Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of pneumonitis and interstitial lung disease （ILD） associated with different antibody-drug conjugates （ADC） in the treatment of breast cancer. METHODS CNKI， VIP， PubMed， Embase and other Chinese and English databases， and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from the inception to June 15， 2025. Randomized controlled trials （RCT） about pneumonitis and ILD associated with ADC （T-DM1， T-DXd， SG， Dato-DXd， SHR-A1811，ARX788， and T-Duo） in the treatment of breast cancer were included. After literature screening， data extraction， and quality assessment， a network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 17.0 software， and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve（SUCRA） of all interventions were ranked. RESULTS A total of 19 RCTs involving 10 556 patients were included. The overall incidence of pneumonitis with ARX788 and T-DXd was significantly higher than that with T-DM1， T-DM1 plus TPC（T-DM1combined with pertuzumab or atezolizumab）， TPC（treatment of primary care）， and SG （ P ＜0.05）， for grade 1-2 pneumonitis， ARX788 and T-DXd showed significantly higher incidence than T-DM1， T-DM1 plus TPC， and TPC （ P ＜0.05）. For both indicators， ARX788 and T-Duo were ranked as the top two by SUCRA. For the incidence of grade ≥3 pneumonitis， T-DXd and T-DM1 were significantly higher than SG （ P ＜0.05）， T-Duo and Dato-DXd were ranked as the top two by SUCRA. For overall incidence of ILD， ARX788 was significantly higher than T-DM1， SHR-A1811， TPC， and SG （ P ＜0.05）， for the incidence of grade 1-2 ILD， ARX788 was significantly higher than T-DM1， SHR-A1811， and TPC （ P ＜0.05）， for the incidence of grade ≥3 ILD， ARX788 was significantly higher than TPC （ P ＜0.05）. For three indicators above， ARX788 and T-DXd combined with pertuzumab were ranked as the top two by SUCRA. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other ADCs， ARX788 and T-Duo are associated with a higher risk of pneumonitis and ILD in patients with breast cancer.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in discriminating fumarate hydratase-deficient (FH-d) uterine leiomyomas (ULs) from FH-preserved ULs. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of three stages, with independent cohorts recruited for each stage: 1) sample-size estimation was retrospectively performed on UL specimens (diameter ≥3 cm; age, 20–40 years) from our database with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for 2-succinocysteine (2-SC) as the reference, without genetic testing, 2) MRS sequence optimization in confirmed FH germline mutation participants with ultrasound-detected ULs (diameter ≥3 cm), without IHC analysis, and 3) prospective diagnostic test accuracy was evaluated in consecutive participants with ultrasound-detected ULs (diameter ≥3 cm;age, 20–40 years), using IHC for 2-SC for determining the FH status and subsequent genetic testing in those with positive 2-SC results to identify whether FH mutations were germline or somatic in origin. The choline and fumarate peaks in MRS were classified as positive, negative, or technical failure (TF). TFs were analyzed separately and excluded from the primary diagnostic accuracy calculations. T1-, T2-, and diffusion-weighted images were interpreted as hyperintense or hypointense. The enhancement rate and apparent diffusion coefficient were also acquired. Diagnostic performance was compared between MRS and various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. Results: The optimal MRS parameters for the fumarate peak were echo time (TE) = 140 ms and an average of 256. Among the 360 prospective participants, 37 were confirmed to have FH-dULs. MRS showed positive fumarate peaks in 35 of 37 FH-dULs.After excluding six TFs, the positive fumarate peak on MRS showed 94.6% (35/37) sensitivity, 99.7% (316/317) specificity, and 99.2% (351/354) accuracy, all of which were significantly superior to those of other MRI features (P ≤ 0.002). Conclusion A positive fumarate peak on MRS may be a useful imaging biomarker for diagnosing FH-dULs.

