Objective To investigate the relationship between serum trimethylamine oxide(TMAO),neurofilament light chain protein(NfL),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α)expression levels and short-term prognosis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage(aSAH)patients.Method A total of 125 aSAH patients(aSAH group)and 125 healthy volunteers in the same period(control group)who were admitted in heji hospital affiliated to Changzhi Medical College from March 2020 to June 2023 were selected.The serum expression levels of TMAO,NfL and PGC-1α were compared between control group and aSAH group.The aSAH patients were followed up for 6 months after discharge.Their prognosis were evaluated using Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS)and they were further divided into good prognosis and poor prognosis groups according to the GOS results.The serum expression levels of TMAO,NfL and PGC-1α were compared between the two groups.The poor prognosis influencing factors were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis,the serum TMAO,NfL and PGC-1α value in predicting poor prognosis were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Result The expression levels of serum TMAO and PGC-1 α in the aSAH group were(2.63±0.36)μmol/L and(0.51±0.13)ng/mL,respectively,which were lower than those in the control group(3.18±0.57)μmol/L and(0.81±0.16)ng/mL(P<0.05).The expression level of serum NfL was significantly higher in the aSAH group(64.48±14.35 pg/mL)than in the control group(28.36±8.82 pg/mL)(P<0.05).Compared with the good prognosis group whose serum levels of TMAO and PGC-1 α were(2.80±0.80)μmol/L and(0.58±0.16)ng/mL,respectively,the poor prognosis group had significantly lower serum TMAO[(2.29±0.63)μmol/L]and PGC-1 α[(0.36±0.12)ng/mL](P<0.05).In contrast,poor prognosis group had a significantly higher level of NfL(76.70±15.61)pg/mL compared to good prognosis group(58.52±10.52)pg/mL(P<0.05).The proportion of patients with hypertension,patients with diabetes,patients with large or giant aneurysms,patients with Hunt Hess grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ,patients with onset to hospital time>12 h,and the level of C-reactive protein(CRP)were higher in the poor prognosis group than in the good prognosis group(P<0.05).Hunt Hess grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ,elevated serum CRP and NfL were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in aSAH patients(P<0.05),while elevated TMAO and PGC-1 α were protective factors(P<0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of serum TMAO,NfL,PGC-1 α,and their combined prediction of poor prognosis in aSAH patients were 0.726,0.830,0.862,and 0.956,respectively.The AUC of the combined detection was greater than that of each indicator detected separately.Conclusion Serum TMAO and PGC-1α are lowly expressed in aSAH patients,and serum NfL is highly expressed,which are related to the occurrence of short-term poor prognosis,the combined detection of the three indicators has a high predictive value for short-term poor prognosis in aSAH patients.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

ObjectiveTo establish a method for the identification of Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and to improve its quality evaluation method. MethodsA total of 17 batches of Haliotis discus hannai， 4 batches of H. ruber， 3 batches of H. laevigata， 3 batches of H. ovina， 3 batches of H. diversicolor， 3 batches of H. asinina， 3 batches of H. iris were collected. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS） was used to analyze the hydrolysates of different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and the potential characteristic ions of each species were screened by Venn diagram. UPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS） was used to validate the characteristic ions， and the specific detection method of the characteristic ions was established. ResultsA total of 1 182， 167， 47， 89， 104， 203， 424 potential characteristic ions were screened from H. discus hannai， H. ruber， H. laevigata， H. ovina， H. diversicolor， H. asinina and H. iris， respectively. And 9 characteristic ions were selected. The precision， stability and repeatability of the 9 characteristic ions in the established identification method met the requirements. Different original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits could detect their own characteristic ions， including m/z 631.83-886.48（double charge） and m/z 631.83-443.74（double charge） of H. discus hannai， m/z 699.28-232.11（double charge） and m/z 699.28-544.27（double charge） of H. ruber， m/z 535.76-752.37（double charge） and m/z 535.76-548.28（double charge） of H. laevigata， m/z 708.35-442.28（double charge） and m/z 708.35-215.14（double charge） of H. ovina， m/z 561.33-614.86（triple charge）， m/z 561.33-468.28（triple charge）， m/z 608.29-618.32（double charge） and m/z 608.29-390.21（double charge） of H. diversicolor， m/z 769.85-274.10（double charge）， m/z 769.85-532.75（double charge）， m/z 827.43-646.36（single charge）， m/z 827.43-257.12（single charge） of H. asinina， and m/z 468.24-576.29（double charge） and m/z 468.24-505.26（double charge） of H. iris. ConclusionIn this study， a total of 9 characteristic ions are screened from 6 kinds of original Haliotidis Concha and its counterfeits， and a specific identification method is established， which is helpful to solve the limitations of the existing quality evaluation methods of Haliotidis Concha， and provide a basis for the production， circulation and medication quality.

