Purpose: Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare but progressive cholangiopathy and the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation worldwide. The Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons (KAPS) has conducted three national surveys (2001, 2011, and 2023) to assess long-term trends in the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of BA. This study provides a comparative analysis of the 2nd and 3rd national surveys, with reference to selected findings from the 1st survey. Methods: This study included 453 patients from the 3rd national survey (2011–2021) and 435 patients from the 2nd survey (2001–2010), all of whom underwent Kasai portoenterostomy. Data were collected via electronic case report forms from pediatric surgical centers nationwide. Comparisons were made regarding demographics, clinical features, diagnostic patterns, operative details, follow-up outcomes, and survival. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to evaluate long-term survival. Results: The mean number of BA patients per year remained stable between surveys (43.5 in the 2nd, 41.18 in the 3rd), though centralization of care increased, with 61.5% of cases managed by two major institutions in the 3rd survey. The median age at surgery decreased, and the use of preoperative imaging (especially magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) increased. The 10-year native liver survival rate declined from 59.8% to 53.7%, while overall 10-year survival improved slightly (92.9% to 93.2%). Postoperative complications, such as cholangitis and liver failure, persisted but were better categorized. The 3rd survey also reported improved mortality (4.9%) and reduced follow-up loss (11.5%) compared to the 2nd survey. Conclusion While overall survival after Kasai operation has remained high and even improved, native liver survival has slightly declined. The findings reflect earlier diagnosis, more consistent diagnostic imaging, and increasing centralization of care. These trends underscore the importance of long-term nationwide data collection in guiding future strategies for BA management in Korea.

Background and objectives: This study aimed to analyze and present updated trends in atrial fibrillation (AF) epidemiology within the Korean population, providing a foundation for planning and implementing appropriate management and treatment strategies for patients with AF. Patients and methods: We used the Korean National Health Insurance Service database to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and clinical adverse outcomes of patients with AF in Korea between 2013 and 2022. Results: AF prevalence in Korean adults aged ≥ 20 years doubled (1.1 to 2.2%) between 2013 and 2022, with significant increases observed across various sex and age groups. Similarly, the number of newly diagnosed patients with AF per year increased steadily, with the incidence rising from 184 to 275 per 100,000 person-years, particularly among older populations. Over this period, the mean age of patients with AF increased from 67.7 to 70.3 years, and comorbidities prevalence and CHA2DS2-VASc score rose significantly, indicating a higher stroke risk. Compared with patients without AF, AF was associated with an increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.78), ischemic stroke (HR: 2.39), major bleeding (HR: 2.10), myocardial infarction (HR: 1.44), and heart failure admission (HR: 2.42). Conclusion AF prevalence and incidence have steadily increased between 2013 and 2022, with a more pronounced increase in older patients. Patients with AF are increasingly becoming a high-risk population and are at increased risk of clinical adverse outcomes compared to non-AF patients. Therefore, a sustained national effort to improve AF awareness and comprehensive care quality for patients with AF is required.

New parameters such as ablation index (AI) have been developed to create reliable ablation lesions. This study was performed to evaluate whether RF energy delivery with the same ablation index creates the similar ablation lesion volume. Ablation lesions were created in 5 pig hearts at ex-vivo state. Ablation was performed using an external-irri‑ gation contact-force sensing catheter on the epicardial side of the left ventricle with 90-degree of angle. RF ablation time was adjusted for targeting AI 600 at 8 different conditions. Lesion volume created with 0–5 g of contact force at 20 W was significantly lower than that of 11–20 g at 40W despite of the same AI (125 ± 76.2 vs. 272 ± 49.5 ­mm 3

Background: Recently, microbiome research has been actively conducted for various skin areas. However, no study has yet compared the microbiome of bacteria and fungi in the ear canal of healthy individuals and patients with chronic otitis externa in Korea. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the difference in the distribution of fungal and bacterial microbial communities in ear canal samples of healthy individuals and patients with chronic otitis externa. Methods: In 24 patients with bilateral chronic otitis externa and 24 healthy controls, cotton swabs were used to obtain samples from the bilateral ear canal. To characterize the fungal and bacterial communities, we sequenced and analyzed the 16S rRNA V4–V5 and ITS1 regions using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology 2, respectively. Results: The alpha diversity analysis for bacteria and fungi confirmed that both richness and evenness decreased in the patient group. The beta diversity analysis for bacteria confirmed that these parameters differed between the control and patient groups. The beta diversity analysis for fungi showed no difference between the groups. Conclusion We observed different skin microbiomes in the patients with chronic otitis externa compared with those in the healthy individuals.