Objective Isolated bilateral adrenal hematoma(BAH)without other intra-abdominal visceral injuries following trauma is extremely rare. We report a case and review the relevant diagnostic and management experience diagnosis and treatment experience. Case Presentation A 57-year-old male patient presented with systemic pain and discomfort four hours after-traffic collision. Computed tomography(CT)revealed bilateral adrenal contusions with hematoma formation. One week of symptomatic management—including bed rest, oxygen therapy, analgesia, antimicrobial treatment, and nutritional support—was administered. Follow-up abdominal CT demonstrated significant resolution of bilateral adrenal hematomas and surrounding fluid collection. The patient was discharged following rehabilitation therapy. Conclusion For such patients, thorough history-taking regarding past medical history is crucial. When adrenal injury is suspected, contrast-enhanced CT provides definitive diagnosis. Concurrent monitoring of adrenal hormone levels is essential. During bed rest, proactive measures to prevent bed-related complications are required, with long-term follow-up after-discharge.

Multi-arm robotic-assisted uniportal pulmonary resection is an emerging minimally invasive technique that enables anatomical pulmonary resection through a single incision using a multi-arm robotic platform. This consensus was initiated by Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and developed through a multidisciplinary national expert panel. Using evidence-based methodology and expert survey, it provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical application of this technique, including its definition, indications and contraindications, technical considerations, and learning curve. As the first expert consensus focused on multi-arm robotic-assisted uniportal pulmonary resection, this consensus highlights the feasibility and developmental potential of the technique, which integrates existing robotic systems with uniportal minimally invasive principles. The consensus also offers theoretical and practical guidance for the standardized and safe implementation of the technique.

OBJECTIVE To provide data support and theoretical reference for drug-regulatory authorities to implement targeted supervision over internet-based pharmaceutical sales.METHODS Using keywords such as “internet-based pharmaceutical sales” and “online drug sales”， the official websites of the People’s Government， drug-regulatory authorities and databases including PKULaw and others were searched， so as to collect typical cases and public disclosure information of administrative penalties related to internet-based pharmaceutical sales from January 2014 to June 2024. Guided by accident-causation theory， the text-mining method was adopted to identify risk factors from four dimensions： human unsafe behaviors， unsafe state of substances， environmental factors and safety management. Grey relational analysis was performed to quantitatively evaluate and screen key risk factors， and targeted governance suggestions were subsequently put forward.RESULTS A total of 617 administrative penalty cases were included. The number of cases increased significantly since 2018. The regional distribution of cases presented a characteristic of “high in the east and low in the west”. Violations were mainly concentrated in the business qualification examination link， and online pharmaceutical retail enterprises were the dominant law-breaking subjects. A risk identification system for internet-based pharmaceutical sales was constructed， covering 4 primary-level， 17 secondary-level and 56 tertiary-level risk factors. Through grey relational analysis， 37 key tertiary-level risk factors （most of which belonged to the safety-management dimension） including inadequate bill management and illegal drug-advertising content， as well as 12 key secondary-level risk factors such as drug-advertising violations and non-standard drug storage， were screened out.CONCLUSIONS Inadequate capabilities and weak compliance awareness of practitioners， illegal drug advertising， non-standard drug storage and transportation， and imperfect quality-management systems of online-drug-sales enterprises and third-party platforms are prominent safety risk factors for internet-based pharmaceutical sales. It is recommended to strengthen qualification examination and competency training for practitioners， standardize drug-information display and drug advertising， improve the management system of drug warehousing and logistics， and refine institutional requirements for key links， so as to improve the supervision efficiency of internet-based pharmaceutical sales.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic interstitial lung disease, is characterized by aberrant wound healing, excessive scarring and the formation of myofibroblastic foci. Although the role of alternative splicing (AS) in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis has garnered increasing attention, its specific contribution to pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. In this study, we identified an up-regulation of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7) in lung fibroblasts derived from IPF patients and a bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse model, and further characterized its functional role in both human fetal lung fibroblasts and mice. We demonstrated that enhanced expression of Srsf7 in mice spontaneously induced alveolar collagen accumulation. Mechanistically, we investigated alternative splicing events and revealed that SRSF7 modulates the alternative splicing of pyruvate kinase (PKM), leading to metabolic dysregulation and fibroblast activation. In vivo studies showed that fibroblast-specific knockout of Srsf7 in conditional knockout mice conferred resistance to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, through drug screening, we identified lomitapide as a novel modulator of SRSF7, which effectively mitigated experimental pulmonary fibrosis. Collectively, our findings elucidate a molecular pathway by which SRSF7 drives fibroblast metabolic dysregulation and propose a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.

