This paper summarizes the experience of professor LIU Shangyi in differentiating and treating rectal carcinoma from the perspective of "treating ulcers as tumors". It is believed that the manifestations of rectal cancer， such as anal itching， cauliflower-like or ulcerative tumors， and bloody stools， are similar to external skin itching， skin ulceration， swelling， and skin bleeding. Therefore， the treatment principles of sores and ulcers department can be applied to treat tumors. Following the diagnostic and treatment approach of dermatology regarding the clinical typical symptoms， for anal itching， the main treatment is to dispel wind and remove dampness， clear heat to relieve itching， using "skin medicinals" such as Difuzi （Fructus Kochiae） and Baixianpi （Cortex Dictamni）， as well as wind medicinals such as Shengma （Rhizoma Cimicifugae） and Fangfeng （Radix Saposhnikoviae）. For constipation， the method of clearing heat and resolving toxins， unblocking the bowels and discharging heat can be used， commonly using Baitouweng （Radix Pulsatillae）， Donglingcao （Herba Rabdosiae Rubescentis） and Dahuang （Radix et Rhizoma Rhei）. In terms of mucosal ulcers， it is critical to differentiate between yin and yang； the treatment of yang ulcers should focus on clearing heat and resolving toxins， commonly using modified Xianfang Huoming Beverage （仙方活命饮）； for yin ulcers， emphasis should be placed on removing dampness and resolving phlegm， commonly with modified Yiyi Fuzi Baijiang Powder （薏苡附子败酱散）. For bloody stool， differentiation is made between deficiency and excess， with the use of Diyu （Radix Sanguisorbae） and Huaihua （Flos Sophorae） for excess syndrome to cool and stop blee-ding， and both herbs dry-fried until charred combined with liver-tonifying medicinals for deficiency syndrome

arcopenia is a systemic skeletal muscle disorder characterized by a decrease in skeletal muscle mass and progressive decline in function， with multiple signaling pathways involved in its occurrence and development. Among them， the AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway， as a key pathway regulating cellular energy homeostasis， plays an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism and functional maintenance by improving abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism， balancing skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation， improving mitochondrial function， promoting autophagy， and inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. This article reviews the research progress on how various traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） monomers， including polyphenols， flavonoids， and terpenoids； various traditional Chinese medicine extracts， such as those from Lycium barbarum ， Asini Corii Colla， and Panax quinquefolium ， and TCM compounds， such as Guiqi zhuangjin decoction， Jianpi qiangji granules， and Qigu capsules， intervene in sarcopenia by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway to promote muscle protein synthesis， inhibit protein degradation， improve mitochondrial function， and alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally， their molecular mechanisms are explored. The aim is to deeply elucidate the basis of TCM in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and to provide theoretical support for the development of related innovative drugs.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of kinsenoside （KD）-the main ingredient of Anoectochilus roxburghii （AR） on alcoholic liver injury in mouse models of chronic and acute alcoholic liver injury, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of drugs for alcoholic liver injury. Methods Chronic and acute alcoholic liver injury mouse models were induced by feeding liquid diet containing 30% alcohol and gavage of high doses of alcohol （6 g/kg）, respectively. The KD （50 mg/kg） and AR （250 mg/kg） were administrated by intragastric administration. Body weight, liver index, serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST） levels, serum total triglyceride （TG） and cholesterol （TC） levels were measured; hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining was performed on liver tissues; lipid metabolic related genes （PPARα and SREBP1） expression levels were detected by QPCR. Results Both models of alcoholic liver injury resulted in increased hepatic transaminase activity and elevated lipids, accompanied by massive vacuolar structure and lipid droplet formation in pathological liver sections. In the chronic alcoholic liver injury model, ALT and AST were significantly reduced after KD or AR treatment （P<0.05, P<0.001）; the transcriptional activity of SREBP1 was significantly reduced after KD or AR treatment （P<0.01, P<0.05）. In the acute alcoholic liver injury model, AST was significantly reduced after KD or AR treatment （P<0.01, P<0.01）, and TG level was significantly decreased （P<0.01, P<0.01）. Conclusion KD, as the main active ingredient of AR, played a major role in hepatoprotection in mice. KD treatment significantly alleviated chronic and acute alcoholic liver injury and reduced the lipid deposition in liver; KD promoted lipolysis by increasing PPARα and inhibiting the expression of SREBP1 to reduce the synthesis and accumulation of lipids, thus exerting its role in regulating lipid metabolism, which suggested that KD, as the active ingredient of AR, could be a potential drug for the treatment of ALD.

