AIM:To evaluate the optimal timing of preoperative intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)therapy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)using intraoperative fluorescein angiography(IOFA).METHODS:A retrospective case series study was conducted on patients who underwent vitrectomy for PDR with vitreous hemorrhage(VH)at Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2023 to February 2025. Patients were divided into three groups according to the interval between intravitreal conbercept injection and surgery: Group A(3 d before surgery), Group B(7 d before surgery), and Group C(14 d before surgery). IOFA was used to assess the number and size of retinal neovascularization(NV). Additional data were collected including preoperative best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), vitreous hemorrhage grading, operative time, frequency of intraoperative endodiathermy, duration of high perfusion pressure, vitreoretinal adhesion grade, postoperative BCVA, and central macular thickness(CMT). Multidimensional analyses were performed.RESULTS:This study enrolled a total of 91 patients(94 eyes)with PDR accompanied by vitreous hemorrhage. Among them, Group A consisted of 31 patients(31 eyes; 18 males, 13 females; mean age 53.26±12.38 y), Group B consisted of 34 patients(37 eyes; 21 males, 13 females; mean age 51.61±14.16 y), and Group C consisted of 26 patients(26 eyes; 18 males, 8 females; mean age 51.00±12.02 y), with baseline characteristics comparable among the three groups(all P>0.05). Comparative analysis of NV visualized via IOFA revealed that both the number and size of NVs were significantly lower in Groups B and C than in Group A(all P<0.0167), while no statistically significant differences were observed between Groups B and C(both P>0.05). No significant differences were found among the three groups regarding other intraoperative parameters, including operation time, frequency of electrocoagulation application, duration of high perfusion pressure, or grading of vitreoretinal adhesion(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION:IOFA confirms that preoperative anti-VEGF therapy administered 7 or 14 d before surgery is more effective than a 3 d interval in suppressing retinal NV activity in PDR patients.

Background: High-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-binding protein involved in arthritis, ischemia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, meningitis, and cancer. HMGB1 exhibits dual roles in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or oncoprotein depending on context. Objective: This research aimed to elucidate HMGB1’s functional significance in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Methods: We overexpressed HMGB1 in cSCC cell lines using recombinant adenovirus and examined its effects on cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed elevated HMGB1 expression levels in cSCC tissue relative to normal epidermis. To assess the influence of HMGB1, we employed recombinant adenoviruses expressing HMGB1 to transduce SCC cell lines (SCC12 and SCC13). Enhanced HMGB1 expression significantly promoted cellular proliferation and colony formation capacity.Notably, HMGB1 overexpression elevated the levels of proliferation regulators, including P63, SOX2, CDK4 and CDK6. Furthermore, HMGB1 overexpression substantially enhanced tumor invasiveness, accompanied by upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers. Mechanistically, overexpression of HMGB1 enhanced transforming growth factor-β signaling by increasing phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, the key mediators of EMT. Conclusion These data imply that HMGB1 acts as a tumor-promoting factor in cSCC.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Objective To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the potential suitable habitats for the Tibetan medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum under current climatic conditions and the factors influencing the spatial differentiation of the habitats.Methods Based on the maximum entropy model,a species distribution model was established using selected species distribution data and environmental variable data.The geographic detector and the interaction detector were applied to quantify the factors affecting the spatial differentiation of the suitable area.By overlaying the suitable area with land cover types,the distribution characteristics of potential arable land and forest land within the potential suitable area were quantified.Results Under the current climatic conditions,altitude,precipitation in July,precipitation during the warmest season,water vapor pressure in June,precipitation in December,and the highest temperature in February are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum.Under the current climatic conditions,the potential geographical distribution range of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum covers an area of 1.30×106 km2.Considering land cover types,the actual suitable area for Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is 6.13×105 km2,including 4.25×105 km2 of forest land and 1.88×105 km2 of arable land.The highly suitable forest areas are mainly distributed in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture,Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province,Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province and Linzhi City within the Tibet Autonomous Region.The highly suitable arable land areas are mainly distributed in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture,Dingxi City,Tianshui City,and Longnan City of Gansu Province,with sporadic belt-like distributions in Sichuan Province,Yunnan Province and the Tibet Autonomous Region.Conclusion The study can provide evidence for the protection of wild Sinopodophyllum hexandrum resources and the selection of optimal planting areas.

