BACKGROUND:Post and core restoration is a common choice for tooth defects,but the repair effects of various post and core materials are different. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the stress distribution at the post and core,tooth root,and bonding agent site of post and core models made of different elastic modulus post and core materials using finite element method. METHODS:A three-dimensional root canal treated maxillary central incisor model was built using three-dimensional modeling software,which was restored with a full ceramic crown.The post and core materials in the restoration used nanoceramic resin(elastic modulus=12.8 GPa),composite resin(elastic modulus=16 GPa),hybrid ceramic(elastic modulus=34.7 GPa),glass ceramic(elastic modulus=95 GPa),titanium alloy(elastic modulus=112 GPa),and zirconia(elastic modulus=209.3 GPa).The model was fixed in cortical bone.A 100 N concentrated force of 45° from the long axis of the tooth was applied to 1/3 of the crown and tongue side of the central incisor.The stress distribution of the post and core,dentin,and tooth-root bonding agent in the model was repaired by the maximum principal stress criterion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)When the post and core materials with higher elastic modulus was used,the post-core stress in the repair model was more concentrated.When the elastic modulus of the post and core materials(nanoceramic resin and composite resin)was close to dentin,the stress distribution of the post and core was more uniform.The stress distribution of dentin in all restoration models was similar regardless of post and core materials.When the post and core with higher elastic modulus was used,more stress concentration was shown at the post and root bonding agent in the repair model.(2)The maximum stress values at the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent site of post and tooth root in the nanoceramic resin model were 31.00,33.21,and 0.51 MPa,respectively.The maximum stress values at the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent between the post and tooth root in the composite resin model were 36.84,33.14,and 0.59 MPa,respectively.In the mixed ceramic model,the maximum stress values at the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent between the post and tooth root were 64.05,32.83,and 1.00 MPa,respectively.In the glass ceramic model,the maximum stress values at the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent between the post and tooth root were 112.30,32.69,and 1.73 MPa,respectively.In the titanium alloy model,the maximum stress values of the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent between the post and tooth root were 120.00,32.17,and 1.86 MPa,respectively.In the zirconia model,the maximum stress values of the post and core,tooth root,and the bonding agent between the post and tooth root were 148.80,31.85,and 2.28 MPa,respectively.(3)The higher the elastic modulus of the post and core material,the higher the maximum stress at the post and core during restoration.The elastic modulus of the post and core material had no significant effect on the maximum stress of the dental bonding agent and dentin.

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to determine the content of three major components in Citri Reticulatae Semen(CRS), including limonin, nomilin, and obacunone. The chromaticity of the CRS sample during salt processing and stir-frying was measured using a color difference meter. Next, the relationship between the color and content of the salt-processed CRS sample was investigated through correlation analysis. By integrating the oil bath technique for processing simulation with HPLC, the changes in the relative content of nomilin and its transformation products were analyzed, with its structural transformation pattern during processing identified. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells were induced with lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) to establish an inflammatory model, and the anti-inflammatory activity of nomilin and its transformation product, namely obacunone was evaluated. The results indicated that as processing progressed, E~*ab and L~* values showed a downward trend; a~* values exhibited a slow increase over a certain period, followed by no significant changes, and b~* values remained stable with no significant changes over a certain period and then started to decrease. The limonin content remained barely unchanged; the nomilin content decreased, and the obacunone increased significantly. The changing trends in content and color parameters during salt-processing and stir-frying were basically consistent. The content of nomilin and obacunone was significantly correlated with the colorimetric values(L~*, a~*, b~*, and E~*ab), while limonin content showed no significant correlation with these values. By analyzing HPLC patterns of nomylin at different heating temperatures and time, it was found that under conditions of 200-250 ℃ for heating of 5-60 min, the content of nomilin significantly decreased, while the obacunone content increased pronouncedly. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity results indicated that compared to the model group, the group with a high concentration of nomilin and the groups with varying concentrations of obacunone showed significantly reduced release of nitric oxide(NO)(P<0.01). When both were at the same concentration, obacunone showed better performance in inhibiting NO release. In this study, the obvious correlation between the color and content of major components during the processing of CRS samples was identified, and the dynamic patterns of quality change in CRS samples during processing were revealed. Additionally, the study revealed and confirmed the transformation of nomilin into obacunone during processing, with the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of obacunone significantly greater than that of nomilin. These findings provided a scientific basis for CRS processing optimization, tablet quality control, and its clinical application.