Background Studies have shown that benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) exhibits neurotoxicity and can induce cognitive dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction is an early marker of mild cognitive impairment; however, the mechanism by which BaP exposure causes this impairment is still unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of BaP exposure on olfactory function in mice. Methods Thirty 5-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=6 per group): blank control, solvent control (olive oil), and low, medium and high doses (0.72, 1.44, and 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively). Following one week of acclimatization, BaP was administered intranasally every other day. Behavioral changes were assessed using the buried food test and Morris water maze (MWM). Olfactory bulb tissues were subsequently harvested for analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate pathological changes, while immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were employed to examine the expression and distribution of protein and mRNA expressions and distributions of olfactory marker protein (OMP), membrane-spanning 4-pass A1 (MS4A1), trace amine-associated receptor1 (TAAR1). Results The buried food test revealed that BaP exposure significantly prolonged the time taken to find food in a dose-dependent manner (F=56.753, P< 0.01). MWM results showed significant main effects for both time (F=128.5, P<0.01) and dose (F=3.889, P<0.05), with a significant interaction effect between them (F=2.128, P<0.05). HE staining showed that in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group, although granule remained abundant, mitral cell layer neurons exhibited structural atrophy and deep staining. Immunofluorescence demonstrated a decreased distribution of OMP, MS4A1, and TAAR1 in the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layers in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group compared with the blank control group (F=11.590, P<0.01; F=12.807, P<0.01; F=7.436, P<0.01). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of OMP, MS4A1, and TAAR1 in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group were also significantly downregulated compared to the control group (F=6.720, P<0.01; F=16.931, P<0.01; F=48.060, P<0.01). Conclusion BaP exposure leads to olfactory dysfunction in mice by inducing pathological damage to mitral cells and reducing the expression of key olfactory receptors and markers in the olfactory bulb.

Background Studies have shown that benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) exhibits neurotoxicity and can induce cognitive dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction is an early marker of mild cognitive impairment; however, the mechanism by which BaP exposure causes this impairment is still unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of BaP exposure on olfactory function in mice. Methods Thirty 5-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=6 per group): blank control, solvent control (olive oil), and low, medium and high doses (0.72, 1.44, and 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively). Following one week of acclimatization, BaP was administered intranasally every other day. Behavioral changes were assessed using the buried food test and Morris water maze (MWM). Olfactory bulb tissues were subsequently harvested for analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate pathological changes, while immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were employed to examine the expression and distribution of protein and mRNA expressions and distributions of olfactory marker protein (OMP), membrane-spanning 4-pass A1 (MS4A1), trace amine-associated receptor1 (TAAR1). Results The buried food test revealed that BaP exposure significantly prolonged the time taken to find food in a dose-dependent manner (F=56.753, P< 0.01). MWM results showed significant main effects for both time (F=128.5, P<0.01) and dose (F=3.889, P<0.05), with a significant interaction effect between them (F=2.128, P<0.05). HE staining showed that in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group, although granule remained abundant, mitral cell layer neurons exhibited structural atrophy and deep staining. Immunofluorescence demonstrated a decreased distribution of OMP, MS4A1, and TAAR1 in the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layers in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group compared with the blank control group (F=11.590, P<0.01; F=12.807, P<0.01; F=7.436, P<0.01). Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of OMP, MS4A1, and TAAR1 in the 2.89 mg·kg⁻¹ group were also significantly downregulated compared to the control group (F=6.720, P<0.01; F=16.931, P<0.01; F=48.060, P<0.01). Conclusion BaP exposure leads to olfactory dysfunction in mice by inducing pathological damage to mitral cells and reducing the expression of key olfactory receptors and markers in the olfactory bulb.