Objective:To establish a stable rat model of sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease(SPID)with clinical characteristics,and to provide a reliable experimental model for the study of the pharmcological effect and mechanism of SPID.Methods:Twenty-four 7-week-old SD rats were divided into sham operation group,model-A(108 cfu/mL mixed bacterial solution,0.2 mL),model-B(109 cfu/mL mixed bacterial solution 0.2 mL),and model-C(108 cfu/mL E.coli 0.2 mL).The weight of the rat's uterine was weighed and the uterine index was calculated.The automatic hematology analyzer was used to detect the blood routine;hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE)and masson staining were used to detect uterine pathlogical changes in rats.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in rat uterine tissue homogenates.Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins related to NF-κB signaling pathway.Results:Compared with the sham operation group,the uterine index of model-A,model-B,and model-C were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The levels of WBC and NE in the model-A increased significantly(P＜0.01).The level of LY in model-B decreased significantly(P＜0.01).The levels of IL-1β,TNF-α in model-A,model-B,and model-C were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The levels of IL-6 in model-A and model-B were significantly increased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The collagen volume fraction of model-A and model-B were significantly increased(P＜0.01).Mechanism study indicates that the expression levels of p-IKKβ/IKKβ,p-IκBα/IκBα and p-p65/p65 in model-A were significantly increased(P＜0.01),and the expression levels of IκBα/β-actin were significantly decreased(P＜0.01).The expression level of p-IKKβ/IKKβ in model-B was significantly increased(P＜0.01).Conclusions:A stable rat model of SPID that conforms to clinical characteristics can be successfully constructed by combining 0.2 mL of mixed bacterial solution with a concentration of 108 cfu/mL and mechanical injury.This modeling method intervened in the expression of the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND:Apoptosis and autophagy imbalance in the hippocampal region of perimenopausal depressed rats are closely related to cognitive decline.Whether aerobic exercise can reduce apoptosis by promoting hippocampal autophagy and thus improve the learning and memory abilities of perimenopausal depressed rats is not clear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the possible mechanism by which 4-week moderate-intensity treadmill exercise improves learning memory ability in ovariectomized stressed rats.METHODS:Forty Sprague-Dawely rats were randomly divided into four groups,namely,sham operation group(n=10),ovariectomized group(n=10),ovariectomized stress group(n=10)and ovariectomized stress exercise group(n=10).Except for the sham operation group,the ovaries were removed in the other three groups to establish a perimenopausal rat model,and then a depressed rat model was established by chronic unpredictable stress in the latter two groups.The rats in the ovariectomized stress exercise group underwent a 4-week moderate-intensity treadmill exercise.Tail suspension test and sucrose preference test were performed to text depression-like behaviors in rats after exercise and stress.The eight-arm maze experiment was used to test the learning and memory behaviors of rats after exercise and stress.Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase/UNC-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1/mammalian target of rapamycin(AMPK/mTOR/ULK1),hippocampus apoptotic factor Caspase-3 and the protein expression of autophagy markers LC-3II/Beclin-1 in the hippocampus.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the sham operation group,rats in the ovariectomized and ovariectomized stress groups had prolonged resting time in the tail suspension test and decreased sugar-water intake and sugar-water preference in the sucrose preference test.(2)Ovary removal reduced the learning memory capacity of rats,as evidenced behaviorally by a significant increase in the number of working memory errors,the number of reference memory errors,and the completion time,and an even more pronounced increase in the above measures in the ovariectomized stress group.(3)Compared with the ovariectomized group,there was a significant reduction in the number of working memory errors,the number of reference memory errors,and the completion time in the ovariectomized stress group.(4)Compared with the sham operation group,in the ovariectomized and ovariectomized stress groups,the expression of hippocampal apoptotic factor Caspase 3 protein was significantly elevated,the expression of autophagy-related factors proteins Beclin-1 and LC3II,as well as the protein expression of AMPK and ULK1,was decreased,whereas the expression of mTOR protein was elevated.Changes in the above indicators were more significant in the ovariectomized stress group.(5)Compared with the ovariectomized stress group,in the ovariectomized stress exercise group,the protein expression of Caspase 3 was significantly decreased,the protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3II was significantly increased,the protein expression of AMPK and ULK1 was significantly increased,and the protein expression of mTOR was significantly reduced.To conclude,4-week moderate-intensity treadmill exercise may promote cellular autophagy and reduce apoptosis through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 autophagy signaling pathway,thereby enhancing the learning and memory capacity of rats with ovariectomized depression