The coinfection of respiratory viruses and bacteria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the development of vaccines and powerful antibiotics. As a macromolecule that is difficult to absorb in the gastrointestinal tract, a homogeneous polysaccharide from Houttuynia cordata (HCPM) has been reported to exhibit anti-complement properties and alleviate influenza A virus (H1N1)-induced lung injury; however, the effects of HCPM without in vitro antiviral and antibacterial activities on more complicated pulmonary diseases resulting from viral-bacterial coinfection remains unclear. This study established a representative coinfection murine pneumonia model infected with H1N1 (0.2 LD₅₀) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 10⁷ CFU). HCPM significantly improved survival rate and weight loss, and ameliorated gut-lung damage and inflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly, the therapeutic effect of HCPM on intestinal damage preceded that in the lungs. Mechanistically, HCPM inhibited the overactivation of the intestinal complement (C3a and C5a) and suppressed the activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway, which contributes to the regulation of the Treg/Th17 cell balance in the gut-lung axis. The results indicate the beneficial effects of an anti-complement polysaccharide against viral-bacterial coinfection pneumonia by modulating crosstalk between multiple immune regulatory networks.

Objective To analyze the role and mechanism of Xiaoqinglong decoction in alleviating the pathological process of pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH),and to observe the effect of Xiaoqinglong decoction on endothelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell(HPAEC)and the involvement of the Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor-κB/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(TLR/NF-κB/HIF-1α)pathway in this mechanism.Methods Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats and HPAEC were randomly divided into control group,model group,Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm group,Bosentan tablet group,dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)group,and monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL)group.PAH rat models and HPAEC models were established by hypoxic exposure.The Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm group received intragastric administration Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm(5 g·kg-1·d-1)or cultured with 10%corresponding drug serum,the Bosentan group received Bosentan(100 mg·kg-1·d-1)by gavage or cultured with 10%corresponding drug serum,the MPL group received 1 μg MPL,and the DMSO group received an equivalent volume of the DMSO and corn oil mixed solvent as a negative control for the MPL group.The hemodynamic parameters,including mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP),right ventricular systolic pressure(RVSP),and the maximum rate of right ventricular pressure(+dp/dt max),were measured via right heart catheterization.After euthanasia,lung and heart tissues were collected to assess the right ventricular hypertrophy index(RVHI);hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the degree of right ventricular cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to calculate the average intima-media thickness(IMT)in small pulmonary arteries;Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),CD68,TLR4,NF-κB,HIF-1α,vascular endothelial cadherin,and vimentin;cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),Transwell,and scratch assays were used to observe cell proliferation and migration;Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the levels of interleukins(IL-8,IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),endothelin-1(ET-1),and nitric oxide(NO).Results Compared with the model group,the Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm group showed significant reductions in mPAP,RVSP,RVHI,and IMT in PAH rats[mPAP(mmHg,1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa):22.17±1.94 vs.42.00±4.90,RVSP(mmHg):34.67±3.20 vs.52.83±3.76,RVHI:0.402±0.057 vs.0.822±0.101,IMT:(37.85±2.49)%vs.