Purpose: To report a case of solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit in a patient with changes in tumor size and contrast enhancement.Case summary: A 64-year-old male patient presented with dizziness, discomfort on eye movement, anosmia, and proptosis. Orbital computed tomography showed an enhancing mass in the right extraconal space, lateral to the medial rectus and inferior to the superior oblique muscle. The mass appeared to be a cavernous hemangioma and the patient was monitored for changes in mass size and eye movements. After 24 months of follow-up, the mass size and symptoms of right eyelid swelling, proptosis, and diplopia had increased. Excision and biopsy of the mass were performed under general anesthesia. The biopsy confirmed that the mass was a solitary fibrous tumor. The postoperative period was uneventful and no recurrence was observed at 6 months after surgery. Conclusions Solitary fibrous tumor is a soft tissue tumor that rarely occurs in the orbit, and should be considered in cases with an intraorbital mass accompanied by increased size and changes in contrast enhancement on imaging.

BACKGROUND: Various methods based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been applied to enhance the photothermal effect. Among these methods, combining gold nanoparticles and stem cells has been suggested as a new technique for elevating the efficiency of photothermal therapy (PT) in terms of enhancing tumor targeting effect. However, to elicit the efficiency of PT using gold nanoparticles and stem cells, delivering large amounts of AuNPs into stem cells without loss should be considered. METHODS: AuNPs, AuNPs-decorated silica nanoparticles, and silica-capped and AuNPs-decorated silica nanoparticles (SGSs) were synthesized and used to treat human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). After evaluating physical properties of each nanoparticle, the concentration of each nanoparticle was estimated based on its cytotoxicity to hMSCs. The amount of AuNPs loss from each nanoparticle by exogenous physical stress was evaluated after exposing particles to a gentle shaking. After these experiments, in vitro and in vivo photothermal effects were then evaluated. RESULTS: SGS showed no cytotoxicity when it was used to treat hMSCs at concentration up to 20 lg/mL. After intravenous injection to tumor-bearing mice, SGS-laden hMSCs group showed significantly higher heat generation than other groups following laser irradiation. Furthermore, in vivo photothermal effect in the hMSC-SGS group was significantly enhanced than those in other groups in terms of tumor volume decrement and histological outcome. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that additional silica layer in SGSs could protect AuNPs from physical stress induced AuNPs loss. The strategy applied in SGS may offer a prospective method to improve PT.

Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by terminal hair miniaturization, which progressively decreases hair density and thickness. Genetic predisposition and the role of androgen in AGA have been widely accepted; however, its definite mechanism has not been clarified. AGA may also occur in adolescents, although its clinical characteristics including the disease prevalence have not yet been fully established. Objective: To analyze the clinical differences of AGA between adolescents and adults. Methods: Six-hundred fourteen patients with AGA were recruited and information about age, sex, and family history, comorbidities were collected. Results: A total of 74.5% of adolescents and 66.4% of adults had family history of AGA, with “paternal only” as the most common pattern. A total of 27.3% of adolescents and 44.5% of adults had comorbidities, with seborrheic dermatitis being the most common. Other common comorbidities were acne, folliculitis, and atopic dermatitis in adolescents, dyslipidemia, hypertension, mood disorder, and diabetes mellitus in adults. A total of 12.7% and 15.0% of adolescents and adults, respectively, had abnormal serum testosterone levels, and 5.5% of adolescents and 7.5% of adults had abnormal serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) levels. Regardless of age, the proportion of patients with abnormal testosterone levels was higher in the female group than in the male group. Conclusion AGA showed paternal predominance in family history regardless of sex or age, suggesting paternal history as an important factor of AGA. Testosterone and DHEA-S abnormalities were found in patients with AGA, indicating a need for further studies on therapeutic effects associated with differences in hormonal profiles.

Objective: Unlike common acute urinary tract infections, obstructive urinary tract infections caused by urinary calculus can be fatal because they can progress to sepsis and cause shock or disseminated intravascular coagulation. The evidence of patients with obstructive urinary tract infections caused by urinary tract stones visiting the emergency center is still lacking. Methods: Seventy-seven patients who visited the emergency room with obstructive urinary tract infections caused by urinary calculus from January 2016 to December 2018 were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups: sepsis group and non-sepsis group. Results: The lymphocyte count, platelet count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, serum creatinine, and C-reactive protein were significantly different in the sepsis-positive and negative groups. Percutaneous nephrostomy was also significantly higher in the sepsis-positive group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to evaluate the ability of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio to predict a septic urinary tract infection. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio were 0.659 and 0.550, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetic patients, percutaneous nephrostomy, and serum creatinine were associated with septic obstructive urinary tract infection. Conclusion In patients with an obstructive urinary tract infection who were referred to the emergency center, diabetic patients and those with high blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels are at high risk of sepsis. In such cases, rapid diagnosis and treatment, such as percutaneous nephrostomy, are necessary.