High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to determine the content of three major components in Citri Reticulatae Semen(CRS), including limonin, nomilin, and obacunone. The chromaticity of the CRS sample during salt processing and stir-frying was measured using a color difference meter. Next, the relationship between the color and content of the salt-processed CRS sample was investigated through correlation analysis. By integrating the oil bath technique for processing simulation with HPLC, the changes in the relative content of nomilin and its transformation products were analyzed, with its structural transformation pattern during processing identified. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) to establish an inflammatory model, and the anti-inflammatory activity of nomilin and its transformation product, namely obacunone was evaluated. The results indicated that as processing progressed, E~*ab and L~* values showed a downward trend; a~* values exhibited a slow increase over a certain period, followed by no significant changes, and b~* values remained stable with no significant changes over a certain period and then started to decrease. The limonin content remained barely unchanged; the nomilin content decreased, and the obacunone increased significantly. The changing trends in content and color parameters during salt-processing and stir-frying were basically consistent. The content of nomilin and obacunone was significantly correlated with the colorimetric values(L~*, a~*, b~*, and E~*ab), while limonin content showed no significant correlation with these values. By analyzing HPLC patterns of nomylin at different heating temperatures and time, it was found that under conditions of 200-250 ℃ for heating of 5-60 min, the content of nomilin significantly decreased, while the obacunone content increased pronouncedly. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity results indicated that compared to the model group, the group with a high concentration of nomilin and the groups with varying concentrations of obacunone showed significantly reduced release of nitric oxide(NO)(P<0.01). When both were at the same concentration, obacunone showed better performance in inhibiting NO release. In this study, the obvious correlation between the color and content of major components during the processing of CRS samples was identified, and the dynamic patterns of quality change in CRS samples during processing were revealed. Additionally, the study revealed and confirmed the transformation of nomilin into obacunone during processing, with the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of obacunone significantly greater than that of nomilin. These findings provided a scientific basis for CRS processing optimization, tablet quality control, and its clinical application.
Mice ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Limonins/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Citrus/chemistry* ; Color ; Benzoxepins/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry*

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the common chronic complications in diabetic patients. Its course is complex and the therapeutic effect is limited, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research on the mechanism of DFU wound repair. Studies have found that dysregulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, vascular dysfunction, obstruction of re-epithelialization, insufficient collagen deposition, and formation of wound biofilms are the core factors affecting healing. Intervention strategies targeting these mechanisms have become research hotspots. For instance, hydrogel scaffolds could provide an appropriate healing microenvironment, immune regulation strategies could promote inflammation resolution and tissue remodeling, and stem cell exosomes and growth factors have shown good potential in cell migration, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. Various natural compounds, such as components from Chinese herbal medicines, are also applied in diabetic foot ulcers. And it demonstrates excellent anti-inflammatory and restorative capabilities. However, existing research still faces obstacles in clinical translation, such as the immaturity of individualized treatment strategies and the difficulty of animal models in simulating complex clinical situations. By systematically summarizing the latest research progress on the repair mechanism of DFU, it is expected to provide theoretical support for precise treatment.
Humans ; Diabetic Foot/drug therapy* ; Wound Healing ; Animals

AIM To study the chemical constituents from salt-processed Litchi Semen and their antioxidant activities.METHODS The 85％ethanol extract from salt-processed Litchi Semen was isolated and purified by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,MCI,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.DPPH and ABTS+free radical scavenging method were used to evaluate their antioxidant activities.RESULTS Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as dehydrocostuslactone(1),ananosmoside A(2),funingensin A(3),(2S)-pinocembrin-7-O-(6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside)(4),liquiritienin(5),quercetin(6),rutin(7),isorhamnetin-3-O-β-rutinoside(8),procyanidin A2(9),procyanidin A1(10),ethyl protocatechuate(11),5-hydroxymethylfurfural(12),di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate(13),nicotinamide(14),(10E,15Z)-9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10,15-dienoic acid(15).Compounds 6-7,9-10 exhibited scavenging activities against DPPH radicals with IC50 values of(12.929±1.232),(14.104±0.946),(10.417±1.736),(6.944±0.030)μmol/L,respectively.Compounds 6-10 exhibited scavenging activities against ABTS+radicals with IC50 values of(21.952±0.577),(25.683±0.625),(22.970±1.336),(20.210±1.435),(18.725±0.324)μmol/L,respectively.CONCLUSION Compounds 1,5,14-15 are isolated from Litchi genus for the first time.Compounds 6-7,9-10 have strong in vitro antioxidant activities.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and their anti-triple negative breast cancer activities in vitro.METHODS The ethanolic extract of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride was isolated and purified by silica gel,polyamide,MCI,Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The anti-triple negative breast cancer activities were screened by SRB assay,and their effects on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cell lines HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 in vitro were evaluated.RESULTS Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as nobiletin(1),tangeritin(2),5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavonoid(3),naringenin(4),artemetin(5),5-demethynobiletin(6),3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxy flavonoid(7),5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone(8),xanthomicrol(9),p-hydroxycinnamic acid(10),5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone(11),pectolinarigenin(12),4'-dihydroxy-5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone(13),hispidulin(14),4',5,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone(15),1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diol(16),umbelliferone(17),5-hydroxymethyl furfural(18),hydroquinone(19),1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(20).Compound 8 showed a significant inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(5.36±0.24)μmol/L on HCC1806 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 20 is isolated from genus Citrus for the first time,8,12-13,16-17 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compound 8 show inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and have the strongest activities.Compounds 3-4,11-12,15,17 and 19 show strong inhibitory effect on HCC1806 cells.Compounds 15,19 also inhibit the proliferation of HCC1937 cells in vitro.

