Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

Drug addiction is a chronic disease that causes serious physical and psychological harm to the individual,as well as damage to society.Biomarkers are indicators that differ significantly between healthy people and patients and are important for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.The increasing incidence of drug addiction in recent years and the wider variety and number of new drugs has led to an increase in the study of biomarkers of drug addiction and their analysis in different biological samples.This paper reviews biomarkers of drug addiction in hair,blood,urine,and feces,to help to explore the biological signatures of drug addiction and facilitate its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To survey the relationship among parents'rearing style,family conformity and obsess-ive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD).Methods:Totally 216 patients di-agnosed with OCD were recruited(59 cases of mild obsessive-compulsive symptoms,121 cases of moderate obsess-ive-compulsive symptoms,36 cases of severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms).They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale(Y-BOCS),Egma Minnen av Bardndosna Uppforstran(EMBU),and Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Patient Version(FAS-PV).Results:The severe obsessive-compulsive symptom group had the lowest positive parenting style scores.Conversely,they had the high-est negative parental rearing scores and total FAS-PV scores(Ps＜0.01).The ordered logistic regression results showed that male patients had less severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms(OR=0.22).Patients with lower years of education(OR=0.87)and positive parental rearing scores(OR=0.98,0.97)had more severe obsessive-com-pulsive symptoms.Conversely,higher negative paternal rearing scores(OR=1.02)and total FAS-PV scores(OR=1.04)were associated with more severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Conclusion:This study suggests that the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms is related to parental rearing style and family accommodation.Patients with severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms are more likely to feel negative paternal rearing style and higher level of family compliance,and less likely to feel positive parental rearing style.

Purpose To explore the diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor(FAPI)SPECT/CT for metastatic lesions in advanced colorectal cancer and its impact on decisions regarding immunotherapy,and to compare it with 18F-FDG PET/CT.Materials and Methods A total of 34 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who underwent both 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging from August 2022 to November 2023 in Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital were prospectively included.The gold standard was based on biopsy or clinical and imaging follow-up results.Chi-square tests and rank sum tests were used to compare differences between the groups.Results Among the 34 patients,17 patients subsequently received immunotherapy.The uptake of 99Tcm-FAPI was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG for the primary tumor site(Z=-2.389,P=0.017),peritoneal metastasis(Z=-2.497,P=0.013)and liver metastasis(Z=-0.106,P=0.015).The diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT for patients with peritoneal metastasis was superior to that of 18F-FDG PET/CT(χ2=4.65,P=0.033).Metastatic lesions that did not uptake 99Tcm-FAPI had a better clinical prognosis after immunotherapy(χ2=11.839,P=0.006),and maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio was a promising predictive factor for a better prognosis after immunotherapy,with an optimal cut-off value of 5.04.Conclusion 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT has superior diagnostic efficacy for peritoneal metastasis in advanced colorectal cancer compared with 18F-FDG PET/CT.SUVmax-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio is a promising radiomic parameter for predicting patient prognosis after immunotherapy,which can help guide clinical decision-making further.

Purpose To explore the diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor(FAPI)SPECT/CT for metastatic lesions in advanced colorectal cancer and its impact on decisions regarding immunotherapy,and to compare it with 18F-FDG PET/CT.Materials and Methods A total of 34 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who underwent both 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging from August 2022 to November 2023 in Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital were prospectively included.The gold standard was based on biopsy or clinical and imaging follow-up results.Chi-square tests and rank sum tests were used to compare differences between the groups.Results Among the 34 patients,17 patients subsequently received immunotherapy.The uptake of 99Tcm-FAPI was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG for the primary tumor site(Z=-2.389,P=0.017),peritoneal metastasis(Z=-2.497,P=0.013)and liver metastasis(Z=-0.106,P=0.015).The diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT for patients with peritoneal metastasis was superior to that of 18F-FDG PET/CT(χ2=4.65,P=0.033).Metastatic lesions that did not uptake 99Tcm-FAPI had a better clinical prognosis after immunotherapy(χ2=11.839,P=0.006),and maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio was a promising predictive factor for a better prognosis after immunotherapy,with an optimal cut-off value of 5.04.Conclusion 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT has superior diagnostic efficacy for peritoneal metastasis in advanced colorectal cancer compared with 18F-FDG PET/CT.SUVmax-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio is a promising radiomic parameter for predicting patient prognosis after immunotherapy,which can help guide clinical decision-making further.