Mice ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Limonins/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Citrus/chemistry* ; Color ; Benzoxepins/chemistry* ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry*

The chemical components of Carthami Flos were investigated by using macroporous resin, silica gel column chromatography, reversed-phase octadecylsilane(ODS) column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The planar structures of the compounds were established based on their physicochemical properties and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis), infrared(IR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopic technology. The absolute configurations were determined by comparing the calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism(ECD). Six flavonoid C-glycosides were isolated from the 30% ethanol elution fraction of macroporous resin obtained from the 95% ethanol extract of Carthami Flos, and identified as saffloquinoside F(1), 5-hydroxysaffloneoside(2), iso-5-hydroxysaffloneoside(3), isosafflomin C(4), safflomin C(5), and vicenin 2(6). Among these, the compounds 1 to 3 were new chalcone C-glycosides. The compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 could significantly increase the viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) at a concentration of 50 μmol·L~(-1), showing their good cardioprotective activity.
Glycosides/pharmacology* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Carthamus tinctorius/chemistry* ; Chalcones/pharmacology* ; Animals

The aim of this investigation was to determine the optimal storage medium for testicular hypothermic transportation and identify the ideal concentration for the application of the protective agent 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the protective effects of 5-ALA. First, we collected and stored mouse testicular fragments in different media, including Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS; n = 5), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12; n = 5), and alpha-minimum essential medium (αMEM; n = 5). Storage of testicular tissue in HBSS preserved the integrity of testicular morphology better than that in the DMEM/F12 group ( P < 0.05) and the αMEM group ( P < 0.01). Testicular fragments were subsequently placed in HBSS with various concentrations of 5-ALA (0 [control], 1 mmol l -1 , 2 mmol l -1 , and 5 mmol l -1 ) to determine the most effective concentration of 5-ALA. The 2 mmol l -1 5-ALA group ( n = 3) presented the highest positive rate of spermatogonial stem cells compared with those in the control, 1 mmol l -1 , and 5 mmol l -1 5-ALA groups. Finally, the tissue fragments were preserved in HBSS with control ( n = 3) and 2 mmol l -1 5-ALA ( n = 3) under low-temperature conditions. A comparative analysis was performed against fresh testes ( n = 3) to elucidate the underlying mechanism of 5-ALA. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) for WikiPathways revealed that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was downregulated in the 2 mmol l -1 5-ALA group compared with that in the control group (normalized enrichment score [NES] = -1.57, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.229, and P = 0.019). In conclusion, these data suggest that using 2 mmol l -1 5-ALA in HBSS effectively protected the viability of spermatogonial stem cells upon hypothermic transportation.
Male ; Animals ; Testis/cytology* ; Aminolevulinic Acid/pharmacology* ; Mice ; Organ Preservation/methods* ; Organ Preservation Solutions/pharmacology* ; Cryopreservation/methods*

A method for simultaneous determination of 21 kinds of Aconitum alkaloids(ATS)in biological specimens and infused liquor using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)was developed.The biological samples were pretreated with methanol-acetonitrile(1∶2,V/V)for protein precipitation,while infused liquors were diluted 100-fold with acetonitrile,followed by centrifugation,and filtration by a 0.22-μm membrane.Chromatographic separation was carried out on an EC-C18 column using gradient elution with the mixture of 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate and 0.2%formic acid as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B.With this method,all the analytes were separated within 9.5 min.The samples were detected in positive ESI mode with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)and quantified via external standard calibration.The results showed that the concentrations of the analytes in the range of 2-1000 ng/mL had excellent linearity(R2>0.9992)with the peak area.The developed method was successfully used for detection of 21 kinds of aconitum alkaloids,with limits of detection of 0.5-2 ng/mL,quantification limits of 2-6 ng/mL,intra/inter-day precision≤6.0%,spiked recoveries of 89.4%-100.9%,extraction recoveries of 74.2%-104.4%,and matrix effects ranging from-11.1%to 9.2%in blood/urine.The method was applied to detection of 12 samples from 4 fatal aconite poisoning cases,and all 21 kinds of ATS with total alkaloid concentrations of 0.04-4.18 μg/mL in blood and 154.96-422.83 μg/mL in medicinal liquors were detected.Tissue distribution revealed that the order of concentrations from highest to lowest is as follows:urine(157.22 μg/mL)>gastric contents(51.37 μg/mL)>kidney(21.6 μg/g)>whole blood(4.18 μg/mL)>liver(0.03 μg/g).This method showed many advantages such as simple pretreatment,low detection limits,accurate quantification,broad analyte coverage,and superior anti-interference capability in complex matrices,proving ideal for forensic and toxicological analysis of aconitum alkaloids.

