The chronicity of infectious diseases is an important field in the collaborative research of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The warm disease theory of pathogen invading nutrient and blood aspects in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） takes the struggle between healthy Qi and pathogenic Qi and cementation of Yin as the core pathogenesis， providing a unique theoretical framework for explaining the common pathology of infectious chronic diseases. This theory originated from Yin-Yang interaction in the Internal Classic and was enriched with WU Youke's theory of intruding pathogen interacting and lingering in blood vessels and YE Tianshi's theory of long-term illness entering collaterals. Combining the theory with modern medical knowledge， our team has condensed the dynamic pathogenesis model of deficiency （nutrient and blood aspects） and excess （pathogen） interacting in the blood collaterals of Yin aspect， the core feature of which is the four-dimensional interactions of cause （pathogen characteristics）， location （three Yin locations of diseases）， nature （deficiency and excess）， and potential （transmission trend）. The common pathology of infectious chronic diseases is reflected in interactions. That is， the interactions between nutrient and blood deficiency （immune exhaustion and metabolic disorder） and pathogen excess （pathogen persistence and fibrous hyperplasia） in the liver collaterals （Jueyin）， kidney collaterals （Shaoyin）， lung collaterals （Taiyin） and other blood collaterals of Yin aspect form the pathological damage characterized by immune inflammatory response-continuous tissue damage with excessive repair. Taking the inheritance and innovative development of classics as the main line， this paper systematically discusses the scientific connotation of the theory of pathogen invading nutrient and blood aspects and the paths of inheritance and innovation and clarifies the original significance of this theory in the chronic development of infectious diseases. Furthermore， taking clinical diseases as an example， this paper reflects the guiding value of this classical theory in the modern diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the application potential of this theory in solving complex medical problems through the construction of the innovative paradigm of precise diagnosis and treatment with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Objective To explore the short-term efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the treatment of early carcinoma in the remnant stomach. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 45 patients with early residual gastric cancer underwent ESD at the Endoscopy Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from December 2014 to April 2024, with a total of 45 lesions. The patients were divided into an anastomotic group (n=15) and a non-anastomotic group (n=30) based on the location of tumor occurrence, and their clinical data, endoscopic diagnosis and treatment, and histopathological conditions were compared between the two groups. Results All 45 patients had lesions with redness and erosion. There were 9 cases of poor lifting of submucosal injection in the anastomotic group and 2 cases in the non-anastomotic group, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). ESD surgery was performed on 13 lesions in the anastomotic group and 28 lesions in the non-anastomotic group, with surgery times of 80.00 (50.00, 100.00) min and 55.00 (43.75, 80.00) min, respectively. The difference in surgery time between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.03). Among the 45 patients, ESD surgery achieved curative resection in 35 cases, including 11 cases in the anastomotic group and 24 cases in the non-anastomotic group, with no statistically significant difference. Conclusions Careful preoperative evaluation of early carcinoma in the remnant stomach is essential to prevent oversight. Lesions at anastomotic sites and suture lines present higher technical challenges for complete resection. ESD is safe and effective, with auxiliary traction technique available when necessary.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate how spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) exerts its analgesic effects through regulating brain function in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients by utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS: From September 2021 to September 2023, we enrolled LDH patients (LDH group, n=31) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs, n=28). LDH group underwent rs-fMRI at 2 distinct time points (TPs): prior to the initiation of SMT (TP1) and subsequent to the completion of the SMT sessions (TP2). SMT was administered once every other day for 30 min per session, totally 14 treatment sessions over a span of 4 weeks. HCs did not receive SMT treatment and underwent only one fMRI scan. Additionally, participants in LDH group completed clinical questionnaires on pain using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, whereas HCs did not undergo clinical scale assessments. The effects on the brain were jointly characterized using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). Correlation analyses were conducted between specific brain regions and clinical scales. RESULTS: Following SMT treatment, pain symptoms in LDH patients were notably alleviated and accompanied by evident activation of effects in the brain. In comparison to TP1, TP2 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Sup_R and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Paracentral_Lobule_L (voxelwise P<0.005; clusters >30; FDR correction). Additionally, the most substantial enhancement in ReHo values was observed for the Cuneus_R, while the most prominent reduction was noted for the Olfactory_R (voxelwise P<0.005; clusters >30; FDR correction). Moreover, a comparative analysis revealed that, in contrast to HCs, LDH patients at TP1 exhibited the most significant increase in ALFF values for Temporal_Pole_Sup_L and the most notable decrease in ALFF values for Frontal_Mid_L (voxelwise P<0.005; clusters >30; FDR correction). Furthermore, the most significant enhancement in ReHo values was observed for Postcentral_L, while the most prominent reduction was identified for ParaHippocampal_L (voxelwise P<0.005; clusters >30; FDR correction). Notably, correlation analysis with clinical scales revealed a robust positive correlation between the Cuneus_R score and the rate of change in the VAS score (r=0.9333, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Long-term chronic lower back pain in patients with LDH manifests significant activation of the "AUN-DMN-S1-SAN" neural circuitry. The visual network, represented by the Cuneus_R, is highly likely to be a key brain network in which the analgesic efficacy of SMT becomes effective in treating LDH patients. (Trial registration No. NCT06277739).
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnostic imaging* ; Male ; Female ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Adult ; Manipulation, Spinal/methods* ; Middle Aged ; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiopathology* ; Pain Management ; Rest ; Case-Control Studies

