Concepts are the cornerstone of the development of disciplines. The concepts of TCM present that a superior concept contains more subordinate concepts. The superordinate concepts are often used to refer to different subordinate concepts, which can refer to both superior concepts themselves and non-specific subordinate concepts, that is, the characteristics of subordinate coverage and indefinite reference, which cause confusion in concept meaning, concept relationships, reasoning logic, and other problems. Nowadays, the TCM scholars pay little attention to this characteristic. Therefore, this article analyzed this characteristic, discussed its impact on the inheritance and development of TCM, and proposed that starting from the anchoring of concepts and entities to clarify the connotation of concepts, looking forward to provide new ideas for the definition of the concepts of TCM and the development of the discipline.

Oxygen generation technologies with lower requirement and higher performance urgently need to be developed to meet the challenges of manned lunar landing and Mars exploration.In this paper,the mission requirements,technical characteristics,key technologies and operation status of oxygen generation assembly by water electrolysis(OGAWE)in China Space Station(CSS)are introduced.Furthermore,the latest developments about oxygen generation by electrolyzing carbon dioxide based on solid oxide electroyte is reported.The application effects and research achievements demonstrate the oxygen generation by electrolysis is one of the most suitable techniques for oxygen regeneration in manned space mission.In addition,the oxygen generation by novel electrolysis technology provides feasible approach for improving the performance of oxygen regeneration and producing oxygen by in-situ utilization of extraterrestrial resource.These development experiments of OGAWE in CSS and research results of novel electrolysis provide valuable references for the technical progress of oxygen generation by electrolysis for manned spaceflight.

The control and utilization of microorganisms in space-based animal culture constitute a pivotal challenge underpinning research domains such as space life sciences and extraterrestrial life-support system.This paper systematically examines the origins,transmission routes,and latent risks of microbial contamination in space-based animal culture facilities.A comprehensive analysis is conducted on the advancements in on-orbit implementation of microbial containment strategies,including physical filtration systems,antimicrobial surface coatings,and environmental parameter optimization.Additionally,the study evaluates the prospective applications of probiotic consortia and functionally engineered microorganisms in enhancing animal welfare,stabilizing biosphere conditions,and enabling closed-loop waste recycling.Notably,this work highlights the paradigm shift from reactive microbial suppression to proactive microbiome engineering in space-based animal husbandry,thereby establishing a theoretical framework for sustainable development of space-based animal culture.

In recent years,significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.In line with global advancements,two anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have been approved and successfully launched in China for clinical use.Lecanemab and Donanemab were officially used in June 2024 and April 2025 in China,respectively.In order to standardize the rational and safe application of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease in China,this article integrates recom-mendations from the clinical trials and real-world experience from the author's team and domestic peers to further update the recom-mendations for the clinical use of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibody based on the 2024 version.It includes indications for therapy,pre-treatment evaluation and preparation,administration protocols and safety measures during treatment,and post-treatment monitor-ing strategies.

BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia experience low quality of life， and internalized stigma is considered an important indicator for quality of life， while the mediating role of self-esteem and severity of negative symptoms in the relationship between internalized stigma and quality of life remains underexplored. ObjectiveTo examine the mediating role of self-esteem and severity of negative symptoms in the relationship between internalized stigma and quality of life， so as to provide references for improving their quality of life. MethodsA total of 342 patients with schizophrenia who were hospitalized in 6 hospitals in Xiangyang City， Siping City and Changchun City from April to September 2023 were included， and all of whom met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases， tenth edition （ICD-10）. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale （ISMI）， Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale （SQLS）， Self-Esteem Scale （SES） and negative symptom subscale of Positive and Negative Symptom Scale （PANSS） were administered to all patients. Spearman correlation analysis was adopted to determine correlations between the different scales. A structural equation modeling was constructed using Amos 28.0， and Bootstrap method was employed to verify the mediating effect of self-esteem and negative symptom severity in the association between internalized stigma and quality of life. ResultsA total of 309 patients （90.35%） completed questionnaires in this study. The ISMI score of schizophrenia patients was positively correlated with both SQLS score and the PANSS negative symptom subscale score （r=0.612， 0.492， P<0.01）， while was negatively correlated with SES score （r=-0.513， P<0.01）. The SQLS score was negatively associated with the SES score （r=-0.555， P<0.01） and positively associated with PANSS negative symptom subscale score （r=0.672， P<0.01）. The SES score was negatively correlated with PANSS negative symptom subscale score （r=-0.433， P<0.01）.The total effect value of internalized stigma on quality of life was 0.746 （95% CI： 0.680~0.806）. Self-esteem and severity of negative symptoms independently mediated the relationship between internalized stigma and quality of life， and the indirect effect values were 0.151 （95% CI： 0.062~0.254） and 0.126 （95% CI： 0.047~0.205）， accounting for 20.24% and 16.89% of the total effect， respectively. In addition， a chained mediation effect of self-esteem and quality of life was also demonstrated， the indirect effect value was 0.102 （95% CI： 0.049~0.165）， accounting for 13.67% of the total effect）. ConclusionInternalized stigma in patients with schizophrenia patients can not only directly affect the quality of life， but also indirectly affect the quality of life of patients through either separate or chained mediation of self-esteem and the severity of negative symptoms. ［Funded by Hubei Provincial Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project （number， S202410519027）］

