BACKGROUND:In recent years,the incidence of hyperuricemia caused by purine metabolism disorders has been increasing,which can induce inflammatory responses and lead to renal injury. OBJECTIVE:To explore the role and mechanism of solute carrier family 2 member 12(SLC2A12)in hyperuricemia-related renal injury. METHODS:Renal tubular cells(HK2 cells)were divided into five groups:HK2 group,HK2+uric acid group,HK2+uric acid+NC group,HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group,and HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12+MK-2206 group.HK2 cells were treated with uric acid and transfected with siRNA SLC2A12,followed by MK-2206 treatment to inhibit AKT expression.Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay.Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay.qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect fibrogenic factors as well as activation of the AKT/FOXO3a pathway.The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Uric acid treatment inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in the HK2+uric acid group compared with the HK2 group.The proliferative ability of cells in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group was further decreased and apoptotic cells were further increased compared with the HK2 group.Compared with the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group,the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12+MK-2206 group showed an increase in cell proliferation and a decrease in apoptotic cells.(2)Compared with the HK2 group,the connective tissue growth factor(CTGF),α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)expressions increased in the HK2+uric acid group;CTGF,α-SMA and TGF-β expression further increased in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group.Compared with the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group,the CTGF,α-SMA and TGF-β expressions decreased.(3)Compared with the HK2 group,the expression of p-AKT,FOXO3a,and p-FOXO3a elevated in the HK2+uric acid group;the expression of p-AKT further increased,while the expression of FOXO3a and p-FOXO3a decreased in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group.Compared with the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group,p-AKT expression decreased;FOXO3a and p-FOXO3a expression increased in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12+MK-2206 group.(4)Compared with the HK2 group,interleukin-6,interleukin-1 β,and tumor necrosis factor α levels increased in the HK2+uric acid group;interleukin-6,interleukin-1 β,and tumor necrosis factor α levels further increased in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group.Compared with the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12 group,interleukin-6,interleukin-1 β,and tumor necrosis factor α levels diminished in the HK2+uric acid+siSLC2A12+MK-2206 group.(5)These findings indicate that SLC2A12 may protect against hyperuricemia-induced renal injury by counteracting uric acid-induced tubular fibrosis and inflammation through activation of the FOXO3a pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of the water extract of Morinda officinalis on the expressions of sex hormones and receptors in bisphenol A （BPA）-contaminated mice. METHODS Totally 60 male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， and low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups of M. officinalis water extract （20， 40， 60 mg/kg）， with 12 mice in each group. The model group and M. officinalis water extract groups were given BPA intragastrically [50 mg/（kg·d）， once a day， for 4 consecutive weeks] to establish the BPA-contamination model of mice. After modeling， each drug group was gavaged with the corresponding drug solution， once a day， for 4 consecutive weeks. After the last medication， the body weight and testicular weight of the mice in each group were weighed， the histopathological changes in the testis were observed， and the serum sex hormones [luteinizing hormone （LH）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）] contents and the mRNA and protein expressions of LH receptor （LHR） and FSH receptor （FSHR） in the testicular tissues were detected. RESULTS Compared with the control group， the testicular tissues of mice in the model group had structural degeneration， loose connections between spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells， obvious lacunae and reduced number of spermatogenic cells； the mRNA and protein expressions of LHR and FSHR in testicular tissues were significantly down-regulated （P＜0.01）， but there were no significant changes in their body weights， testicular weights， and serum contents of LH and FSH （P＞0.05）. Compared with the model group， the histopathological changes of testicular tissues of mice in each dose group of M. officinalis water extract were improved to different degrees， and the mRNA and protein expressions of LHR and FSHR in testicular tissues were up-regulated to different degrees （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）， and some indicator levels were similar to those of the control group （P＞0.05）. However， there were no significant changes in their body weights， testicular weights， and serum contents of LH and FSH （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The water extract of M. officinalis has a certain improvement effect on testicular injury in BPA-contaminated mice， which might be related to its increase in the mRNA and protein expressions of LHR and FSHR.