Cardiotoxicity induced by antineoplastic agents is an important factor affecting the prognosis of cancer patients. This article systematically summarizes the clinical manifestations of cardiotoxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs, molecular targeted cancer therapies, and immunotherapeutic drugs, and identifies the core injury mechanisms, including cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity falls under the category of “heat toxins” characterized by dual deficiency of qi and blood, upward flaming of heart heat, stagnation of the heart vessels, and meridian obstruction induced by phlegm-dampness. Therefore, by reviewing the preventive and therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of tonic medicines, interior heat-clearing medicines, blood-circulating and stasis-resolving medicines, phlegm-transforming, cough-suppressing and panting-relieving medicines, and interior-warming medicines, this paper concludes that TCM prevention and treatment of this condition adheres to the formulation principle of “reinforcing healthy qi, removing toxins, and resolving blood stasis”. Its mechanisms of action—including antioxidation effects, regulation of autophagic balance, antagonism of inflammatory responses, and improvement of microcirculation—are highly consistent with modern medical treatment strategies (e.g., dexrazoxane for inhibiting iron-dependent oxidative stress, statins for anti-inflammatory effects). This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the collaborative and precise prevention and treatment of anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity through the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Objective To investigate the structural changes and influencing factors of the average inpatient cost per admis-sion in public hospitals in Guangdong Province.Methods Grey relational analysis and structural variation degree analysis were used to analyze the correlation and changes between the average inpatient cost per admission and various cost components in public hospitals of Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2023.Results The average inpatient cost per admission in public hospitals of Guangdong Province showed an overall upward trend from 2017 to 2023,with an average annual growth rate of 3.84％.Among the components,laboratory test fees and examination fees grew at average annual rates of 6.17％and 6.68％,respectively.The top four cost components with the highest grey relational degree with the average inpatient cost were laboratory test fees(0.867),exam-ination fees(0.835),nursing fees(0.784),and treatment fees(0.728).The top four components with the largest structural vari-ation values were surgery fees(2.57％),medical material fees(1.77％),laboratory test fees(1.56％),and examination fees(1.45％).Conclusion The growth of the average inpatient cost per admission has slowed,and the cost structure has been opti-mized to some extent.However,the relatively rapid increase in laboratory test and examination fees has a significant impact on the cost structure.It is necessary to deepen the coordinated governance of healthcare,medical insurance,and medicine,strengthen the leveraging role of medical insurance payment,improve the external governance system and scientific compensation mechanism,and combine these with refined hospital management to promote reasonable cost control and high-quality development in public hospitals.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human papillomavirus(HPV)infection in women in the Zhongguancun area of Beijing,and to evaluate the infection rates and genotype distribution between different populations and age groups.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on HPV genotyping results of 13,105 women who visited the gynecology outpatient department or underwent routine health check-ups at Zhongguancun Hospital from March 2019 to April 2024.High-risk HPV genotypes(15 types)were detected using a fluorescence PCR assay.Positive cases were classified as single,dual or multiple(≥3)infections based on the number of genotypes.Subjects were stratified into six age groups(≤30,31-40,41-50,51-60,61-70,and≥71 years),and the characteristics of infection by type and age group were analyzed.Results The overall HPV positivity rate was 10.78%(1,413/13,105),with a significantly higher rate in the outpatient group than that in the health check-up group(16.36%vs.6.06%,P<0.01).The three most prevalent genotypes were HPV52(18.83%),HPV58(13.85%),and HPV16(11.28%).Single infections accounted for 79.19%of cases,dual infections for 15.93%and multiple infections for 4.88%.Age distribution showed a U-shaped pattern,with higher infection rate in women aged≤30 years(15.06%)and 61-70 years(13.19%),and the lowest rate in the≥71 years(8.09%).Notably,women aged≤30 years had the highest proportion of multiple infections(31.72%).Conclusion These findings provide a basis for cervical cancer screening strategies,HPV vaccination promotion and individualized prevention of cervical cancer in this region.

Mandibular reconstruction refers to the restoration of the continuity of the mandible through techniques such as autologous bone grafting,thereby restoring the patient's basic appearance,reconstructing the occlusal relationship,and restoring functions such as opening the mouth,chewing,and swallowing,in order to achieve a unity of oral and maxillofacial forms and functions.Due to the fact that mastication necessitates the coordinated efforts of the masticatory muscles,mandible,dental arch,and tongue,the recovery of masticatory function not only serves as a robust indicator for the success of surgery but also enhances the patients'quality of life,facilitating an early return to normal life.Currently,for the rehabilitation of oral function in patients after mandibular reconstruction surgery,standardized tools have been established in the fields of swallowing,occlusion,and speech assessment,and targeted training has been implemented,yielding significant therapeutic outcomes.However,research related to masticatory function faces two major challenges.First,existing assessment tools primarily focus on a single dimension,such as masticatory efficiency or subjective perception,and an integrated assessment system that encompasses multiple dimensions,including bite force distribution and oral sensory perception,has not yet been established.Second,although individual studies have explored factors affecting postoperative masticatory function,a systematic consensus has not been veached,leading to a lack of precision and individualization in clinical interventions,which significantly prolongs the patients'rehabilitation period.This paper reviews the scope and limitations of existing assessment tools for masticatory function in patients after mandibular reconstruction and systematically analyzes the key factors affecting postoperative masticatory function,aiming to promote a shift in clinical practice from"structural reconstruction"to a"function-perception collaborative rehabilitation"approach,and to provide a theoretical framework for constructing evidence-based,personalized masticatory rehabilitation programs.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is an insulin resistance disease.Improving insulin resis-tance and controlling blood glucose are the main means of clinical treatment for T2DM.Empa-gliflozin is a highly selective sodium-dependent glu-cose transporters(SGLT)2 inhibitor,which is inde-pendent of insulin.It can effectively control blood glucose levels,reduce blood pressure and body weight,protect heart and kidney function,reduce the rehospitalization rate and the risk of death in patients with heart failure(HF),and does not in-crease the risk of hypoglycemia.Empagliflozin can be used alone or in combination with other hypo-glycemic drugs to control blood glucose.This arti-cle reviews the mechanism of action,clinical bene-fits,and combination with other drugs of empa-gliflozin,aiming to provide reference for the clinical use of empagliflozin.