In recent years, the widespread application of chest computed tomography (CT) screening has led to a significant increase in the detection rate of pulmonary nodules. As a critical diagnostic tool for early-stage lung cancer, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has emerged as the preferred therapeutic approach for pulmonary nodules. Clinical evidence demonstrates that precise preoperative localization significantly enhances surgical success rates (reducing conversion to thoracotomy), minimizes complications, and shortens operation time. This comprehensive review systematically evaluates six cutting-edge localization techniques: percutaneous puncture-assisted localization, electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) localization, 3D-printed auxiliary localization, basin-analysis-based localization, robotic navigation system localization, and mixed reality (MR)-guided localization. By critically analyzing their operational principles, efficacy, safety profiles, and clinical applicability, this paper aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for optimizing clinical decision-making in pulmonary nodule management.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule/diagnostic imaging* ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted/methods* ; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules/diagnostic imaging* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective:To explore the characteristics of systemic immune microenvironment during the progression of dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced acute ulcerative colitis(UC)induced in mice by Mass cytometry(CyTOF).Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and model group.The control group was given normal drinking water for 15 d.The mouse in the model group were given 5%DSS in drinking water,which was changed to normal drinking water after 7 days.In the model group,peripheral blood was collected on days 4,9 and 15,respectively.CyTOF was used to detect the expressions of 33 immune cell markers and changes in cell subsets in peripheral blood of mice,and the characteristics of systemic immune microenvironment in mice with acute UC were analyzed.Results:The cluster analysis of 33 kinds of immune cell markers showed that CD45+cells in peripheral blood of mice with DSS induced acute UC were divided into 23 fine subgroups,among which the proportions of B cell subgroup,T cell subgroup and neutrophil subgroup showed significant changes.A further dimensional reduction cluster analysis of T cell subsets found significant differences in the composition and proportion of the 10 identified T cell subsets.Conclusion:The systemic immune micro-environment map of mice with acute UC induced by DSS has been successfully constructed,and heterogeneity has been found in the systemic immune microenvironment of mice with acute UC.The changes and activation degree of T cell subpopulations are closely re-lated to disease progression and inflammation level.The results of this study provide theoretical basis for assisting the diagnosis,moni-toring the risk,progression,treatment and prognosis of acute UC.

Objective To develop a deep learning method for small sample multi-omics data using attention mechanism and Meta-learning for the establishment of autism diagnosis model.Methods MLAN(Meta-learning based attentive network)consisting of the omics feature pre-reduction module,the multi-omics data fusion and feature learning module,and the parameter optimization module was designed.Firstly,differential expression analysis was performed on high-dimensional multi-omics data to preliminarily screen out unimportant features.Secondly,a multi-channel attention mechanism was used to learn the importances of every set of omics data and to realize data fusion,and a two-layer fully connected network was constructed to further extract latent features and realize the diagnosis task.Finally,the Meta-learning algorithm Reptile was used to optimize the initial parameters of the above model to obtain the optimal parameters.A total of 58 children's saliva samples were collected,including 21 children diagnosed with autism,12 children with social disorders,and 25 healthy controls,and the protein and metabolomics data were detected by mass spectrometry.All data were randomly divided into training set and test set by 4∶1,and the training set was divided into training data and validation data in the same way for model training and validation.The test set was used for the final evaluation of the model effect.Five baseline models and three ablated models were constructed and evaluated along with MLAN based on metrics including multi-classification accuracy,F1-macro and F1-weighted scores.Results The constructed multi-classification autism diagnosis model MLAN achieved multi-classification accuracy,F1-macro and F1-weighted scores of 0.850±0.066,0.817±0.103 and 0.834±0.087.The values of all three indicators were better than those of baseline models and the ablated models.Conclusion The proposed MLAN can effectively deal with heterogeneous multi-omics data with small samples and achieve good results,which is expected to provide assistance for the clinical diagnosis of autism.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 113 patients with SAP and IPN admitted to Qingdao Municipal Hospital between January 2018 and June 2023. The cohort included 66 males and 47 females, aged (46.2±13.6) years. Based on the treatment approach, patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) alone were assigned to the PCD group ( n=60), and those who received PCNL were assigned to the PCNL group ( n=53). Clinical parameters such as age, sex, number of debridement procedures, and postoperative complications were recorded. Results:Compared with the PCD group, the PCNL group had a higher CT severity index [8(6, 9) vs. 7(6, 8)], a greater proportion of patients with multiloculated abscesses [71.7%(38/53) vs. 41.7%(25/60)], and a higher percentage of patients with IPN involving >50% necrosis [56.6%(30/53) vs. 33.3%(20/60)]. These differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The PCNL group also showed a higher proportion of patients with post-treatment IPN necrosis involving <30% [91.4%(49/53) vs. 70.8%(42/60)], a lower rate of requiring step-up laparoscopic or open surgery [3.8%(2/53) vs. 10.0%(6/60)], fewer debridement sessions [2(1, 4) vs. 4(2, 6)], and a shorter total hospital stay [45(35, 58) d vs. 54(23, 72) d]. These differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Additionally, the PCNL group had lower rates of postoperative complications, including enteric fistula [3.8%(2/53) vs. 11.7%(7/60)], intra-abdominal bleeding [5.7%(3/53) vs. 13.3%(8/60)], and pancreatic fistula [15.1%(8/53) vs. 20.0% (12/60)]. These differences were also statistically significant (all P<0.05). The recurrence rate of abscesses was significantly lower in the PCNL group [11.3%(6/53) vs. 16.7%(10/60), χ2=4.14, P=0.042]. Conclusion:PCNL is an effective treatment for SAP complicated by IPN. Compared with PCD, it improves the clearance of necrotic tissue, reduces the number of debridement procedures, shortens the total hospital stay, and lowers the risk of postoperative complications.