Objective To clarify the differences in the effects of bupivacaine liposome and ropivacaine on quadratus lumborum block in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy.Methods A total of 70 patients who underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy at Suqian First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group,with 35 cases in each group.Before general anesthesia,patients of the control group were given ropivacaine quadratus lumborum block,while patients of the observation group were given bupivacaine liposome quadratus lumborum block.The general conditions before and after operation,visual analogue scale(VAS)scores at different time points after operation,rescue analgesia,mini-mental state examination(MMSE)scores at different time points after operation,postoperative rehabilitation and analgesic adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the general conditions of patients in the two groups before and after the operation(P>0.05).At 24 hours,48 hours,and 72 hours after surgery,the abdominal resting VAS scores of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time of the first self-controlled use of the intravenous analgesic pump after surgery in the observation group was significantly later than that in the control group(P<0.05).The number of analgesic pump compressions and the rate of oxycodone rescue analgesia in the observation group were significantly fewer/lower than those in the control group within 48 hours after surgery(P<0.05).At 24 hours,48 hours,and 72 hours after surgery,the MMSE scores of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time for patients to get out of bed and move around after surgery and the recovery time of anal exhaust in the observation group were significantly earlier than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative analgesic adverse reactions between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).Conclusion Compared with the use of ropivacaine for quadratus lumborum block in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy,bupivacaine liposome can provide a longer-lasting analgesic effect,reduce patients'dependence on intravenous analgesia,be conducive to protecting patients'cognitive function,accelerate the recovery of patients without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.

Objective To clarify the differences in the effects of bupivacaine liposome and ropivacaine on quadratus lumborum block in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy.Methods A total of 70 patients who underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy at Suqian First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January 2023 to October 2024 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group,with 35 cases in each group.Before general anesthesia,patients of the control group were given ropivacaine quadratus lumborum block,while patients of the observation group were given bupivacaine liposome quadratus lumborum block.The general conditions before and after operation,visual analogue scale(VAS)scores at different time points after operation,rescue analgesia,mini-mental state examination(MMSE)scores at different time points after operation,postoperative rehabilitation and analgesic adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the general conditions of patients in the two groups before and after the operation(P>0.05).At 24 hours,48 hours,and 72 hours after surgery,the abdominal resting VAS scores of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time of the first self-controlled use of the intravenous analgesic pump after surgery in the observation group was significantly later than that in the control group(P<0.05).The number of analgesic pump compressions and the rate of oxycodone rescue analgesia in the observation group were significantly fewer/lower than those in the control group within 48 hours after surgery(P<0.05).At 24 hours,48 hours,and 72 hours after surgery,the MMSE scores of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The time for patients to get out of bed and move around after surgery and the recovery time of anal exhaust in the observation group were significantly earlier than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative analgesic adverse reactions between the two groups of patients(P>0.05).Conclusion Compared with the use of ropivacaine for quadratus lumborum block in patients undergoing laparoscopic total hysterectomy,bupivacaine liposome can provide a longer-lasting analgesic effect,reduce patients'dependence on intravenous analgesia,be conducive to protecting patients'cognitive function,accelerate the recovery of patients without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from salt-processed Litchi Semen and their antioxidant activities.METHODS The 85％ethanol extract from salt-processed Litchi Semen was isolated and purified by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,MCI,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.DPPH and ABTS+free radical scavenging method were used to evaluate their antioxidant activities.RESULTS Fifteen compounds were isolated and identified as dehydrocostuslactone(1),ananosmoside A(2),funingensin A(3),(2S)-pinocembrin-7-O-(6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside)(4),liquiritienin(5),quercetin(6),rutin(7),isorhamnetin-3-O-β-rutinoside(8),procyanidin A2(9),procyanidin A1(10),ethyl protocatechuate(11),5-hydroxymethylfurfural(12),di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate(13),nicotinamide(14),(10E,15Z)-9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10,15-dienoic acid(15).Compounds 6-7,9-10 exhibited scavenging activities against DPPH radicals with IC50 values of(12.929±1.232),(14.104±0.946),(10.417±1.736),(6.944±0.030)μmol/L,respectively.Compounds 6-10 exhibited scavenging activities against ABTS+radicals with IC50 values of(21.952±0.577),(25.683±0.625),(22.970±1.336),(20.210±1.435),(18.725±0.324)μmol/L,respectively.CONCLUSION Compounds 1,5,14-15 are isolated from Litchi genus for the first time.Compounds 6-7,9-10 have strong in vitro antioxidant activities.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride and their anti-triple negative breast cancer activities in vitro.METHODS The ethanolic extract of Citri reticulatae Pericarpium Viride was isolated and purified by silica gel,polyamide,MCI,Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The anti-triple negative breast cancer activities were screened by SRB assay,and their effects on the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cell lines HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 in vitro were evaluated.RESULTS Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as nobiletin(1),tangeritin(2),5,4'-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy flavonoid(3),naringenin(4),artemetin(5),5-demethynobiletin(6),3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxy flavonoid(7),5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,3'-pentamethoxyflavone(8),xanthomicrol(9),p-hydroxycinnamic acid(10),5,4'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3'-tetramethoxyflavone(11),pectolinarigenin(12),4'-dihydroxy-5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone(13),hispidulin(14),4',5,6,7-tetramethoxy-flavone(15),1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,2-diol(16),umbelliferone(17),5-hydroxymethyl furfural(18),hydroquinone(19),1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde(20).Compound 8 showed a significant inhibitory effect with the IC50 value of(5.36±0.24)μmol/L on HCC1806 cells.CONCLUSION Compound 20 is isolated from genus Citrus for the first time,8,12-13,16-17 are isolated from this plant for the first time.Compound 8 show inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC1806,HCC1937 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and have the strongest activities.Compounds 3-4,11-12,15,17 and 19 show strong inhibitory effect on HCC1806 cells.Compounds 15,19 also inhibit the proliferation of HCC1937 cells in vitro.