Objective:To observe the effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signal and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells.Methods:Saos-2 cells were divided into 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups ( n= 3) according to the dose of NaF. The cells were collected after 24 and 48 h of culture in vitro. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of PI3K/Akt signal and Forkhead transcription factor (FoxO) 1, and the apoptosis level of Saos-2 cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results:There were no significants differences in the expressions of PI3K and Akt in Saos-2 cells at 24 and 48 h ( P > 0.05). At 24 h, the expressions of phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K) in 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups (0.40 ± 0.06, 0.45 ± 0.02, 0.37 ± 0.06, 0.32 ± 0.06) were higher than that in the control group (0.28 ± 0.04, P < 0.05); at 48 h, the expressions of p-PI3K in 5 and 10 mg/L fluoride groups (0.46 ± 0.06, 0.58 ± 0.03) were higher than that in the control group (0.29 ± 0.04, P < 0.05), and that in the 40 mg/L fluoride group (0.21 ± 0.03) was lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05). At 24 h, the expressions of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in 5, 10 and 20 mg/L fluoride groups (0.27 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.03, 0.27 ± 0.03) were higher than that in the control group (0.20 ± 0.02, P < 0.05); at 48 h, the expressions of p-Akt in 5 and 10 mg/L fluoride groups (0.42 ± 0.04, 0.60 ± 0.02) were higher than that in the control group (0.27 ± 0.01, P < 0.05), and that in the 40 mg/L fluoride group (0.18 ± 0.02) was lower than that in the control group ( P < 0.05). The expressions of FoxO1 in 10, 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups at 24 h (0.38 ± 0.07, 0.41 ± 0.06, 0.47 ± 0.08) were higher than that in the control group (0.34 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). At 48 h, the expressions of FoxO1 in 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups (0.36 ± 0.08, 0.37 ± 0.10, 0.54 ± 0.04, 0.73 ± 0.04) were higher than that in the control group (0.28 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). At 24 and 48 h, the apoptosis rates of control group and 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups were (2.867 ± 0.583)%, (3.647 ± 0.035)%, (3.773 ± 0.095)%, (5.440 ± 0.325)%, (7.203 ± 0.476)%; (3.707 ± 0.286)%, (4.023 ± 0.241)%, (4.970 ± 0.368)%, (12.473 ± 0.949)%, (19.387 ± 1.892)%, respectively. The apoptosis level of 40 mg/L fluoride group was higher than that of control group at 24 h ( P < 0.05), and that of 20 and 40 mg/L fluoride groups were higher than that of control group at 48 h ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:Fluoride can directly activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in osteoblasts, and then has anti-apoptotic effect.

Objective To analyze and compare the prothetic effects of reduced glutathione and polyene phosphatidyl choline on liver injury evoked by cyclophosphamide in mice. Methods Forty Kunming mice were divided into the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,the polyene phosphatidyl choline group,and the control group by simple random sampling. Each group comprised 10 mice. The mice in the fornamed 3 groups received intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide(100 mg ·kg-1 ·d-1 )to evoke the liver injury on day 1 to 4 of the experiment and 0. 9% sodium chloride solution 0. 2 ml,reduced glutathione 180 mg· kg-1 · d-1 ,and polyene phosphatidyl choline 90 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 were given respectively in the 3 groups on day 5 to 14 of the experiment. The mice in the control group received intraperitoneal injection of same volume of 0. 