OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC6) on mitochondrial autophagy in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) at different phases (ischemia and reperfusion phases), and to explore the bidirectional regulatory effects of EA at "Neiguan" (PC6) and its potential mechanism. METHODS: Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups according to the random number table method, namely, sham-operation group (n=9), model-A group (n=6), model-B group (n=9), EA-A1 group (n=6), EA-B1 group (n=6), and EA-B2 group (n=9). Except the rats in the sham-operation group, the MIRI model was established in the other groups with the physical ligation and tube pushing method. In the model-A group, the samples were collected directly after ligation, and in the model-B group, the samples were collected after ligation and reperfusion. In the EA-A1 group, EA was delivered while the ligation was performed, and afterwards, the samples were collected. In the EA-B1 group, while the ligation was performed, EA was operated at the same time, and after reperfusion, the samples were collected. In the EA-B2 group, during ligation and the opening of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery, EA was delivered, and after reperfusion, the samples were collected. EA was performed at bilateral "Neiguan" (PC6), with a disperse-dense wave, a frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz, a current of 1 mA, and a duration of 30 min. HE staining was employed to observe the morphology of cardiomyocytes, TUNEL was adopted to detect the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, transcriptome sequencing was to detect the differentially expressed genes in the left ventricle, JC-1 flow cytometry was to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cardiomyocytes, Western blot was to detect the protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1 (Pink1), Parkin and p62 in the left ventricle of rats, and ELISA was to detect the levels of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) in the rats. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operation group, the cardiomyocytes of rats in the model-B group were severely damaged, with disordered arrangement, unclear boundaries, broken muscle fibers, edema and loose distribution; and the cardiomyocytes in the EA-B2 group were slightly damaged, the cell structure was partially unclear, the cells were arranged more regularly, and the intact cardiomyocytes were visible. Compared with the sham-operation group, the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes increased in the model-B group (P<0.001); and when compared with the model-B group, the apoptosis alleviated in the EA-B2 group (P<0.001). The differentially expressed genes among the EA-B2 group, the sham-operation group and the model-B group were closely related to cell autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy. Compared with the sham-operation group, MMP of cardiomyocytes was reduced (P<0.001), the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I were elevated in the model B group (P<0.001). In comparison with model-A group, the MMP of cardiomyocytes and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I were reduced (P<0.001, P<0.05), and the protein expression of Pink1 in the left ventricle rose in the EA-A1 group (P<0.01). Compared with the model-B group, MMP of cardiomyocytes increased (P<0.001), the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle, and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I decreased (P<0.001) in the EA-B1 group and the EA-B2 group. When compared with the EA-A1 group, MMP of cardiomyocytes increased (P<0.001), and the protein expression of Pink1, Parkin, and p62 of the left ventricle, and the levels of serum CK-MB and cTn-I decreased in the EA-B1 group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION EA at "Neiguan" (PC6) can ameliorate MIRI in rats, which may be achieved through the Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial autophagy pathway. EA can alleviate myocardial injury by enhancing mitochondrial autophagy at the ischemia phase, and it can reduce reperfusion injury by weakening mitochondrial autophagy at the reperfusion phase.
Animals ; Electroacupuncture ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Acupuncture Points ; Autophagy ; Humans ; Mitochondria/genetics*

Large bone defects in load-bearing bone can result from tumor resection, osteomyelitis, trauma, and other factors. Although bone has the intrinsic potential to self-repair and regenerate, the repair of large bone defects which exceed a certain critical size remains a substantial clinical challenge. Traditionally, repair methods involve using autologous or allogeneic bone tissue to replace the lost bone tissue at defect sites, and autogenous bone grafting remains the "gold standard" treatment. However, the application of traditional bone grafts is limited by drawbacks such as the quantity of extractable bone, donor-site morbidities, and the risk of rejection. In recent years, the clinical demand for alternatives to traditional bone grafts has promoted the development of novel bone-grafting substitutes. In addition to osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity, optimal mechanical properties have recently been the focus of efforts to improve the treatment success of novel bone-grafting alternatives in load-bearing bone defects, but most biomaterial synthetic scaffolds cannot provide sufficient mechanical strength. A fundamental challenge is to find an appropriate balance between mechanical and tissue-regeneration requirements. In this review, the use of traditional bone grafts in load-bearing bone defects, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, is summarized and reviewed. Furthermore, we highlight recent development strategies for novel bone grafts appropriate for load-bearing bone defects based on substance, structural, and functional bionics to provide ideas and directions for future research.
Humans ; Bone Transplantation/methods* ; Weight-Bearing ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes ; Bone and Bones ; Animals ; Tissue Scaffolds