Objective:To investigate the Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of Tibetan families and individuals in the Western Sichuan Plateau region and explore the related factors which affected H. pylori infection. Methods:This was a single-center cross-sectional study. Questionnaires were collected from 50 Tibetan families including 155 individuals in Western Sichuan Plateau region during March to May 2023. The 13C-urea breath test was performed to confirm the current infection status of participants. Binary logistic regression were used to analyze the related factors associated with H. pylori infection. Results:Among the 50 Tibetan households, the individual-based H. pylori infection rate was 47.10%(73/155), with two out of nine children and 48.63%(71/146) adults infected. The age group of 18 to 40 years had the highest infection rate (55.00%, 11/20). The prevalence of infection based on family was 80.00%(40/50), of which 16.00%(8/50) had all family members infected. Of the 59 couples surveyed, 23.73%(14/59) were both infected, and 45.76%(27/59) had one person infected. Of the six families which had children and adolescents, two households had their children infected. Logistic regression analysis showed that size of the family was a factor related to H. pylori infection (odds ratio=3.038, 95% confidence interval 1.043 to 10.491, P=0.042). Conclusions:The family-based H. pylori infection rate is relatively high in Tibetan residents in the Western Sichuan Plateau, and larger family size is related with higher risk of H. pylori infection within the family.

Against the backdrop of the comprehensive advancement of the Healthy China Strategy and the Rural Revitalization Strategy,the stability and healthy development of the rural medical workforce have become increasingly significant.China's rural doctors are facing the dilemma of"disembedding"and the construction of the merged county medical alliance ( MCMA ) offers an opportunity to address this issue.Based on the theory of embeddedness,this paper deconstructs the structural disembedding,relational disembedding,and cognitive disembedding faced by rural doctors,and provides a theoretical analysis of the mechanisms through which MCMA can solve the disembedding dilemma of rural doctors.Furthermore,the case of Tang County Hospital Group is used to illustrate this.The conclusion can be drawn that MCMA can achieve the structural re-embedding,relational re-embedding,and cognitive re-embedding of rural doctors through organizational integration mechanisms,interest coordination mechanisms,and multifaceted activation mechanisms.The combination of administrative and economic means under organizational integration is the foundation for promoting the re-embedding of rural doctors.The re-embedding of rural doctors requires the synergy of internal and external changes within the MCMA.Multifaceted activation mechanisms are the endogenous driving force for the re-embedding of rural doctors.There is a progressive and coupled relationship between the structural,relational,and cognitive re-embedding of rural doctors.