Aim To explore the mechanism of luteolin in alleviating hepatic fibrosis.Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,CCl4 group,silybin group(100 mg·kg-1)and luteo-lin group(100 mg·kg-1).After 10-week modeling and 2-week treatment,the serum levels of aminotrans-ferase and liver histopathology were examined.Hepatic fibrosis and autophagy-related gene expression were as-sessed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluores-cence.Human hepatic stellate cell line(LX2)was cultured and divided into control,TGF-β1(10 mg·L-1),TGF-β1+silybin(40 μmol·L-1),TGF-β1+luteolin(40 μmol·L-1).Fibrotic and autophagy-re-lated markers were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR,Western blot,immunofluorescence and MDC staining.Results Compared with the CCl4 group,the treatment groups showed significantly improved liver function and reduced hepatic fibrosis,with markedly downregulated COL1A1 and α-SMA expression,and luteolin demonstrated superior efficacy.Compared with TGF-β1 group,luteolin treatment significantly de-creased mRNA levels of COL1A1,ACTA2 and MAP1LC3B,while increasing the mRNA level of SQSTM1,the protein levels of COL1A1 and α-SMA de-creased,p62 was enhanced,the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio was downregulated,and autophagy was reduced.These effects of luteolin were reversed by autophagy inducer rapamycin.Conclusion Luteolin alleviates liver fi-brosis by decreasing the autophagy of hepatic stellate cells.

Previous studies have shown that the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota are related to the effect of tumor immunotherapy,but the mechanism of intestinal microbiota affecting tumor immunotherapy resistance has rarely been sum-marized.This article not only expounds the current clinical sta-tus of tumor immunotherapy resistance,but also summarizes the correlation and regulatory mechanism between the composition and homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and drug resistance to different types of tumor immunotherapy,so as to provide a refer-ence for the study of potential targets for improving tumor immu-notherapy resistance based on intestinal microbiota.

The application of sensors to the monitoring of spinal morphology and motion was reviewed in terms of the research object and monitoring index.The present situation of the application of sensors was introduced,such as inertial sensor,stretchable strain sensor and electromagnetic sensor.The deficiencies of sensors applied to the monitoring of spinal morphology and motion were analyzed,and the future directions of the application were pointed out.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(6):105-110]

Objective To analyze the spatial distribution pattern of the potential suitable habitats for the Tibetan medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum under current climatic conditions and the factors influencing the spatial differentiation of the habitats.Methods Based on the maximum entropy model,a species distribution model was established using selected species distribution data and environmental variable data.The geographic detector and the interaction detector were applied to quantify the factors affecting the spatial differentiation of the suitable area.By overlaying the suitable area with land cover types,the distribution characteristics of potential arable land and forest land within the potential suitable area were quantified.Results Under the current climatic conditions,altitude,precipitation in July,precipitation during the warmest season,water vapor pressure in June,precipitation in December,and the highest temperature in February are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum.Under the current climatic conditions,the potential geographical distribution range of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum covers an area of 1.30×106 km2.Considering land cover types,the actual suitable area for Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is 6.13×105 km2,including 4.25×105 km2 of forest land and 1.88×105 km2 of arable land.The highly suitable forest areas are mainly distributed in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture,Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province,Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province and Linzhi City within the Tibet Autonomous Region.The highly suitable arable land areas are mainly distributed in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture,Dingxi City,Tianshui City,and Longnan City of Gansu Province,with sporadic belt-like distributions in Sichuan Province,Yunnan Province and the Tibet Autonomous Region.Conclusion The study can provide evidence for the protection of wild Sinopodophyllum hexandrum resources and the selection of optimal planting areas.