Recently, liposomes have been widely used in cancer therapeutics, but their anti-tumor effects are suboptimal due to limited tumor penetration. To solve this problem, researchers have made significant efforts to optimize liposomal diameters and potentials, but little attention has been paid to liposomal membrane rigidity. Herein, we sought to demonstrate the effects of cholesterol-tuned liposomal membrane rigidity on tumor penetration and anti-tumor effects. In this study, liposomes composed of hydrogenated soybean phospholipids (HSPC), 1,2-distearoyl--glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine--[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG) and different concentrations of cholesterol were prepared. It was revealed that liposomal membrane rigidity decreased with the addition of cholesterol. Moderate cholesterol content conferred excellent diffusivity to liposomes in simulated diffusion medium, while excessive cholesterol limited the diffusion process. We concluded that the differences of the diffusion rates likely stemmed from the alterations in liposomal membrane rigidity, with moderate rigidity leading to improved diffusion. Next, the tumor penetration and the anti-tumor effects were analyzed. The results showed that liposomes with moderate rigidity gained excellent tumor penetration and enhanced anti-tumor effects. These findings illustrate a feasible and effective way to improve tumor penetration and therapeutic efficacy of liposomes by changing the cholesterol content, and highlight the importance of liposomal membrane rigidity.

To achieve better results of the goal of training students' abilities in medical education,formative assessment has been implemented in medical immunology teaching for grade 2014 clinical medicine students.The evaluation indexes of medical immunology teaching have been constructed.Formative assessment has been implemented in classroom teaching,self-learning and group discussion,experimental teaching and network exams by following the principles of feedback,guidance and encouragement.Compared with summative assessment,formative assessment can dynamically reflect the learning progress of immunology and improve the learning effect.The deficiencies andpuzzlesin implementing the formative assessment have also been rethought and discussed deeply.

To discuss the conformational change and the recognition mechanism of hydroxy isoindol ketone derivatives with HIV-1 integrase, fifty-eight hydroxy isoindol ketone derivatives were docked to the integrase using AutoDock program. Molecular dynamics simulation with 16 ns was carried out for the two complex modes, respectively, in which the corresponding small molecules exhibited strong inhibition ability. Main force acting on the association of small molecules with integrase was explored based on the docking complex model. After analyzing the hydrogen-bond and conformational changes, it was found that the hydrogen-bond between N155 and D64 was the key factor maintaining the DDE motif stability. Furthermore, the hydrophobic interactions between the loop region where Y143 located and the hydroxy isoindol ketone derivatives were found to play an important role for their recognition.

Phenolic acids of rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng were identified and the contents were determined. HPLC-MS and HPLC were used. Compared with the literature and standard reference, identification and content de-termination were given on phenolic acids of rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng in Wenshan, Yunnan province. The results showed that six types of phenolic acids were detected from the extract of rhizosphere soil of Panax notogin-seng, which were p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid. The content of p-coumaric acid showed the highest concentration of 24.01 μg·g-1, while syringic acid had the lowest concentration of 1.26 μg·g-1. The sequence of content in the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng from top to bot-tom was p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid. It was concluded that the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng contained six types of phenolic acids, which were p-hy-droxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid.

Objective To observe the clinic effect of Aquacel Ag hydrofiber dressing used for wound of abscess scrofula after incision for drainage.Methods A total of 42 cases of abscess scrofula after incision for drainage were randomly divided into two groups.Based on the same systemic treatment,for control group,the traditional method of dressing was used,while for experiment group,Aquacel Ag hydrofiber dressings were used.The healing,cost and time of dressing change of two groups were observed and compared.Results Three months after treatment,the total effective rate of dressing change in experiment group was significantly higher than that in control group (100.0％ vs 71.4％ ;x2=4.861,P ＜ 0.05).The average dressing changed time of nurses in experiment group(9.7 ± 0.5) hours,was less than that in control group (14.8 ± 1.1) hours,while the average economic cost of treatment in experiment group (1 751.67 ± 50.03) yuan,was more expensive than that in control group(621.90 ± 28.35)yuan,and the differences were statistically significant(t =18.97,-90.028,respectively;P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Aquacel Ag hydrofiber dressing used for wound of abscess scrofula after incision for drainage are superior to the common dressings in promoting the wounds healing,reducing the workload of changing dressing,controlling the incision infection and easing the pains.But the economic cost is relatively high.