Abnormal synaptic plasticity is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Synaptic damage and dysfunction initiate neuronal degeneration and death, ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can effectively ameliorate cognitive dysfunction through multitarget regulation of synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM, including active components, single herbs, and classical formulas, modulates synaptic plasticity, offering new insights for future research and clinical applications. Relevant experimental studies published between 2020 and 2024 were retrieved from major databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Web of Science. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics approaches were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of TCM on AD-related synaptic plasticity. In total, 15 TCM single herbs and 11 TCM formulas were identified as enhancing AD-related synaptic plasticity. Additionally, 15 active ingredients targeting synaptic plasticity in AD were retrieved from TCM databases over the past decade. This review provides novel perspectives and strategic directions for future AD research and therapeutic development.

In recent years, the wearable device market has been developing rapidly. Wearable devices with personalized health management and chronic disease monitoring are widely used in daily life by virtue of their powerful performance and convenience. However, with the popularization of these devices, skin adverse reactions caused by prolonged wearable wear are gradually increasing, among which allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is the most common. Common allergens such as acrylates, methacrylates, rosin, chromium and nickel are widely present in adhesives and device components and are the main causes of ACD. Understanding the presence of potential sensitizers in wearable devices can help in diagnostic patch testing in users experiencing skin reactions caused by the device. Future innovations in wearable device materials will focus on the adoption of safer bonding technologies and biocompatible materials to reduce the risk of allergy. The introduction of new materials brings both development opportunities and challenges. Educating users on proper device usage, identifying specific allergens, selecting hypoallergenic materials, and optimizing device maintenance are important for reducing the risk of ACD.

Malignant tumors(commonly referred to as cancer)represent a major global public health challenge and contribute significantly to the worldwide disease burden.Early screening plays a critical role in improving detection rates,enabling timely intervention,and enhancing pa-tient survival rates.However,current cancer screening guidelines primarily focus on site-specific screening,which may not fully address the need for comprehensive early detection.A scientifical-ly rational,multi-cancer screening approach offers several advantages:it optimizes the use of bio-logical samples,reduces time costs for participants,enhances the efficiency and comprehensive-ness of screening,and minimizes overall expenses.Such an approach also facilitates the rational allocation of healthcare resources,ultimately helping to reduce the societal burden of cancer.To address this need,the Cancer Epidemiology Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association has developed the Expert Consensus on Combined Screening for Common Cancers in China.This consensus integrates multidisciplinary expertise and synthesizes the latest domestic and interna-tional researches on cancer screening,early detection,and treatment for prevalent malignancies.Drawing upon China's unique demographic and healthcare context,as well as practical screening experiences,the consensus provides evidence-based recommendations on target populations,screening technologies,and procedural workflows for multi-cancer screening.These guidelines align with the principles and methodologies established by the World Health Organization(WHO),aiming to:enhance the effectiveness of combined cancer screening in China,improve early detec-tion rates,and provide a scientific foundation for national cancer prevention and control strategies.