(62.06±4.52)%,all P<0.05],and a significant increase in+dP/dT max(mmHg/s:2 730.83±137.89 vs.1 718.33±148.36,P<0.05).Western blotting and ELISA results showed that compared with the model group,the Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm group had significantly lower protein expression of PCNA and CD68 in lung tissue,and levels of inflammatory factors(IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α)in rat serum[lung tissue:PCNA protein expression(PCNA/GAPDH)was 1.56±0.08 vs.2.20±0.26,CD68 protein expression(CD68/GAPDH):1.46±0.09 vs.2.60±0.23;serum:IL-8(ng/L)was 39.67±6.28 vs.149.17±7.49,IL-6(ng/L):81.00±6.63 vs.211.00±25.31,TNF-α(ng/L):213.17±24.86 vs.799.50±43.51,all P<0.05].In vitro experiments,compared with the model group,Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm inhibited abnormal proliferation(A value:2.052±0.087 vs.2.242±0.057,P<0.05)and migration[number of migrating cells(per field):101.33±12.01 vs.226.67±17.56,P<0.05]of HPAEC,and reversed the EMT process,manifested as upregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin protein expression levels(vascular endothelial cadherin/GAPDH:0.39±0.06 vs.0.12±0.03,P<0.05)and downregulation of vimentin protein expression(vimentin/GAPDH:4.96±0.33 vs.7.89±0.44,P<0.05).Western blotting results indicated that compared with the model group,the protein expression levels of TLR4,the ratio of phosphorylated p65 to total p65,and HIF-1α in both lung tissue and HPAEC were significantly reduced in the Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm group[lung tissue:TLR4 protein expression(TLR4/GAPDH)was 3.13±0.20 vs.4.38±0.30,p-p65/p65 ratio:7.11±0.81 vs.12.73±1.80,HIF-1α protein expression(HIF-1α/GAPDH):2.37±0.32 vs.4.45±0.34;HPAEC:TLR4 protein expression(TLR4/GAPDH)was 1.42±0.03 vs.2.43±0.05,p-p65/p65 ratio:6.01±1.84 vs.11.28±1.06,HIF-1α protein expression(HIF-1α/GAPDH)was 3.24±0.17 vs.5.50±0.44,all P<0.05],accompanied by upregulated vascular endothelial cadherin protein expression(vascular endothelial cadherin/GAPDH:0.66±0.03 vs.0.49±0.03,P<0.05)and downregulated vimentin protein expression(vimentin/GAPDH:1.81±0.12 vs.2.47±0.10,P<0.05),indicating that Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm inhibits the EMT process in endothelial cells by suppressing the activation of the TLR/NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.Experiments with a TLR agonist further confirmed that activation of the TLR pathway reverses the protective effects of Xiaoqinglong decoction plus Earthworm,as shown by the MPL group compared to the DMSO group having significantly increased protein expression of the p-p65/p65 ratio and HIF-1α[p-p65/p65 ratio:2.17±0.35 vs.1.08±0.14,HIF-1α/GAPDH:3.96±0.25 vs.1.03±0.10,both P<0.05],further decreased vascular endothelial cadherin protein expression(vascular endothelial cadherin/GAPDH:0.66±0.04 vs.0.99±0.02,P<0.05),further increased vimentin protein expression(vimentin/GAPDH:1.53±0.12 vs.0.93±0.07,P<0.05),along with enhanced cell migration capacity[number of migrating cells(per field):176.67±17.50 vs.107.00±11.14;cell migration rate in scratch assay:(34.32±2.82)%vs.(22.71±2.49)%,both P<0.05]and increased proliferation activity(48 hours A value:2.156±0.044 vs.1.810±0.088,P<0.05).Conclusions Xiaoqinglong decoction combined with Pheretima not only significantly reduces pulmonary artery pressure,improves cardiac function and mitigates pulmonary vascular fibrosis in PAH rats,but also alleviates pulmonary vascular remodeling by inhibiting inflammatory responses and EMT.It can further decrease the content of ET-1,increase the level of NO,and ameliorate vascular stenosis.This result further indicates that exterior-relieving medicines exert a significant dilating and supporting effect on the narrowed meridians and collaterals.

Activated specific T cells possess the capability to directly recognize and eradicate tumor cells, a process pivotal in the anti-tumor immune response. In recent years, the field of tumor immunotherapy, particularly T cell-based strategies, has seen rapid advancements, resulting in several drugs receiving clinical approval and the initiation of numerous basic research endeavors and clinical trials. Among these strategies, adoptive T cell transfer therapy emerges as a principal focus, encompassing approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T), T-cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) therapies. This review endeavors to encapsulate the global research and development strides made in four categories of adoptive T cell therapies, while also dissecting their individual merits and limitations. The objective is to furnish insights that may bolster the development of tumor immunotherapy pharmacopeia and their efficacious clinical application in cancer treatment.