Objective To investigate the changes in total hospitalization costs and their structure associated with or-thopedic spinal consumables before and after the implementation of volume-based centralized procurement under the DRG payment system.Methods Data were collected from a tertiary Class A hospital for cases related to spinal fu-sion surgery between June 2022 and May 2024.Grey relational analysis,structural change analysis,interrupted time series analysis,and other statistical methods were employed to analyze the differences in total hospitalization costs and cost structures before and after the implementation of volume-based centralized procurement.Results In the month of volume-based centralized procurement implementation,total hospitalization costs and material costs de-creased by 9 520.82 yuan and 9 878.83 yuan,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).From a long-term trend perspective,after volume-based centralized procurement,there was a growing trend in total hos-pitalization costs,material costs,surgical fees,and drug costs,all with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).In the month of volume-based centralized procurement"implementation,the proportion of material costs in-stantly decreased by 10.8％,while the proportion of surgical fees increased by 4.8％,both with statistically signifi-cant differences(P＜0.001).From a long-term trend perspective,after volume-based centralized procurement,the proportions of material costs and surgical fees remained stable over the long term,without statistically significant dif-ferences(P＞0.05).Conclusion Volume-based centralized procurement"of medical consumables under the DRG pay-ment system has played a certain role in reducing medical expenses and adjusting the cost structure.However,there are still deficiencies in accompanying policies such as the formulation of DRG payment standards and adjust-ments to medical service prices.

The bidirectional closed-loop motor imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) is an emerging method for active rehabilitation training of motor dysfunction, extensively tested in both laboratory and clinical settings. However, no standardized method for evaluating its rehabilitation efficacy has been established, and relevant literature remains limited. To facilitate the clinical translation of bidirectional closed-loop MI-BCI, this article first introduced its fundamental principles, reviewed the rehabilitation training cycle and methods for evaluating rehabilitation efficacy, and summarized approaches for evaluating system usability, user satisfaction and usage. Finally, the challenges associated with evaluating the rehabilitation efficacy of bidirectional closed-loop MI-BCI were discussed, aiming to promote its broader adoption and standardization in clinical practice.
Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Humans ; Imagination/physiology* ; Imagery, Psychotherapy/methods*

Objective To investigate the changes in total hospitalization costs and their structure associated with or-thopedic spinal consumables before and after the implementation of volume-based centralized procurement under the DRG payment system.Methods Data were collected from a tertiary Class A hospital for cases related to spinal fu-sion surgery between June 2022 and May 2024.Grey relational analysis,structural change analysis,interrupted time series analysis,and other statistical methods were employed to analyze the differences in total hospitalization costs and cost structures before and after the implementation of volume-based centralized procurement.Results In the month of volume-based centralized procurement implementation,total hospitalization costs and material costs de-creased by 9 520.82 yuan and 9 878.83 yuan,respectively,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).From a long-term trend perspective,after volume-based centralized procurement,there was a growing trend in total hos-pitalization costs,material costs,surgical fees,and drug costs,all with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).In the month of volume-based centralized procurement"implementation,the proportion of material costs in-stantly decreased by 10.8％,while the proportion of surgical fees increased by 4.8％,both with statistically signifi-cant differences(P＜0.001).From a long-term trend perspective,after volume-based centralized procurement,the proportions of material costs and surgical fees remained stable over the long term,without statistically significant dif-ferences(P＞0.05).Conclusion Volume-based centralized procurement"of medical consumables under the DRG pay-ment system has played a certain role in reducing medical expenses and adjusting the cost structure.However,there are still deficiencies in accompanying policies such as the formulation of DRG payment standards and adjust-ments to medical service prices.

Objective To evaluate cognitive function and its influencing factors in psoriasis patients.Methods A total of 129 patients with psoriasis who were admitted to the Psoriasis Diagnosis and Treatment Center of the Dermatology Department of the hospital from August 2022 to August 2023 were selected as the study objects.General data questionnaire and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic Scale(MoCA-B)were used to investigate cognitive function,and the status quo of cognitive function and influencing factors of psori-asis patients were analyzed.Results The subjects had a total cognitive function score of 12 to 30.There were 90 cases(69.77%)with normal cognitive function and 39 cases(30.23%)with cognitive impairment.Execu-tive function,verbal fluency,computation,abstract thinking,memory,visual perception,naming,attention and MoCA-B scores in patients with cognitive impairment were lower than in patients with normal cognitive func-tion(P＜0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.059),years of education(OR=0.855)and pathogenesis(OR=0.185)were the factors affecting the cognitive function of psoriasis patients(P＜0.05).Conclusion Pay attention to the cognitive screening of patients with psoriasis and provide cognitive in-tervention early.