Malignant tumors(commonly referred to as cancers)represent a major global public health challenge and contribute substan-tially to the global disease burden.Early screening plays a crucial role in improving detection rates,enabling timely intervention,and enhan-cing patient survival.However,current cancer screening guidelines primarily focus on site-specific screening,which may not fully address the need for comprehensive early detection.A scientifically rational,multi-cancer screening approach offers several advantages:it optimizes the use of biological samples,reduces the time burden for participants,enhances the efficiency and comprehensiveness of screening,and min-imizes overall expenses.Moreover,this approach facilitates rational allocation of healthcare resources,ultimately helping to reduce the soci-etal burden of cancer.To address gap,the Cancer Epidemiology Committee of the China Anti-Cancer Association has developed the Expert Consensus on Combined Screening for Common Cancers.This consensus integrates multidisciplinary expertise and synthesizes the latest do-mestic and international researches on cancer screening,early detection,and treatment of prevalent malignancies.Drawing upon China's unique demographic and healthcare context and practical screening experiences,the consensus provides evidence-based recommendations on target populations,screening technologies,and procedural workflows for multi-cancer screening.These guidelines align with the prin-ciples and methodologies established by the World Health Organization(WHO),aiming to enhance the effectiveness of combined cancer screening in China,improve early detection rates,and provide a scientific foundation for national cancer prevention and control strategies.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different dosage forms of Kaixinsan （KXS） on the morphology and function of mitochondria in rat models of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and potential mechanisms of action. MethodsMale SD rats were randomly assigned to a sham group， model group， treatment groups receiving KXS decoction， powders， and granules （3.08 g·kg^-1）， as well as donepezil group （0.51×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. AD model was created using intracerebroventricular injection of streptozocin （STZ）. After 30 days of administration， behavioral assessments were conducted， and mitochondrial morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were measured via JC-1 staining， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels were measured via biochemical assays. The mRNA expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）， and silent information regulator 3 （SIRT3） was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and Western blot was used to examine the protein expression levels of optic atrophy protein1 （OPA1）， mitochondrial fission protein 1 （FIS1）， AMPK， p-AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3. ResultsCompared with the sham group， rats in the model group had significantly lower recognition index， spontaneous alternation rate， escape latency， number of platform crossings， time spent in the target quadrant， and percentage of distance traveled in the target quadrant distance （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Significant mitochondrial damage was observed in the hippocampal tissue， with a marked decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content （P<0.01） and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.05）. Additionally， the SOD activity was reduced， while ROS levels were elevated （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was significantly downregulated （P<0.01）， along with decreased protein expression levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， whereas FIS1 protein expression was significantly upregulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， rats in KXS-treated groups （various dosage forms） showed significant improvement in behavioral indexes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced hippocampal mitochondrial damage， and more organized mitochondrial cristae. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and mitochondrial membrane potentials were elevated （P<0.05）. SOD activity was elevated， and ROS levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， the mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was upregulated， with increased protein levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， while FIS1 protein expression levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Across the KXS-treated groups， the granule group showed a higher spontaneous alternation rate than the decoction and powder groups （P<0.05）. ConclusionKXS decoction， powders， and granules can improve the learning and memory ability of rats， with granules being the most effective. The mechanism of action may involve activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway， improvement of the mitochondrial function， and subsequent amelioration of the brain energy metabolism disorders.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different dosage forms of Kaixinsan （KXS） on the morphology and function of mitochondria in rat models of Alzheimer's disease （AD） and potential mechanisms of action. MethodsMale SD rats were randomly assigned to a sham group， model group， treatment groups receiving KXS decoction， powders， and granules （3.08 g·kg^-1）， as well as donepezil group （0.51×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. AD model was created using intracerebroventricular injection of streptozocin （STZ）. After 30 days of administration， behavioral assessments were conducted， and mitochondrial morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were measured via JC-1 staining， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels were measured via biochemical assays. The mRNA expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）， and silent information regulator 3 （SIRT3） was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and Western blot was used to examine the protein expression levels of optic atrophy protein1 （OPA1）， mitochondrial fission protein 1 （FIS1）， AMPK， p-AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3. ResultsCompared with the sham group， rats in the model group had significantly lower recognition index， spontaneous alternation rate， escape latency， number of platform crossings， time spent in the target quadrant， and percentage of distance traveled in the target quadrant distance （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Significant mitochondrial damage was observed in the hippocampal tissue， with a marked decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content （P<0.01） and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential （P<0.05）. Additionally， the SOD activity was reduced， while ROS levels were elevated （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was significantly downregulated （P<0.01）， along with decreased protein expression levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， whereas FIS1 protein expression was significantly upregulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， rats in KXS-treated groups （various dosage forms） showed significant improvement in behavioral indexes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced hippocampal mitochondrial damage， and more organized mitochondrial cristae. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex content was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and mitochondrial membrane potentials were elevated （P<0.05）. SOD activity was elevated， and ROS levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Furthermore， the mRNA expression of PGC-1α and SIRT3 was upregulated， with increased protein levels of OPA1， p-AMPK/AMPK， PGC-1α， and SIRT3， while FIS1 protein expression levels were significantly reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Across the KXS-treated groups， the granule group showed a higher spontaneous alternation rate than the decoction and powder groups （P<0.05）. ConclusionKXS decoction， powders， and granules can improve the learning and memory ability of rats， with granules being the most effective. The mechanism of action may involve activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway， improvement of the mitochondrial function， and subsequent amelioration of the brain energy metabolism disorders.

