage IV cancer, SC/LH lymphoma, and high-risk sites was poor, and the 3-year EFS rates were 45.3% (95% CI, 68.6% to 19.0%), 65.7% (95% CI, 47.6% to 78.9%), 55.7% (95% CI, 26.2% to 77.5%), and 70.7% (95% CI, 48.6% to 84.6%), respectively. At the end of follow-up, one of the five patients who received maintenance therapy with VBL relapsed, and seven patients receiving anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor maintenance therapy did not experience relapse. Conclusion This study has confirmed the poor prognostic of MDD (+), high-risk site and SC/LH, but patients with SC/LH lymphoma and MDD (+) at diagnosis still need to receive better treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03971305).

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of hemodialysis(HD),hemodiafiltration(HDF) and hemodialysis(HD) and hemoperfusion(HDP) on the quality of life,cognitive function and nutritional status in chronic renal failure(CRF) patients.MethodsAll patients were randomly divided into HD,HDF and HDP group.Mini-mental state examination(MMSE),Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST),SF-36 were measured for cognitive function,quality of life and nutrition indicators test.ResultsAfter 3,6 months treatment,MMSE ( respectively ( 22.62 ±3.85),(25.10 ±2.26),(25.35 ±2.44)and (23.87 ±4.19),(25.10 ±2.26),(27.19 ±2.23)),WCST indicators were statistically significant in the three groups (P ＜ 0.05 ) ;after 1,3,6 months treatment,the PF,RP,BP,GH,SF and nutrition indicators were significant difference too(P＜0.05 ) ; HDP and HDF,HD groups were statistically significant(P＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionHDF and HDP obviously influence on long-term cognitive function,physical health domains and nutritional status in CRF patients,and superior to HD.

Objective To study the genotypes of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Xi'an city.Methods Totally 125 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains were randomly selected from five hospitals of Xi'an City,and TEM-type,SHV-type and CTX-M-type ESBL genes were amplified by PCR.Results Among the 125 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains,TEM-type ESBL genes were amplified from 33 strains,SHV-type ESBL genes were amplified from 26 strains,CTX-M-type ESBL genes were amplified from 49 strains,and two or more type ESBL genes were amplified from 22 strains.Conclusion CTX-M-type ESBL are prevalent in ESBL-producing Enterbacteriaceae in Xi'an City.