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis(OMS)is a subtype of maxillary sinusitis(MS).It is actually inflammation of the maxillary sinus that secondary to adjacent infectious maxillary dental lesion.Due to the lack of unique clinical features,OMS is difficult to distinguish from other types of rhinosinusitis.Besides,the characteristic infectious pathogeny of OMS makes it is resistant to conventional therapies of rhinosinusitis.Its current diagnosis and treatment are thus facing great difficulties.The multi-disciplinary cooperation between otolaryngologists and dentists is absolutely urgent to settle these questions and to acquire standardized diagnostic and treatment regimen for OMS.However,this disease has actually received little attention and has been underrepresented by relatively low publication volume and quality.Based on systematically reviewed literature and practical experiences of expert members,our consensus focuses on characteristics,symptoms,classification and diagnosis of OMS,and further put forward multi-disciplinary treatment decisions for OMS,as well as the common treatment complications and relative managements.This consensus aims to increase attention to OMS,and optimize the clinical diagnosis and decision-making of OMS,which finally provides evidence-based options for OMS clinical management.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of standardized comprehensive pure traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment for short-course sudden deafness and to explore the influencing factors of clinical efficacy.Methods The clinical data of 516 short-course sudden deafness inpatients(TCM group)who were given standardized comprehensive pure TCM treatment were retrospectively analyzed,and their efficacy were compared with the efficacy of 1 024 cases in the Chinese multicenter clinical study of sudden deafness(western medicine group).The analysis was carried out for the influence of the gender,left or right ear,age group,degree of deafness,type of hearing curve,concomitant symptoms(tinnitus,vertigo,and dullness of the ear),and the TCM syndrome types on the efficacy.Results(1)The comparison of baseline data showed that in comparison with the western medicine group,TCM group had relatively low proportion of low-frequency descending type while relatively high proportion of total deafness type,and had relatively high treatment difficulty.The course of treatment in TCM group was shortened by nearly 2/3 in comparison with the western medicine group(12.60 days vs 30 days).(2)Among the 516 patients of the TCM group,175 cases were cured,121 cases were markedly effective,90 cases were effective and 130 cases were ineffective,and the total effective rate was 74.80%.Compared with the 1 024 cases in the western medicine group,there was no significant difference in the overall efficacy or the efficacy evaluated with the hearing curve classification(P＞0.05).(3)Analysis of influencing factors of curative effect showed that the type of hearing curve was closely related to the curative effect of sudden deafness(P＜0.001).The curative effect of low frequency descent type was the best,and the curative effect of total deafness type was the worst.The cure of deafness was correlated with the degree of deafness,the milder the degree of deafness,the greater the likelihood of recovery(P＜0.001).The curative effect of the patients without vertigo was superior to that of the patients with vertigo(P＜0.001).The curative effect of adolescent patients was superior to that of middle-aged and elderly patients(P＜0.05).There was no correlation between TCM syndrome types and curative effect(P＞0.05).Conclusion Standardized comprehensive pure TCM treatment exerts certain curative effect on short-course sudden deafness,and may have some advantages compared with conventional western medicine treatment.The type of hearing curve,degree of deafness,accompanied by vertigo or not,and age group are the influencing factors of the efficacy.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of PENG's tendon-separating tuina therapy combined with lateral needling technique for meridian sinew in the treatment of acute scapulohumeral periarthritis(referred to as frozen shoulder),and to provide therapeutic ideas and evidence for the treatment of acute scapulohumeral periarthritis.Methods Sixty patients with acute scapulohumeral periarthritis were randomly divided into treatment group and control group,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with lateral needling technique for meridian sinew,and the treatment group was treated with PENG's tendon-seperating tuina therapy combined with lateral needling technique for meridian sinew.Both groups were treated for once a day,10 times as a course of treatment,and for a total of 2 courses of treatment.The changes of pain Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score and Constant-Murley Scale(CMS)score of shoulder joint function in the two groups were observed before treatment and after one and two course(s)of treatment.Moreover,the clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated.Results(1)After two courses of treatment,the total effective rate of the treatment group was 90.00%(27/30),and that of the control group was 73.30%(22/30).The overall efficacy(tested by rank sum test)and total effective rate(tested by chi-square test)of the treatment group were significantly superior to those of the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).