9% sodium chloride solution on day 1 to 14 of experiment. The body weight of mice in the 4 groups were measured on the first day before intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide and the fifteenth day of the experiment. The mice in the 4 groups were executed on the fifteenth day of the experiment. The blood samples were taken from eye pit before the mice were killed and the serum total bilirubin and glutathione levels were measured. Their liver tissue were taken and weighed, and the liver coefficient were calculated. The liver tissue were taken and the activities of alanine aminotransferase( ALT),aspartate aminotransferase( AST),superoxide dismutase( SOD),catalase (CAT)and the level of malonaldehyde( MDA)in the liver tissue were measured. The morphological changes in the liver tissue in the 4 groups were observed. Results On day 15 of experi-ment,the body weights in mice in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were lower significantly than those in the control group(P < 0. 01 or P < 0. 05). The body weights in mice in the reduced glutathione group were higher than those in the liver injury model group(P <0. 05). The liver coefficient in mice in the liver injury model group(5. 74% ± 0. 11% )was higher than that in the control group(4. 68% ± 0. 37% )and the reduced glutathione group(4. 81% ± 0. 19% )(all P <0. 01). The liver coefficient in mice in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group(5. 25% ± 0. 35% )was higher than that in the control group(P < 0. 05). The levels of serum total bilirubin in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group[(129. 8 ± 1. 9), (110. 9 ±1. 3),and(125. 7 ±2. 6)μmol/ L]were higher than those in the control group[(100. 8 ± 3. 0)μmol/ L](all P < 0. 01). The level of serum total bilirubin in mice in the reduced glutathione group was lower than that in the liver injury model group(P < 0. 01). The levels of serum glutathione in mice in the liver injury model group and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group[(50. 5 ± 1. 9)and(55. 9 ± 2. 4)g/ L] were lower than those in the control group and the reduced glutathione group[(73. 8 ± 4. 3)and(71. 3 ± 3. 7)g/ L](all P < 0. 01). The activities of AST,ALT,SOD,and CAT in the liver tissue in mice in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were lower than those in the control group[(144. 5 ± 7. 9),(223. 1 ± 15. 1),(173. 9 ± 5. 3)U/ mg vs.(332. 6 ± 7. 3)U/ mg],[(50. 5 ± 4. 0),(108. 0 ± 8. 0),(62. 3 ± 2. 0)U/ mg vs.(139. 6 ± 7. 0)U/ mg],[(99. 0 ± 9. 7),(165. 0 ± 114. 6),(115. 6 ± 7. 3)U/ mg vs. (207. 6 ± 8. 3)U/ mg],[(35. 4 ± 1. 0),(39. 3 ± 1. 1),(36. 3 ± 1. 2)U/ mg vs.(42. 5 ± 2. 3)U/ mg](all P < 0. 01). The MDA levels in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were higher than those in the control group[(23. 4 ± 2. 6),(16. 3 ± 1. 5),(20. 2 ± 1. 9)nmol/ mg vs.(10. 2 ± 2. 2)nmol/mg](all P < 0. 01). But the levels of above-mentioned four enzymes in the reduced glutathione group were higher than those in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group and the liver injury model group(P < 0. 01 or P< 0. 05),the levels of MDA were lower than those in the polyene phosphatidyl choline and the liver injury model groups(all P < 0. 05). There were many necrotic foci and inflammatory corpuscles in hepatic tissue in mice in the liver injury model group,the structure of hepatocyte was inordinate. The structure of most hepatocytes in the reduced glutathione group was normal,only few necrotic foci were seen. Part of the hepatocytes in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group showed gap increase,swelling,and a few necrotic foci. Conclusions Reduced glutathione has significant repairing effects on liver injury in mice evoked by cyclophosphamide. Polyene phosphatidyl choline can only increase the ALT activity in the model of liver injury evoked by cyclophosphamide in mice.

