Background: To investigate the clinicopathologic pattern of prostate cancer (PCa) in elderly patients compared with their younger counterparts with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level below the low-risk threshold (< 10 ng/mL), which is often a deciding factor for biopsy. Methods: A nationwide database of PCa at the time of biopsy from 2010 to 2020 was constructed from 39 hospitals. Patients were categorized into age groups of < 64 years, 65–69 years, 70–74 years, and ≥ 75 years considering guidelines that recommend PSA testing only for those aged 55–69 years during the study period, the average age of Korean PCa registrants of 70.3 years (2010–2020), and the average life expectancy of Korean males of 80.3 years (2020). Results: The mean ± standard deviation age was 70.3 ± 8.2 years, which was normally distributed (kurtosis = 0.095). Among 14,548 subjects, 54.1%, 39.5%, and 6.4% of them had high-risk disease, intermediate-risk disease, and low-risk disease, respectively. Based on three risk parameters, a marked increase in high-risk cancer was observed in the oldest age group (linear combination, P < 0.001). The same pattern was observed among patients with low-risk disease (PSA < 10 ng/mL), who were divided into PSA tiers as follows: 4–5 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 5–6 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 6–7 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 7–8 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 8–9 ng/mL (P = 0.009), and 9–10 ng/mL (P < 0.001). In all PSA tiers between 4 and 10 ng/mL, multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of high-risk cancer in the oldest age group than in the youngest age group. In the lowest tier (4–5 ng/mL), 35.2% of those aged over 75 years had high-risk PCa. Conclusion The older the patient, the more aggressive the PCa. Moreover, there was an increase in high-risk PCa in older males compared with younger males even with a PSA level below the low-risk threshold of 10 ng/mL, suggesting the need to strengthen cancer screening policies in the older population.

To investigate the relationship between depression and AD, water avoidance stress (WAS) was induced for 10 days in both Tg2576 mice and wild-type (WT) mice. After WAS, memory function and depressive-like behavior were investigated in Tg2576 mice. Tg2576 WAS mice exhibited more depressive-like behaviors than WT WAS and Tg2576 control (CON) mice. Strikingly, Tg2576 CON mice showed more depressive-like behaviors than WT mice. Moreover, corticosterone and phospho-glucocorticoid receptor (p-GR) levels were also higher in Tg2576 WAS mice in comparison to Tg2576 CON mice. Spinster homologue 2 (SPNS2) is a member of non-ATP-dependent transporter. The role of SPNS2 was widely known as a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) transporter, which export intracellular S1P from cells. Using GEO database to analyze SPNS2 gene expression changes in patients with AD and depression, we show that SPNS2 gene expression correlates with AD and depression. Interestingly, Tg2576 WAS mice displayed significantly increased levels of SPNS2 w1hen compared to Tg2576 CON counterparts. SPNS2 levels were also higher in Tg2576 CON mice in comparison with WT CON mice. Remarkably, we found a decrease in S1P brain levels and an increase in S1P serum levels of Tg2576 WAS mice in comparison with Tg2576 CON mice. Accordingly, WAS induced group further decreased S1P levels in the brains. However, the level in the serum further increased in comparison with non-induced group. Therefore, these results suggest that AD and depression could be associated, and that Tg2576 transgenic mice are more susceptible to stress-induced depression through the release of S1P by SPNS2 up-regulation.

Background: To investigate the clinicopathologic pattern of prostate cancer (PCa) in elderly patients compared with their younger counterparts with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level below the low-risk threshold (< 10 ng/mL), which is often a deciding factor for biopsy. Methods: A nationwide database of PCa at the time of biopsy from 2010 to 2020 was constructed from 39 hospitals. Patients were categorized into age groups of < 64 years, 65–69 years, 70–74 years, and ≥ 75 years considering guidelines that recommend PSA testing only for those aged 55–69 years during the study period, the average age of Korean PCa registrants of 70.3 years (2010–2020), and the average life expectancy of Korean males of 80.3 years (2020). Results: The mean ± standard deviation age was 70.3 ± 8.2 years, which was normally distributed (kurtosis = 0.095). Among 14,548 subjects, 54.1%, 39.5%, and 6.4% of them had high-risk disease, intermediate-risk disease, and low-risk disease, respectively. Based on three risk parameters, a marked increase in high-risk cancer was observed in the oldest age group (linear combination, P < 0.001). The same pattern was observed among patients with low-risk disease (PSA < 10 ng/mL), who were divided into PSA tiers as follows: 4–5 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 5–6 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 6–7 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 7–8 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 8–9 ng/mL (P = 0.009), and 9–10 ng/mL (P < 0.001). In all PSA tiers between 4 and 10 ng/mL, multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of high-risk cancer in the oldest age group than in the youngest age group. In the lowest tier (4–5 ng/mL), 35.2% of those aged over 75 years had high-risk PCa. Conclusion The older the patient, the more aggressive the PCa. Moreover, there was an increase in high-risk PCa in older males compared with younger males even with a PSA level below the low-risk threshold of 10 ng/mL, suggesting the need to strengthen cancer screening policies in the older population.