(2)After one and two course(s)of treatment,the VAS scores of pain in the two groups were significantly decreased than those before treatment(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01);after two courses of treatment,VAS scores in the two groups were significantly lower than those after one course of treatment(P＜0.05).The decrease of VAS scores in the treatment group after one and two course(s)of treatment was significantly superior to that in the control group,and the difference were statistically significant(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).(3)After one and two course(s)of treatment,the CMS scores of shoulder joint function in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment(P＜0.01);after two courses of treatment,the CMS scores in the two groups were higher than those after one course of treatment(P＜0.05).The increase of CMS scores in the treatment group after one and two course(s)of treatment was significantly superior to that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion PENG's tendon-separating tuina therapy combined with lateral needling technique for meridian sinew has a definite clinical effect in the treatment of patients with acute scapulohumeral periarthritis,which can effectively relieve the pain and discomfort of shoulder joint and improve the movement function of shoulder joint.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)in twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks,and to provide a basis for early identification of BPD in twin preterm infants in clinical practice.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the twin preterm infants with a gestational age of<34 weeks who were admitted to 22 hospitals nationwide from January 2018 to December 2020.According to their conditions,they were divided into group A(both twins had BPD),group B(only one twin had BPD),and group C(neither twin had BPD).The risk factors for BPD in twin preterm infants were analyzed.Further analysis was conducted on group B to investigate the postnatal risk factors for BPD within twins.Results A total of 904 pairs of twins with a gestational age of<34 weeks were included in this study.The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with group C,birth weight discordance of>25%between the twins was an independent risk factor for BPD in one of the twins(OR=3.370,95%CI:1.500-7.568,P<0.05),and high gestational age at birth was a protective factor against BPD(P<0.05).The conditional logistic regression analysis of group B showed that small-for-gestational-age(SGA)birth was an independent risk factor for BPD in individual twins(OR=5.017,95%CI:1.040-24.190,P<0.05).Conclusions The development of BPD in twin preterm infants is associated with gestational age,birth weight discordance between the twins,and SGA birth.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between sleep status in the first trimester and preterm birth.Methods:Clinical data of pregnant women who received regular prenatal examination and delivered in Peking University Third Hospital from September 1, 2019 to June 10, 2020 were collected. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to investigate their sleep status during 8-12 weeks of gestation, and the delivery outcomes were followed up. According to the gestational age at delivery and the cause of preterm birth, they were divided into full-term delivery group (204 cases), preterm birth group (13 cases) and spontaneous preterm birth group (9 cases). The correlation between the sleep status in the first trimester and preterm birth or spontaneous preterm birth was analyzed.Results:The median PSQI score of full-term delivery group was 4.0 points (3.0, 6.0 points), which was lower than those of preterm delivery group [6.0 points (4.0, 8.0 points)] and spontaneous preterm delivery group [7.0 points (4.0, 8.0 points)], and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The proportion of pregnant women with poor sleep quality (PSQI score>7 points) in full-term delivery group [14.2% (29/204)] was lower than those in preterm delivery group (5/13) and spontaneous preterm delivery group (4/9), and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Compared with the full-term delivery group [8.0 hours (7.0, 9.0 hours)], the preterm birth group [7.0 hours (7.0, 8.0 hours)] and spontaneous preterm birth group [7.0 hours (7.0, 8.0 hours)] had significantly shorter sleep duration at night (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that PSQI score in the first trimester was an independent risk factor for preterm birth (a OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.45; P=0.026). Pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology (a OR=5.55, 95% CI: 1.22-25.31; P=0.027), gestational diabetes mellitus (a OR=9.27, 95% CI: 1.96-43.82; P=0.005), PSQI score in the first trimester (a OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.58; P=0.039) were independent risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth. Conclusion:Attention should be paid to the decreased sleep quality in the first trimester, which might significantly increase the risk of preterm birth and spontaneous preterm birth.