To explore the clinicopathological characteristics, endoscopic manifestations, and efficacy of endoscopic procedure for early gastroesophageal junction cancer, a retrospective analysis was conducted on the patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and pathologically confirmed early cancer of the gastroesophageal junction at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Xiamen Branch from November 2014 to October 2021. The pathological and gastroscopic features, as well as short-term efficacy of ESD were analyzed. Among the 401 patients, there were 332 males with the age of 66.02±7.93 years, and 69 females with the age of 66.26±9.31 years. The male-to-female ratio was 4.8∶1. Siewert type Ⅱ accounted for 70.82% (284/401). Lesions involving the lesser curvature accounted for 57.10% (229/401). Endoscopic manifestation of mucosal erythema accounted for 96.26% (386/401). Lesion morphology of 0-Ⅱc type accounted for 38.15% (153/401) and tubular adenocarcinoma accounted for 86.53% (347/401). The en bloc resection rate of ESD was 99.75% (400/401), with a curative resection rate of 72.82% (292/401). It is indicates that early gastroesophageal junction cancer predominantly occurs in middle-aged and elderly males. It is mostly Siewert type Ⅱ, and involves the lesser curvature, and primarily presents as type 0-Ⅱc morphology. The lesions are most commonly manifested as mucosal redness and are predominantly moderately to well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. ESD demonstrates a safe and effective therapeutic approach for early gastroesophageal junction cancer.

Persistent atrial fibrillation and other factors can cause mitral and tricuspid annular dilation and leaflet regurgitation,leading to severe functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.Patients often experience significant heart failure symptoms and poor prognosis.For patients with severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation who are at high risk or contraindicated for surgical procedures,transbronchial repair(TEER)is an important alternative therapy that can effectively reduce valve regurgitation and improve cardiac function;Although there is a lack of large-scale data on atrial functional reflux,existing experience still shows that TEER can significantly reduce reflux and improve patients'quality of life.However,double valve intervention therapy poses challenges,especially when combined with TEER repair,which is technically more complex,time-consuming,and carries higher risks.Foreign data shows that simultaneous or staged double valve intervention can safely improve cardiac function and increase survival rates,but the optimal intervention strategy still needs further research.Due to the fact that tricuspid TEER devices have not yet been launched in China,only staged treatment can be adopted at present.This case report shows a patient with severe atrial functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation who underwent staged transcatheter edge to edge repair surgery successfully.During a 1-year follow-up,bilateral valve regurgitation continued to improve,indicating that staged repair of bilateral atrioventricular valve regurgitation through the catheter margin is a feasible and effective treatment option.

Persistent atrial fibrillation and other factors can cause mitral and tricuspid annular dilation and leaflet regurgitation,leading to severe functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.Patients often experience significant heart failure symptoms and poor prognosis.For patients with severe mitral or tricuspid regurgitation who are at high risk or contraindicated for surgical procedures,transbronchial repair(TEER)is an important alternative therapy that can effectively reduce valve regurgitation and improve cardiac function;Although there is a lack of large-scale data on atrial functional reflux,existing experience still shows that TEER can significantly reduce reflux and improve patients'quality of life.However,double valve intervention therapy poses challenges,especially when combined with TEER repair,which is technically more complex,time-consuming,and carries higher risks.Foreign data shows that simultaneous or staged double valve intervention can safely improve cardiac function and increase survival rates,but the optimal intervention strategy still needs further research.Due to the fact that tricuspid TEER devices have not yet been launched in China,only staged treatment can be adopted at present.This case report shows a patient with severe atrial functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation who underwent staged transcatheter edge to edge repair surgery successfully.During a 1-year follow-up,bilateral valve regurgitation continued to improve,indicating that staged repair of bilateral atrioventricular valve regurgitation through the catheter margin is a feasible and effective treatment option.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

Objective To survey the awareness and intended adoption of patient-based real-time quality control(PBRTQC)among medical laboratories,thereby providing a basis for subsequent research and promotion efforts.Methods An electronic questionnaire was distributed via the Questionnaire Star system to collect participants' general information,their knowledge,attitudes,and practices regarding PBRTQC,as well as their implementation willingness.Results A total of 161 valid questionnaires were collected.The sur-vey revealed that fewer than 50％of laboratory staff had basic knowledge of PBRTQC,and their confidence in establishing and applying PBRTQC in their own laboratories was low.However,they acknowledged its potential to enhance quality management.Key concerns and support needs for PBRTQC promotion include professional implementation guidelines and policy support,reliable third-party evalu-ations,software and hardware support,and user training.Conclusion The laboratory staff accepted the value of PBRTQC and gener-ally held a positive attitude toward its application.Future efforts should focus on developing standardized guidelines,refining evaluation methods,advancing software and hardware,and enhancing knowledge dissemination,technical training and other actions related to guiding the practical implementation thereby facilitating the wider adoption of PBRTQC.