Loss-of-function variants in CSDE1 have been strongly linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, yet the precise role of CSDE1 in neurogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that knockout of Csde1 during cortical development in mice results in impaired neural progenitor proliferation, leading to abnormal cortical lamination and embryonic lethality. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Csde1 upregulates the transcription of genes involved in the cell cycle network. Applying a dual thymidine-labelling approach, we further revealed prolonged cell cycle durations of neuronal progenitors in Csde1-knockout mice, with a notable extension of the G1 phase. Intersection with CLIP-seq data demonstrated that Csde1 binds to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA transcripts encoding cell cycle genes. Particularly, we uncovered that Csde1 directly binds to the 3' UTR of mRNA transcripts encoding Cdk6, a pivotal gene in regulating the transition from the G1 to S phases of the cell cycle, thereby maintaining its stability. Collectively, this study elucidates Csde1 as a novel regulator of Cdk6, sheds new light on its critical roles in orchestrating brain development, and underscores how mutations in Csde1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Animals ; Neurogenesis/genetics* ; Cell Cycle/genetics* ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice ; Neural Stem Cells/metabolism* ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism* ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/genetics* ; Cell Proliferation ; 3' Untranslated Regions ; Cerebral Cortex/embryology* ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder manifested by dysphagia and chest pain that impair patients’ quality of life, and it also leads to chronic esophageal inflammation by food retention and increases the risk of esophageal cancer. Although achalasia has long been reported, the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of achalasia are not fully understood. The current clinical dilemma of achalasia is mainly due to its unclear pathogenesis. In this paper, epidemiology, diagnosis treatment, as well as possible pathogenesis of achalasia will be reviewed and summarized. The proposed hypothesis on the pathogenesis of achalasia is that genetically susceptible populations potentially have a higher risk of infection with viruses, triggering autoimmune and inflammation responses to inhibitory neurons in lower esophageal sphincter.

Objective:To understand the correlation of different ultrasound characteristics with thyroid cancer, and evaluate the effect and safety of different surgical strategies in pathological suspected cancer and highly suspected cancer by pure ultrasound.Methods:The clinical data of 679 patients (787 thyroid nodules) underwent thyroid surgery from August 2016 to December 2019 in Beijing Daxing District People′s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including ultrasound characteristics (echo, margin, form, ratio of tall to wide, calcification), surgery data (operation time, surgical strategies, whether the second surgery), recovery process (whether combined with secondary injury, including hoarse voice and choking on drinking water; drainage tube retention time and postoperative drainage), pathological examination results (pathological types, whether included parathyroid gland in the submitted specimen and whether lymph node metastasis). The effect and safety were compared between dissection and non-dissection of central group lymph nodes in pathological suspected cancer patients and highly suspected cancer by pure ultrasound patients.Results:Among the 787 thyroid nodules, 316 nodules (40.2%) were malignant nodules, including 308 papillary carcinomas; 471 nodules (59.8%) were benign nodules. The rates of low echo, unclear margin, form irregularity, ratio of tall to wide >1 and microcalcification in malignant nodules were significantly higher than those in benign nodules: 90.5% (286/316) vs. 38.9% (183/471), 52.5% (166/316) vs. 11.5% (54/471), 53.8% (170/316) vs. 11.5% (54/471), 30.4% (96/316) vs. 5.5%(26/471) and 65.5% (207/316) vs. 8.7% (41/471), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). Among 26 patients with pathological suspected cancer, there were no statistical difference in operation time, drainage tube retention time, postoperative drainage, surgical complications and paraffin pathology result between patients with dissection of central group lymph nodes (17 cases) and patients without dissection of central group lymph nodes (9 cases) ( P>0.05); the patients with dissection of the central group lymph nodes were all proved to be cancer by paraffin pathology examination. The highly suspected cancer by pure ultrasound was in 57 cases, there were no statistical difference in operation time, drainage tube retention time, postoperative drainage, choking on drinking water or hoarse voice between patients with dissection of central group lymph nodes (23 cases) and patients without that dissection (34 cases) ( P>0.05); the incidence of parathyroid gland in the submitted specimen and malignant rate of paraffin pathology result in patients with dissection of central group lymph nodes were significantly higher than those without that dissection: 39.1% (9/23) vs. 2.9% (1/34) and 30.4% (7/23) vs. 8.8% (3/34), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01 or <0.05). Conclusions:Thyroid ultrasound characteristics have important predictive value. It is recommended to clean central group lymph node in most cases of pathological suspected cancer; while when highly suspected cancer by pure ultrasound happens, it is recommended to clean lymph node only when lymph node metastasis is highly suspected.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of our self-made minimally invasive pelvic channel instrument in the treatment of pelvic ring fracture-dislocation.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the 35 patients who had been treated for pelvic ring fracture-dislocation from December 2015 to November 2017 and fully followed up at Department I of Orthopaedis,Beijing Chaoyang Emergency Rescue Center.They were 25 males and 10 females,aged from 20 to 73 years (average,41.3 years).According to the Tile classification for pelvic fractures,there were 26 cases of type B (type B1 in 8,type B2 in 12 and type B3 in 6) and 9 cases of type C(type C1 in 5,type C2 in 3 and type C3 in 1).Infix or anterior plate combined with percutaneous internal fixation with sacroiliac cannulated screws was used in 11 patients,sacroiliac triangle fixation combined with percutaneous internal fixation with anterior ring cannulated screws in 5 ones,and internal fixation with cannulated screws for anterior and posterior rings in 19 ones.All the channels were established using our self-made minimally invasive pelvic channel instrument for internal fixation with cannulated screws.The time for each screw placement and the number of X-ray projection were recorded.Postoperative reduction,pelvic function at the final follows-ups and complications were recorded.Results A total of 84 cannulated screws were inserted in the 35 patients.The time for each cannulated screw placement ranged from 5 to 13 minutes (average,8.1 minutes);the number of X-ray projection for each screw placement ranged from 7 to 15 times (average,10.3 times).Postoperative CT showed that all the cannulated screws were located in the preset channels.According to the Matta radiological criteria,postoperative reduction quality was excellent in 29,good in 4 and fair in 2,giving a good to excellent rate of 94.3％.The follow-up time for the 35 patients ranged from 6 to 15 months (average,12.3 months).At the final follow-ups,all the patients showed fine fracture union.There was no loosening or breakage of screws in all but one patient in whom one sacroiliac screw became loose 3 months after surgery.By the Majeed criteria,the pelvic function was excellent in 27 cases,good in 5,fair in 3 and poor in one,giving a good to excellent rate of 91.4％.Conclusion Our self-made minimally invasive pelvic channel instrument can be used to establish pelvic channels,leading to more accurate placement,shorter operative time and less X-ray projection.