Mitophagy is a selective degradation process of damaged mitochondria in response to mitochondrial toxicity,which plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial quality and quantity.Abnormal mitophagy can cause or exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction,which is closely associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases.Given that cochlear hair cells are highly sensitive to energy metabolism,proper regulation of mitophagy is essential for maintaining auditory function.Mitochondrial damage resulting from mitophagy dysfunction involves diverse pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sensorineural hearing loss.This review summarizes the latest progress on mitophagy and its role in the pathogenesis of sensorineural hearing loss,aiming to enhance our understanding of the involvement of mitophagy in auditory function and provide a theoretical basis for future research on targeted therapy for mitochondria.

Objective:To explore the assessment value of ultrasound scoring system combined with shear wave elastography(SWE)on curative effect of IgG4-related submandibular and lacrimal gland inflammation.Methods:This study was a prospective cohort study.A total of 103 patients with IgG4-related submandibular and/or lacrimal gland inflammation who admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University from September 2022 to December 2024 were consecutively included.They were divided into an effective group(45 cases)and a non-effective group(58 cases)based on the curative effect.All patients were assessed by conventional ultrasound and SWE before and after treatment.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent influencing factors of assessing the curative effect,and then,a receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and nomograms were drawn.Results:There were no statistically significant differences in gender and age between the effective group and the non-effective group(P>0.05).The difference between the submandibular and lacrimal gland score,change rate of score,difference of mean Young's modulus(Emean),Emean change rate,difference of maximum value of Young's modulus(Emax),and Emax change rate in the effective group were all higher than those in the non-effective group,and the differences were statistically significant(Z=-7.916,-7.680,-6.767,-6.722,-6.360,-5.957,P<0.05),respectively.The difference between the submandibular and lacrimal gland score(OR=2.90,P<0.001)and the Emax difference(OR=1.18,P<0.05)had diagnostic value for assessing the curative effectiveness.The area under curve(AUC)value,sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the difference between submandibular and lacrimal gland score were respectively 0.945,88.9%,94.8%and 87.4%in assessing the curative effectiveness.The above indicators of Emax difference were respectively 0.866,86.7%,70.7%and 77.7%in assessing the curative effectiveness.The above indicators of the combination of them were respectively 0.976,93.3%,94.8%and 94.2%.Conclusion:The combination of the conventional ultrasound scoring system and SWE has higher diagnostic value in assessing the curative effect of IgG4-related submandibular and lacrimal gland inflammation.The combined application can significantly improve the accuracy and provide reliable imaging reference for clinical practice.

Objective:To establish HPLC fingerprint and methods for determining the contents of four iridoid glycosides of Gentiana rigescens; To evaluate the quality of Gentiana rigescens from different origins; To improve the quality control level of Gentiana rigescens medicinal materials.Methods:Using 15 batches of Gentiana rigescens from the main production areas and authentic production areas as raw materials, the common mode of HPLC fingerprints of Gentiana rigescens was established, and the chemical components of the common peaks were identified. Referring to the common mode of fingerprints, similarity analysis was conducted on the fingerprints of Gentiana rigescens from different origins. Using chemometric methods, cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (HCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed on 15 batches of Gentiana rigescens, with the common peak area of fingerprint as the variable. The contents of four types of iridoid glycosides in Gentiana rigescens were determined. Combined with the fingerprints and the content results of four types of iridoid glycosides, the quality of Gentiana rigescens from different origins was evaluated.Results:The fingerprints of Gentiana rigescens contained 9 common peaks, with 4 identified iridoid glycosides. The similarity of the fingerprints of 15 batches of Gentiana rigescens ranged from 0.962 to 0.999. HCA and PCA divided the 15 batches of Gentiana rigescens into two categories. OPLS-DA analyzed 3 significantly different components, namely gentiopicroside, peak 7, and loganic acid. The content determination results showed that the average contents of loganic acid, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside in Gentiana rigescens from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Yunnan Province were the highest, and the total amount of four iridoid glycosides was also significantly higher than that from other regions, indicating that the overall quality of Gentiana rigescens from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture and Yunnan Province was relatively good.Conclusion:This method is simple, fast, accurate, and can provide reference for improving the quality standards of Gentiana rigescens.