Objective To investigate and analyze the current status and challenges of infant and toddler nutritional services in urban and rural medical facilities in Sichuan Province.Methods In 2022,a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on infant and toddler nutritional services,including feeding guidance,physical growth assessment,and micronutrient deficiency screening,as well as information on personnel and tools in medical facilities throughout Sichuan Province.The provision of nutritional services was analyzed and the urban-rural disparities were assessed.Results A total of 2206 medical facilities(29.1%from urban areas and 70.9%from rural areas)were investigated.Only 35.8%of medical facilities provided all three types of nutritional services.Specifically,the overall service provision rates were high for feeding guidance(94.6%)and physical growth assessment(85.0%),but lower for micronutrient deficiency screening(37.4%).Rural facilities exhibited significantly lower rates than their urban counterparts for both physical growth assessment and micronutrient deficiency screening(P＜0.05).The provision rates of feeding guidance ranged from 70.6%to 93.2%,with responsive feeding guidance being the least implemented(70.6%),particularly in rural areas compared to urban areas(P＜0.05).Rates for physical growth assessment and micronutrient deficiency screening ranged from 75.3%to 81.8%and 23.6%to 30.8%,respectively,both showing lower rates in rural settings compared to urban ones(P＜0.05).Nutrition service providers were predominantly nurses(52.3%)and clinical practitioners(43.4%).The availability of dietary assessment tools ranged from 7.7%to 15.9%,significantly lower in rural areas compared to urban areas(P＜0.001),while physical measurement tools were widely available at rates of 94.6%to 98.5%.Conclusion At present,the infant and toddler nutritional service provisions of medical facilities in Sichuan Province are incomplete,particularly so in the implementation of feeding guidance,physical growth assessment,and micronutrient deficiency screening.There is a notable shortage of personnel and necessary tools,with rural areas facing more significant challenges.Enhancing the overall capacity of infant and toddler nutritional services in Sichuan Province is essential,with specific attention needed for rural healthcare settings.

Functionalized liposomes can improve the in vivo process of drugs to achieve high-efficiency delivery by enhancing drug absorption， changing drug distribution and reducing the elimination， which is one of the hotspots in nanomedicine research with broad application prospects. However， the drug information published by official websites of National Medical Products Administration （NMPA）， the United States Food and Drug Administration （FDA）， and the European Medicines Agency （EMA） shows that there are few liposomal products on the market， and the domestic varieties are mainly generic drugs. Excepting for polyethylene glycolized （PEGylated） liposomes， no other functionalized liposomes have been approved for marketing， which indicates that the clinical translation of functionalized liposomes remains at a low level. Therefore， the relevant reports of functionalized liposomes in recent years were reviewed in this paper， their application advantages and main challenges in preparation research and development were discussed based on the in vivo process， and their low clinical translation mainly because of the insufficient clinical thinking， safety and efficacy of functional materials， inaccurate in vitro and in vivo analysis methods and difficulty in scaling up production. Meanwhile， the possible strategies such as introducing the concept of clinical multi-function to improve clinical acuity， focusing on examining the modification density of functional materials and the interaction between the modified materials， evaluating the drug delivery performance of functionalized liposomes from multiple perspectives and scenarios， and conducting cost and convenience-oriented formulation composition and preparation process optimization were proposed in order to provide a reference for the development of functionalized liposomes and other carrier-based nanomedicines.

The development and potential application of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is closely related to the human brain, so that the ethical regulation of BCI has become an important issue attracting the consideration of society. Existing literatures have discussed the ethical norms of BCI technology from the perspectives of non-BCI developers and scientific ethics, while few discussions have been launched from the perspective of BCI developers. Therefore, there is a great need to study and discuss the ethical norms of BCI technology from the perspective of BCI developers. In this paper, we present the user-centered and non-harmful BCI technology ethics, and then discuss and look forward on them. This paper argues that human beings can cope with the ethical issues arising from BCI technology, and as BCI technology develops, its ethical norms will be improved continuously. It is expected that this paper can provide thoughts and references for the formulation of ethical norms related to BCI technology.
Humans ; Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Technology ; Brain ; User-Computer Interface ; Electroencephalography

Neurofeedback (NF) technology based on electroencephalogram (EEG) data or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely studied and applied. In contrast, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has become a new technique in NF research in recent years. fNIRS is a neuroimaging technology based on hemodynamics, which has the advantages of low cost, good portability and high spatial resolution, and is more suitable for use in natural environments. At present, there is a lack of comprehensive review on fNIRS-NF technology (fNIRS-NF) in China. In order to provide a reference for the research of fNIRS-NF technology, this paper first describes the principle, key technologies and applications of fNIRS-NF, and focuses on the application of fNIRS-NF. Finally, the future development trend of fNIRS-NF is prospected and summarized. In conclusion, this paper summarizes fNIRS-NF technology and its application, and concludes that fNIRS-NF technology has potential practicability in neurological diseases and related fields. fNIRS can be used as a good method for NF training. This paper is expected to provide reference information for the development of fNIRS-NF technology.
Neurofeedback/methods* ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods* ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Technology

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is an important neuromodulation method that can produce certain plasticity in the central nervous system, and is expected to be an effective physical intervention method for rehabilitation of mental disorders. So far, there have been many studies on NFT promoting the rehabilitation of common mental disorders in the literature. For different mental disorders, there are different NFT training programs with different intervention effects and mechanisms. This paper focuses on the application of NFT in the rehabilitation of mental disorders, introduces the concept, process and common solutions of NFT, and focuses on the methods and applications of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of common mental disorders, and finally discusses the faced problems and future research trends, aiming to provide references for innovative research and clinical application of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of mental disorders.

Neurofeedback training (NFT) is an important neuromodulation method that can produce certain plasticity in the central nervous system, and is expected to be an effective physical intervention method for rehabilitation of mental disorders. So far, there have been many studies on NFT promoting the rehabilitation of common mental disorders in the literature. For different mental disorders, there are different NFT training programs with different intervention effects and mechanisms. This paper focuses on the application of NFT in the rehabilitation of mental disorders, introduces the concept, process and common solutions of NFT, and focuses on the methods and applications of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of common mental disorders, and finally discusses the faced problems and future research trends, aiming to provide references for innovative research and clinical application of NFT to promote the rehabilitation of mental disorders.