For rare real-world data involving off-label drug use or comorbidity-associated polypharmacy,researchers have increasingly adopted target trial emulation to investigate drug repurposing for target indications.The success of such studies hinges on rigorous trial design and strict adherence to predefined protocols and standardized pipelines.Key elements in the trial design include the precise definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria,the selection of trial and control drugs and determination of treatment allocation time,the determination of appropriate efficacy endpoints for the target indication,the identification of causal estimands,and the development of robust strategies for confounding adjustment.The execution of the trial follows a structured process:screening eligible subjects,extracting relevant drug exposure data,constructing treatment and control groups,emulating the target trial,and ultimately generating hypotheses for drug repurposing through statistical inference.Propensity score methods,including stratification,matching and weighting techniques,are critical tools for addressing confounding bias and ensuring accurate estimation of causal effects.In recent years,creative progress has been made in target trial emulation,particularly in the calculation of propensity scores.Researchers have adopted advanced machine learning techniques,to enhance variable selection and have actively explored the use of innovative methods of digital intelligence technology like classification and regression trees,support vector machines,and deep learning for the application of propensity score calculation.Target trial emulation based on real-world data has achieved remarkable advancements in drug repurposing,demonstrating broad application prospects,particularly in cardiovascular diseases,metabolic disorders,Alzheimer's disease,and cancer.

Malignant tumors (commonly referred to as cancer) represent a major global public health challenge and contribute significantly to the worldwide disease burden. Early screening plays a critical role in improving detection rates, enabling timely intervention, and enhancing patient survival rates. However, current cancer screening guidelines primarily focus on site-specific screening, which may not fully address the need for comprehensive early detection. A scientifically rational, multi-cancer screening approach offers several advantages: it optimizes the use of biological samples, reduces time costs for participants, enhances the efficiency and comprehensiveness of screening, and minimizes overall expenses. Such an approach also facilitates the rational allocation of healthcare resources, ultimately helping to reduce the societal burden of cancer. To address this need, the Cancer Epidemiology Committee of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association has developed the Expert Consensus on Combined Screening for Common Cancers in China. This consensus integrates multidisciplinary expertise and synthesizes the latest domestic and international researches on cancer screening, early detection, and treatment for prevalent malignancies. Drawing upon China's unique demographic and healthcare context, as well as practical screening experiences, the consensus provides evidence-based recommendations on target populations, screening technologies, and procedural workflows for multi-cancer screening. These guidelines align with the principles and methodologies established by the World Health Organization (WHO), aiming to enhance the effectiveness of combined cancer screening in China, improve early detection rates, and provide a scientific foundation for national cancer prevention and control strategies.

Objective:To investigate the combined application of cytology, cell block histology and immunohistochemistry to improve the diagnostic accuracy of solid pancreatic lesions in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) samples.Methods:The pathological data of EUS-FNA in 311 cases of solid pancreatic lesions submitted to the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China from May 2019 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The cases included pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, 172 cases), solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN, 12 cases), neuroendocrine tumors (PNET, 14 cases) and chronic pancreatitis (113 cases). The cytological features of smears, the histology of cell block sections and the diagnostic markers in PDAC, SPN and PNET were analyzed. The diagnostic accuracies of cytology, cell block histology/immunohistochemistry and combination of the two methods for classifying these pancreatic solid lesions were evaluated.Results:Irregular arrangement of atypical (cancer) cells, anisonucleosis and nuclear atypia were the typical cytological features of PDAC, while presence of pseudopapillae with a myxoid/hyalinized fibrovascular core and low adhesion/salt-and-pepper chromatin were diagnostic features of SPN and NET, respectively. Immunohistochemical results showed that CK7 and CK19 were the most sensitive markers of pancreatic ductal epithelia, and the diffuse strong expression of S-100P (102/111, 91.9%) and aberrant expression of p53 (80/111, 72.1%) were important immunophenotypic markers of PDAC. Various degrees of CDX2 expression could be found in 66.4% PDAC. The expression of CD10, PR, vimentin, CD99 and cyclinD1 and the aberrant expression of β-catenin were the immunophenotypic features of SPN, while the expression of CgA, Syn and CD56 were indispensable immunemarkers for the diagnosis of PNET. Overall, cytology had higher sensitivity than cell block histology (93.9% versus 82.8%) and lower specificity (92.9% versus 99.1%), while the combination of the two methods significantly improved the sensitivity to 96.9% in solid pancreatic lesions. The combination of cytology and cell block histology could significantly improve the diagnostic efficacy of EUS-FNA in PDAC.Conclusions:Integrated diagnosis based on cytology (including rapid on-site evaluation), cell block histology and immunohistochemical findings could significantly improve the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA in classifying solid pancreatic lesions.