Objective: Previous studies have reported an association between cancer-related symptoms and perceived social support (PSS). The objective of this study was to analyze whether Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN), a prevalent side effect of chemotherapy, varies according to PSS level using a validated tool for CIPN at prospective follow-up. Methods: A total of 39 breast cancer patients were evaluated for PSS using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) prior to chemotherapy and were subsequently grouped into one of two categories for each subscale: low-to-moderate PSS and high PSS. CIPN was prospectively evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 20 (CIPN20) at five time points. A linear mixed-effects model with square root transformation was employed to investigate whether the CIPN20 scales varied by PSS level and time point. Results: Statistical analysis of the MSPSS total scale and subscales revealed a significant effect of the friends subscale group and time point on the CIPN20 sensory scale. The sensory scale score of CIPN20 was found to be lower in participants with high PSS from friends in comparison to those with low-to-moderate PSS at 1 month post-chemotherapy (p=0.010). Conclusion This is the first study to prospectively follow the long-term effect of pre-treatment PSS from friends on CIPN. Further studies based on larger samples are required to analyze the effects of PSS on the pathophysiology of CIPN.

Objective: Previous studies have reported an association between cancer-related symptoms and perceived social support (PSS). The objective of this study was to analyze whether Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN), a prevalent side effect of chemotherapy, varies according to PSS level using a validated tool for CIPN at prospective follow-up. Methods: A total of 39 breast cancer patients were evaluated for PSS using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) prior to chemotherapy and were subsequently grouped into one of two categories for each subscale: low-to-moderate PSS and high PSS. CIPN was prospectively evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 20 (CIPN20) at five time points. A linear mixed-effects model with square root transformation was employed to investigate whether the CIPN20 scales varied by PSS level and time point. Results: Statistical analysis of the MSPSS total scale and subscales revealed a significant effect of the friends subscale group and time point on the CIPN20 sensory scale. The sensory scale score of CIPN20 was found to be lower in participants with high PSS from friends in comparison to those with low-to-moderate PSS at 1 month post-chemotherapy (p=0.010). Conclusion This is the first study to prospectively follow the long-term effect of pre-treatment PSS from friends on CIPN. Further studies based on larger samples are required to analyze the effects of PSS on the pathophysiology of CIPN.

Objective: Previous studies have reported an association between cancer-related symptoms and perceived social support (PSS). The objective of this study was to analyze whether Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN), a prevalent side effect of chemotherapy, varies according to PSS level using a validated tool for CIPN at prospective follow-up. Methods: A total of 39 breast cancer patients were evaluated for PSS using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) prior to chemotherapy and were subsequently grouped into one of two categories for each subscale: low-to-moderate PSS and high PSS. CIPN was prospectively evaluated using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy 20 (CIPN20) at five time points. A linear mixed-effects model with square root transformation was employed to investigate whether the CIPN20 scales varied by PSS level and time point. Results: Statistical analysis of the MSPSS total scale and subscales revealed a significant effect of the friends subscale group and time point on the CIPN20 sensory scale. The sensory scale score of CIPN20 was found to be lower in participants with high PSS from friends in comparison to those with low-to-moderate PSS at 1 month post-chemotherapy (p=0.010). Conclusion This is the first study to prospectively follow the long-term effect of pre-treatment PSS from friends on CIPN. Further studies based on larger samples are required to analyze the effects of PSS on the pathophysiology of CIPN.