Drug addiction is a chronic disease that causes serious physical and psychological harm to the individual,as well as damage to society.Biomarkers are indicators that differ significantly between healthy people and patients and are important for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.The increasing incidence of drug addiction in recent years and the wider variety and number of new drugs has led to an increase in the study of biomarkers of drug addiction and their analysis in different biological samples.This paper reviews biomarkers of drug addiction in hair,blood,urine,and feces,to help to explore the biological signatures of drug addiction and facilitate its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To survey the relationship among parents'rearing style,family conformity and obsess-ive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD).Methods:Totally 216 patients di-agnosed with OCD were recruited(59 cases of mild obsessive-compulsive symptoms,121 cases of moderate obsess-ive-compulsive symptoms,36 cases of severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms).They were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale(Y-BOCS),Egma Minnen av Bardndosna Uppforstran(EMBU),and Family Accommodation Scale for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Patient Version(FAS-PV).Results:The severe obsessive-compulsive symptom group had the lowest positive parenting style scores.Conversely,they had the high-est negative parental rearing scores and total FAS-PV scores(Ps＜0.01).The ordered logistic regression results showed that male patients had less severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms(OR=0.22).Patients with lower years of education(OR=0.87)and positive parental rearing scores(OR=0.98,0.97)had more severe obsessive-com-pulsive symptoms.Conversely,higher negative paternal rearing scores(OR=1.02)and total FAS-PV scores(OR=1.04)were associated with more severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms.Conclusion:This study suggests that the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms is related to parental rearing style and family accommodation.Patients with severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms are more likely to feel negative paternal rearing style and higher level of family compliance,and less likely to feel positive parental rearing style.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of dengue fever inpatients in Guangzhou area, so that to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:The demographic data, laboratory findings, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of 116 dengue fever cases admitted to Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University and the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University from August 1st to December 21st, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 116 patients, 99 cases (85.34%) were classified as non-severe dengue, while 17(14.66%) progressed to severe dengue (SD). The cohort was comprised of 62(53.45%) males and 54(46.55%) females, with an age of 63.5(22.0) years, and the hospitalization duration was 6(4) days, with the fever duration of 6(2) days. Sixty-two patients (53.45%) were complicated with comorbidities, among which hypertension (66.13%(41/62)), diabetes mellitus (25.81%(16/62)) and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (22.58%(14/62)) accounted for the highest proportion. Primary clinical manifestations included fever (113 cases, 97.41%), with 86.21%(100/116) experiencing fever ≥five days, followed by fatigue (92 cases, 79.31%), myalgia (65 cases, 56.03%), anorexia (56 cases, 48.28%), cough/sputum (55 cases, 47.41%), and headache (54 cases, 46.55%). Early laboratory findings revealed leukopenia (2.22(1.75)×10 9/L], lymphopenia (0.63(0.50)×10 9/L), and thrombocytopenia (77.00(57.00)×10 9/L). Among 17 SD cases, 17 cases experienced severe organ damage, two cases had severe gastrointestinal bleeding, and two cases had septic shock. Among the patients with severe organ damage, there were eight cases of severe cardiac injury, followed by six cases of severe respiratory system injury, four cases of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, three cases of acute kidney injury, three cases of neurological injury, and three cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Severe cardiac injury was manifested with acute heart failure in five cases, malignant arrhythmia in three cases, stress cardiomyopathy in one case, and acute myocardial infarction in one case. Severe respiratory system injuries were manifested with acute respiratory distress syndrome in five cases, severe pneumonia in three cases, and acute pulmonary embolism in one case. Neurological damage was manifested with viral meningitis in one case, acute cerebral infarction in one case, and sensorineural hearing loss in one case. All patients were cured or discharged after symptomatic supportive treatment and active prevention and treatment of complications. Conclusions:In 2024, dengue fever inpatients in Guangzhou area predominantly consist of elderly patients, who are complicated with comorbidities and present a high proportion of severe cases. Severe patients are primarily characterized by organ damage, with cardiovascular system injury being the most common severe manifestation. Dengue patients have a good prognosis.

Microbial communities such as those residing in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many with important implications for health and diseases. The effects and functions of these microbial communities are determined not only by their species compositions and diversities but also by the dynamic intra- and inter-cellular states at the transcriptional level. Powerful and scalable technologies capable of acquiring single-microbe-resolution RNA sequencing information in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of complex microbial communities together with their hosts are therefore utterly needed. Here we report the development and utilization of a droplet-based smRNA-seq (single-microbe RNA sequencing) method capable of identifying large species varieties in human samples, which we name smRandom-seq2. Together with a triple-module computational pipeline designed for the bacteria and bacteriophage sequencing data by smRandom-seq2 in four human gut samples, we established a single-cell level bacterial transcriptional landscape of human gut microbiome, which included 29,742 single microbes and 329 unique species. Distinct adaptive response states among species in Prevotella and Roseburia genera and intrinsic adaptive strategy heterogeneity in Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens were uncovered. Additionally, we identified hundreds of novel host-phage transcriptional activity associations in the human gut microbiome. Our results indicated that smRandom-seq2 is a high-throughput and high-resolution smRNA-seq technique that is highly adaptable to complex microbial communities in real-world situations and promises new perspectives in the understanding of human microbiomes.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Bacteriophages/physiology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Bacteria/virology*

In-depth study of the components of polymyxins is the key to controlling the quality of this class of antibiotics. Similarities and variations of components present significant analytical challenges. A two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometr (LC-MS) method was established for screening and comprehensive profiling of compositions of the antibiotic colistimethate sodium (CMS). A high concentration of phosphate buffer mobile phase was used in the first-dimensional LC system to get the components well separated. For efficient and high-accuracy screening of CMS, a targeted method based on a self-constructed high resolution (HR) mass spectrum database of CMS components was established. The database was built based on the commercial MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) software and its accuracy of the compound matching result was verified with six known components before being applied to genuine sample screening. On this basis, the unknown peaks in the CMS chromatograms were deduced and assigned. The molecular formula, group composition, and origins of a total of 99 compounds, of which the combined area percentage accounted for more than 95% of CMS components, were deduced by this 2D-LC-MS method combined with the MassHunter PCDL. This profiling method was highly efficient and could distinguish hundreds of components within 3 h, providing reliable results for quality control of this kind of complex drugs.