Objective To analyze and compare the prothetic effects of reduced glutathione and polyene phosphatidyl choline on liver injury evoked by cyclophosphamide in mice. Methods Forty Kunming mice were divided into the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,the polyene phosphatidyl choline group,and the control group by simple random sampling. Each group comprised 10 mice. The mice in the fornamed 3 groups received intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide(100 mg ·kg-1 ·d-1 )to evoke the liver injury on day 1 to 4 of the experiment and 0. 9% sodium chloride solution 0. 2 ml,reduced glutathione 180 mg· kg-1 · d-1 ,and polyene phosphatidyl choline 90 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 were given respectively in the 3 groups on day 5 to 14 of the experiment. The mice in the control group received intraperitoneal injection of same volume of 0. 9% sodium chloride solution on day 1 to 14 of experiment. The body weight of mice in the 4 groups were measured on the first day before intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide and the fifteenth day of the experiment. The mice in the 4 groups were executed on the fifteenth day of the experiment. The blood samples were taken from eye pit before the mice were killed and the serum total bilirubin and glutathione levels were measured. Their liver tissue were taken and weighed, and the liver coefficient were calculated. The liver tissue were taken and the activities of alanine aminotransferase( ALT),aspartate aminotransferase( AST),superoxide dismutase( SOD),catalase (CAT)and the level of malonaldehyde( MDA)in the liver tissue were measured. The morphological changes in the liver tissue in the 4 groups were observed. Results On day 15 of experi-ment,the body weights in mice in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were lower significantly than those in the control group(P < 0. 01 or P < 0. 05). The body weights in mice in the reduced glutathione group were higher than those in the liver injury model group(P <0. 05). The liver coefficient in mice in the liver injury model group(5. 74% ± 0. 11% )was higher than that in the control group(4. 68% ± 0. 37% )and the reduced glutathione group(4. 81% ± 0. 19% )(all P <0. 01). The liver coefficient in mice in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group(5. 25% ± 0. 35% )was higher than that in the control group(P < 0. 05). The levels of serum total bilirubin in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group[(129. 8 ± 1. 9), (110. 9 ±1. 3),and(125. 7 ±2. 6)μmol/ L]were higher than those in the control group[(100. 8 ± 3. 0)μmol/ L](all P < 0. 01). The level of serum total bilirubin in mice in the reduced glutathione group was lower than that in the liver injury model group(P < 0. 01). The levels of serum glutathione in mice in the liver injury model group and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group[(50. 5 ± 1. 9)and(55. 9 ± 2. 4)g/ L] were lower than those in the control group and the reduced glutathione group[(73. 8 ± 4. 3)and(71. 3 ± 3. 7)g/ L](all P < 0. 01). The activities of AST,ALT,SOD,and CAT in the liver tissue in mice in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were lower than those in the control group[(144. 5 ± 7. 9),(223. 1 ± 15. 1),(173. 9 ± 5. 3)U/ mg vs.(332. 6 ± 7. 3)U/ mg],[(50. 5 ± 4. 0),(108. 0 ± 8. 0),(62. 3 ± 2. 0)U/ mg vs.(139. 6 ± 7. 0)U/ mg],[(99. 0 ± 9. 7),(165. 0 ± 114. 6),(115. 6 ± 7. 3)U/ mg vs. (207. 6 ± 8. 3)U/ mg],[(35. 4 ± 1. 0),(39. 3 ± 1. 1),(36. 3 ± 1. 2)U/ mg vs.(42. 5 ± 2. 3)U/ mg](all P < 0. 01). The MDA levels in the liver injury model group,the reduced glutathione group,and the polyene phosphatidyl choline group were higher than those in the control group[(23. 4 ± 2. 6),(16. 3 ± 1. 5),(20. 2 ± 1. 9)nmol/ mg vs.(10. 2 ± 2. 2)nmol/mg](all P < 0. 01). But the levels of above-mentioned four enzymes in the reduced glutathione group were higher than those in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group and the liver injury model group(P < 0. 01 or P< 0. 05),the levels of MDA were lower than those in the polyene phosphatidyl choline and the liver injury model groups(all P < 0. 05). There were many necrotic foci and inflammatory corpuscles in hepatic tissue in mice in the liver injury model group,the structure of hepatocyte was inordinate. The structure of most hepatocytes in the reduced glutathione group was normal,only few necrotic foci were seen. Part of the hepatocytes in the polyene phosphatidyl choline group showed gap increase,swelling,and a few necrotic foci. Conclusions Reduced glutathione has significant repairing effects on liver injury in mice evoked by cyclophosphamide. Polyene phosphatidyl choline can only increase the ALT activity in the model of liver injury evoked by cyclophosphamide in mice.