Background: To investigate the clinicopathologic pattern of prostate cancer (PCa) in elderly patients compared with their younger counterparts with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level below the low-risk threshold (< 10 ng/mL), which is often a deciding factor for biopsy. Methods: A nationwide database of PCa at the time of biopsy from 2010 to 2020 was constructed from 39 hospitals. Patients were categorized into age groups of < 64 years, 65–69 years, 70–74 years, and ≥ 75 years considering guidelines that recommend PSA testing only for those aged 55–69 years during the study period, the average age of Korean PCa registrants of 70.3 years (2010–2020), and the average life expectancy of Korean males of 80.3 years (2020). Results: The mean ± standard deviation age was 70.3 ± 8.2 years, which was normally distributed (kurtosis = 0.095). Among 14,548 subjects, 54.1%, 39.5%, and 6.4% of them had high-risk disease, intermediate-risk disease, and low-risk disease, respectively. Based on three risk parameters, a marked increase in high-risk cancer was observed in the oldest age group (linear combination, P < 0.001). The same pattern was observed among patients with low-risk disease (PSA < 10 ng/mL), who were divided into PSA tiers as follows: 4–5 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 5–6 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 6–7 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 7–8 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 8–9 ng/mL (P = 0.009), and 9–10 ng/mL (P < 0.001). In all PSA tiers between 4 and 10 ng/mL, multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of high-risk cancer in the oldest age group than in the youngest age group. In the lowest tier (4–5 ng/mL), 35.2% of those aged over 75 years had high-risk PCa. Conclusion The older the patient, the more aggressive the PCa. Moreover, there was an increase in high-risk PCa in older males compared with younger males even with a PSA level below the low-risk threshold of 10 ng/mL, suggesting the need to strengthen cancer screening policies in the older population.

Background: To investigate the clinicopathologic pattern of prostate cancer (PCa) in elderly patients compared with their younger counterparts with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level below the low-risk threshold (< 10 ng/mL), which is often a deciding factor for biopsy. Methods: A nationwide database of PCa at the time of biopsy from 2010 to 2020 was constructed from 39 hospitals. Patients were categorized into age groups of < 64 years, 65–69 years, 70–74 years, and ≥ 75 years considering guidelines that recommend PSA testing only for those aged 55–69 years during the study period, the average age of Korean PCa registrants of 70.3 years (2010–2020), and the average life expectancy of Korean males of 80.3 years (2020). Results: The mean ± standard deviation age was 70.3 ± 8.2 years, which was normally distributed (kurtosis = 0.095). Among 14,548 subjects, 54.1%, 39.5%, and 6.4% of them had high-risk disease, intermediate-risk disease, and low-risk disease, respectively. Based on three risk parameters, a marked increase in high-risk cancer was observed in the oldest age group (linear combination, P < 0.001). The same pattern was observed among patients with low-risk disease (PSA < 10 ng/mL), who were divided into PSA tiers as follows: 4–5 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 5–6 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 6–7 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 7–8 ng/mL (P < 0.001), 8–9 ng/mL (P = 0.009), and 9–10 ng/mL (P < 0.001). In all PSA tiers between 4 and 10 ng/mL, multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of high-risk cancer in the oldest age group than in the youngest age group. In the lowest tier (4–5 ng/mL), 35.2% of those aged over 75 years had high-risk PCa. Conclusion The older the patient, the more aggressive the PCa. Moreover, there was an increase in high-risk PCa in older males compared with younger males even with a PSA level below the low-risk threshold of 10 ng/mL, suggesting the need to strengthen cancer screening policies in the older population.

Purpose: This study analyzed the pathological complete response (pCR) rates, long-term outcomes, and biological features of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment. Methods: This single-center study included 1,667 patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy from 2008 to 2014. Patients were categorized by HER2 status, and their clinicopathological characteristics, chemotherapy responses, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were analyzed. Results: Patients with HER2-low tumors were more likely to be older (p = 0.081), have a lower histological grade (p < 0.001), and have hormone receptor (HorR)-positive tumors (p < 0.001). The HER2-positive group exhibited the highest pCR rate (23.3%), followed by the HER2-zero (15.5%) and HER2-low (10.9%) groups. However, the pCR rate did not differ between HER2-low and HER2-zero tumors in the HorR-positive or HorR-negative subgroups.The 5-year RFS rates increased in the following order: HER2-low, HER2-positive, and HER2-zero (80.0%, 77.5%, and 74.5%, respectively) (log-rank test p = 0.017). A significant survival difference between patients with HER2-low and HER2-zero tumors was only identified in HorR-negative tumors (5-year RFS for HER2-low, 74.5% vs. HER2-zero, 66.0%; log-rank test p-value = 0.04). Multivariate survival analysis revealed that achieving a pCR was the most significant factor associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR], 4.279; p < 0.001).Compared with HER2-zero, the HRs for HER2-low and HER2-positive tumors were 0.787 (p = 0.042) and 0.728 (p = 0.005), respectively. After excluding patients who received HER2-targeted therapy, patients with HER2-low tumors exhibited better RFS than those with HER2-zero (HR 0.784, p = 0.04), whereas those with HER2-positive tumors exhibited no significant difference compared with those with HER2-low tumors (HR, 0.975; p = 0.953). Conclusion Patients with HER2-low tumors had no significant difference in pCR rate compared to HER2-zero but showed better survival, especially in HorR-negative tumors.Further investigation into biological differences is warranted.