Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction in the intervention of early traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes after ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) intervention. Methods: From October 2020 to July 2023, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to include 60 patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis, and phlegm obstruction syndrome after ICVD interventional therapy. They were assigned to the Yiqi Tongluo Decoction treatment group (30 cases) and the TCM placebo routine treatment control group (30 cases) according to the randomized block design. Both groups received routine standardized treatment of Western medicine, including dual antiplatelet, lipid regulation, and control of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. The treatment group was treated with Yiqi Tongluo Decoction based on the control group. The course of treatment was 60 days and follow-up was carried out 2 and 6 months after the operation. The improvement of qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome, phlegm syndrome score and TCM syndrome score, modified Rankin score (mRS), Barthel index (BI) score, Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) level, incidence of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke (IS) and incidence of adverse reactions, Head and neck CT angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination were collected. The clinical efficacy of the patients 2 months after the operation was taken as the main outcome index to preliminarily evaluate the early and long-term efficacy of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction after the ICVD intervention. The early and long-term clinical efficacy and safety of Western medicine standardized treatment combined with TCM Yiqi Tongluo Decoction on patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm obstruction syndrome after ICVD intervention were evaluated. The safety of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction in the treatment of patients after ICVD intervention with white blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), plasminogen time (PT), recurrence of cerebral ischaemia and restenosis in patients at 2 and 6 months after treatment were evaluated. Results: Compared to the control group, the TCM syndrome scores for qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm syndrome in the treatment group reduced significantly, the clinical efficacy improved significantly, the mRS score and FABP4 were reduced, and the BI score was increased. Adverse events such as cerebral ischaemia were fewer in the treatment group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant; levels of CRP, WBC and PT were reduced, and levels of FIB were reduced at 6 months post-treatment, all P<0.01, and images were intuitively compared. The treatment group was superior to the control group. Conclusion Yiqi Tongluo Decoction combined with Western medicine standard treatment can improve the early clinical efficacy of ICVD patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm obstruction syndrome after interventional surgery, improve neurological impairment and daily living ability, reduce the state of qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome and phlegm syndrome after interventional surgery, and improve the clinical efficacy of TCM. At the same time, it can reduce the level of FABP4, the target of atherosclerosis and restenosis after interventional surgery, reduce the level of inflammation after interventional surgery in patients with ICVD, regulate coagulation function, and reduce the incidence of long-term recurrence of cerebral ischemia after interventional surgery, with good safety.

Microbial communities such as those residing in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many with important implications for health and diseases. The effects and functions of these microbial communities are determined not only by their species compositions and diversities but also by the dynamic intra- and inter-cellular states at the transcriptional level. Powerful and scalable technologies capable of acquiring single-microbe-resolution RNA sequencing information in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of complex microbial communities together with their hosts are therefore utterly needed. Here we report the development and utilization of a droplet-based smRNA-seq (single-microbe RNA sequencing) method capable of identifying large species varieties in human samples, which we name smRandom-seq2. Together with a triple-module computational pipeline designed for the bacteria and bacteriophage sequencing data by smRandom-seq2 in four human gut samples, we established a single-cell level bacterial transcriptional landscape of human gut microbiome, which included 29,742 single microbes and 329 unique species. Distinct adaptive response states among species in Prevotella and Roseburia genera and intrinsic adaptive strategy heterogeneity in Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens were uncovered. Additionally, we identified hundreds of novel host-phage transcriptional activity associations in the human gut microbiome. Our results indicated that smRandom-seq2 is a high-throughput and high-resolution smRNA-seq technique that is highly adaptable to complex microbial communities in real-world situations and promises new perspectives in the understanding of human microbiomes.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Bacteriophages/physiology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Bacteria/virology*

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.

Focusing on the task requirements of high-quality development of public hospitals,based on literature research and comprehensive budget management practice of the sample hospital,it analyzes the current situation of comprehensive budget management of public hospitals,explores possible problems and solutions in the process of comprehensive budget management system construc-tion,and puts forward the general idea of comprehensive budget management system construction,specific steps and processes for implementation.In the process of the construction and innovation of the comprehensive budget management system,public hospitals in prefecture-level cities should adapt to local conditions,be goal-oriented,scientifically use various management tools,deeply deepen the concept of budget,promote the upgrading of information system,and finally form a four-part integrated system of bud-get,finance,cost and performance.