Objective To investigate and compare the effects of electroacupuncture and dexamethasone on lung function and histomorphology and behavior in the offspring of perinatal nicotine exposure(PNE)rats.Methods Twenty-four pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control,model,electroacupuncture shallow needling,and dexamethasone groups using the random number table method(n=6 rats per group).A pulmonary dysplasia model in offspring rats with PNE was prepared by cervicodorsal subcutaneous injection with nicotine,and successful establishment of the model was confirmed by demonstrating statistically significant differences in growth parameters,lung function,and lung morphology compared to the control group.From the sixth day of maternal conception,the control group received cervicodorsal subcutaneous injection with 0.9%sodium chloride solution(1 mg/kg once per day),and the remaining groups were similarly injected with nicotine(1 mg/kg once per day).Concurrent with the nicotine injections,the electroacupuncture shallow needling group received electroacupuncture interventions at the"Zusanli"(ST 36)acupoint on both sides once a day for 20 min.In contrast,the offspring rats in the dexamethasone group received intraperitoneal dexamethasone injections from postnatal day 8(1.5 mg/kg once per day for 3 days),with a later dose of 0.75 mg/kg once per day for 4 days.Following successful model establishment,four offspring per rat were retained in each group using the random number table method.Until the 21st day after the birth of the offspring,using the random number table method,one offspring randomly selected from the four retained offspring per rat in each group was assigned to growth parameter assessment including body weight,lung weight,and lung index;simultaneously,one offspring was randomly selected for pulmonary function which was detected by a small animal pulmonary function machine,with the parameters of forced vital capacity(FVC),functional residual capacity(FRC),dynamic lung compliance(Cdyn),peak expiratory flow(PEF),peak inspiratory flow(PIF),and airway resistance(RL);concurrently,one offspring was randomly selected for hematoxylin and eosin staining to observe the histomorphology of the lung tissue,alveolar numbers,and mean alveolar septal thickness;additionally,one offspring was randomly selected for Morris water maze testing to evaluate the effects of the two intervention methods on learning and memory capabilities in offspring rats with PNE.Results Compared with the control group,the body weight,lung weight,lung index,FVC,PEF,FRC,Cdyn,alveolar number,platform crossing times,target quadrant time percentage,and target quadrant path percentage in the Morris water maze experiment were significantly decreased in the offspring rats of the model group(P<0.01).In contrast,PIF,RL,average thickness of alveolar septa,and latency of the Morris water maze experiment were significantly increased in the offspring rats of the model group(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,both electroacupuncture shallow needling group and dexamethasone group exhibited significant increases in body weight,lung weight,lung index,FVC,PEF,FRC,Cdyn,and alveolar numbers(P<0.05,P<0.01),along with significant decreases in PIF,RL values,and mean alveolar septal thickness(P<0.01).However,in the Morris water maze experiment,compared with the model group,the electroacupuncture shallow needling group demonstrated significantly more platform crossing times and a higher target quadrant time percentage and target quadrant path percentage(P<0.01),coupled with reduced latency period(P<0.01),whereas the dexamethasone group showed no significant differences compared to the model group.Compared to the electroacupuncture shallow needling group,the dexamethasone group showed significantly less platform crossing times and a lower target quadrant time percentage and target quadrant path percentage,coupled with increased latency period(P<0.01).Conclusion Both electroacupuncture and dexamethasone demonstrated protective effects on lung development in PNE offspring rats by ameliorating lung histomorphology and pulmonary function.However,offspring receiving late,small-dose,short-course dexamethasone exhibited inferior learning and memory capabilities,whereas the electroacupuncture group showed significantly superior cognitive performance compared to the dexamethasone group.