Objective:To establish fingerprints of Faeces Bombycis and simultaneously determine the content of four amino acids; To evaluate the quality of Faeces Bombycis from different regions. The fingerprint of Faeces Bombycis was established and the contents of 4 amino acids were determined.Methods:Kromasil 100-5 C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) column was used for phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) pre-column derivation-high performance liquid chromatography with acetonitrile-0.1 mol/L sodium acetate solution (pH adjusted to 6.5 with acetic acid) (7:93) mixed solution, and acetonitrile-water (4:1) mixed solution were mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; the column temperature was 35 ℃; the detection wavelength was 254 nm; the injection amount was 5 μl. The fingerprints of 17 batches of Faeces Bombycis were established, the common peaks were identified by comparison of reference materials, and the similarity evaluation and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out. The contents of glycine, alanine, proline and phenylalanine were determined simultaneously.Results:A total of 12 common peaks were identified from the fingerprints of Faeces Bombycis, and 12 amino acids were identified. The similarity of 17 batches of samples was greater than 0.95. PCA analysis showed that the regional difference of the quality of Faeces Bombycis was not significant. Faeces Bombycis produced in Qujing city in Yunnan Province had the highest total contents of 4 amino acids.Conclusion:The method has good repeatability and can provide reference for the quality evaluation and standard improvement of Faeces Bombycis.

Objective:To determine the contents of four flavonoids by establishing HPLC specific chromatogram for Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen; To evaluate the differences of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen from different producing areas.Methods:The specific chromatogram was developed on a column of Thermo Acclaim C18 with acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution as the mobile phase by gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detective wavelength was 260 nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Similarity evaluation, PCA analysis, and OPLS-DA analysis were conducted. The contents of Alpinetin, Pinocembrin, Cardamonin, Alnustone in 16 batches of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen.Results:There were 9 characteristic peaks in the specific chromatogram of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen. Except the sample of S2 (Hainan producing area), the similarity of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen in different producing areas was greater than 0.90; PCA analysis divided 16 batches of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen into 2 categories, and OPLS-DA analysis identified 4 differential biomarkers, with the order of impact being peak 3>peak 5>Alpinetin>Cardamonin. Among them, the quality of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen from Guangdong producing area was generally stable. Moreover, there were significant differences in the contents of Alpinetin and Cardamonin among the indicator components of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen from different producing areas.Conclusion:This method can effectively analyze the differences in the quality of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen from different producing areas, providing reference for the quality evaluation of Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen.

Objective:To establish a quality control method for Aiye standard decoction.Methods:The ultra performance liquid chromatogrphy (UPLC) column Waters ACQUITY HSS T3 C18 (2.1 mm×150 mm,1.8 μm) was used to gradient elution by acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. 16 batches of Aiye standard decoction fingerprints were established by UPLC and the common peaks were determined in the fingerprints. The contents of 12 components were determined. The 16 batches of Aiye standard decoction were analyzed by similarity calculation, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) for analysis of differential components of Artemisiae Argyi Folium from different origins.Results:A total of 13 common peaks were marked in the fingerprints of 16 batches of Aiye standard decoction, 12 of which were identified by comparison with reference substance, including chlorogenic acid, sochlorogenic acid A, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid,1,3-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, schaftoside, isochlorogenic acid B,1,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, isochlorogenic acid C, jaceosidin and eupatilin. Similarity evaluation, PCA and HCA all classified the 16 batches of Aiye standard decoction into 2 categories. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis screened 5 differential biomarkers from 13 common peaks. The content determination results showed that the phenolic compounds and flavonoids in samples from Hubei were significantly higher than that in samples from other areas.Conclusion:This method can effectively analyze the differences in the quality of Aiye standard decoction from different origins, and provide reference for the formulation of quality standards for Aiye standard decoction and related preparations.

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of triterpenes and nucleosides in Poria based on HPLC; To accurately determine the various bioactive components in Poria.Methods:Similarity evaluation, clustering analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the similarities and differences of different medicinal parts of Poria, and the key chromatographic peaks that could reflect the characteristics were found.Results:The Poricoic acid A and dehydroeburiconic acid could be used as the identification basis for Poriae Cutis and White Poria; at the same time, Polyporenic acid C, dehydropachymic acid and dehydrotrametenolic acid could be used to evaluate Rubra Poria and Poriae Cutis; uridine, guanosine and adenosine may be essential ingredients for evaluating the quality of White Poria, Poriae Cutis and Rubra Poria. In different medicinal parts of Poria, the triterpenes were showed significant differences; by contrary, there were little differences among the same medicinal parts.Conclusion:This study reveals the quality differences between different medicinal parts of Poria, which can provide a scientific basis for the rational application and pharmacodynamic standardization of Poria.