Objective To investigate the value of pelvic CT sagittal reconstruction for percutaneous insertion of iliosacral screws.Methods Data of 32 patients who had been treated for pelvic posterior ring injury from June 2015 to March 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.There were 21 males and 7 females,aged from 21 to 75 years (average,43.2 years).According to Tile classification for pelvic fractures,there were 23 cases of type B (type BI in 4,type B2 in 13 and type B3 in 6),and 9 cases type C (type C1 in 6,type C2 in 2 and type C3 in 1).The pelvic CT three-dimensional reconstruction was performed before operation,and the reconstructed layer of CT sagittal position was overlapped,and preset S1,S2 sacroiliac joint hollow.Insert the screws according to the preset needle point and passage under the perspective of C-arm X-ray machine during the operation.In 32 cases of patients,3 cases of type C1,1 case of type C2 and 1 case of type C3 fractures in sacroiliac joint hollow combined with S1-ilium pedicle screw internal fixation,and the rest of 27 patients were treated by iliosacral screws.The time for each screw placement and the times of X-ray projection were recorded.The position of cannulated screw was observed by CT scan and compared with the preset channel after the operation.Postoperative reduction quality was assessed using Matta radiological criteria and Majeed criteria was used at the final follow-ups to evaluate the pelvic function.Results The operations time was ranged from 40 to 240 min (average,130 min);and the blood loss was ranged from 20 to 150 ml (average,80 ml).Altogether 58 iliosacral screws were inserted in 32 patients.The time for each screw placement was ranged from 5 to 15 min (average,9.5 min);and the number for each screw X-ray projection was ranged from 7 to 15 times (average,10.2 times).Postoperative CT scan and vascular ultrasound showed that all the iliosacral screws did not penetrate the cortical bone or damaged the vascular nerves,and the error of the preset channel was from 0 to 5 mm (average,2.2 mm).All fractures healed successfully,and the healing time was 12 to 18 weeks (average,14.2 weeks).According to Matta radiological criteria,reduction was excellent in 26,good in 3 and fair in 3,with an excellent to good rate of 90.6％ (29/32).The follow-up time for the 32 patients was ranged from 6 to 15 months (average,11.3 months).At the latest follow-ups,Xray and CT examination showed fine fracture union and no loosening or breakage of screws in all.By the Majeed criteria,the pelvic function was excellent in 21 cases,good in 8 cases,fair in 3 cases,with a good to excellent rate of 90.6％ (29/32).Conclusion Preoperative pelvic CT sagittal reconstruction for preset of iliosacral screw insertion point,angle and length can achieve more accurate placement,shorter operative time and less time of X-ray projections.

Objective To investigate the clinical results of minimally invasive fixation of the sacroiliac triangle for vertically unstable pelvic posterior ring injury. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 20 patients who had been treated for vertically unstable pelvic posterior ring from January 2014 to August 2016. They were 12 males and 8 females, aged from 20 to 58 years ( average, 35 years ) . According to Tile classification for pelvic fractures, there were 4 cases of type C1. 1, 6 cases of type C1. 2, 7 cases of type C1. 3 and 3 cases of type C2. Their posterior rings were treated by fixation through posterior paraspinal approach with S1-iliac pedicle screws plus percutaneous sacroiliac screws, and their anterior rings by closed reduction and internal fixation with cannulated screws, Infix or plate following open reduction. The incision length, operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. Postoperative reduction quality was assessed by Matta radio-logical criteria and pelvic function by Majeed criteria at the final follow-ups. Results Altogether 20 fixation systems of S1-iliac pedicle screws and 37 sacroiliac joint screws were inserted in this series. The length of incision ranged from 5. 5 to 7. 6 cm ( average, 6. 2 cm ) , the operation time from 89 to 130 minutes ( average, 98 minutes) and the intraoperative blood loss from 110 to 320 mL (average, 195 mL). According to Matta ra-diological criteria, reduction was excellent in 13, good in 5 and fair in 2 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 90％. The follow-up time for the 20 patients ranged from 6 to 15 months ( average, 9 months ) . The healing time ranged from 10 to 14 weeks ( average, 12. 5 weeks ) . At the final follow-ups, X-ray and CT three-dimensional reconstruction showed fine fracture union. By the Majeed criteria, the pelvic function was excellent in 11 cases, good in 5, fair in 3, and poor in one, with an excellent and good rate of 80％. No loosening, breakage or pull-out of pedicle screws or sacroiliac screws happened. Conclusion Minimally invasive fixation of the sacroiliac triangle for vertically unstable pelvic posterior ring injury can lead to precise placement, quick recovery, small incision and good functional outcome.