Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), recognized as emerging environmental pollutants, are widely distributed in natural environments. Due to their small particle size and significant migratory capacity, MNPs can infiltrate diverse environmental matrices, then invade and accumulate in the organism via the skin, respiration, and digestion. Recently, concerns have grown over the detrimental effects and potential toxicity of MNPs on reproductive health. This review summarized published epidemiological and toxicological studies related to MNPs exposure and their effects on reproductive health. Firstly, this review critically examined the current landscape of epidemiological evidence and found that MNPs (e.g., polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, etc.) are present in various biological specimens from both males and females, and their presence may be associated with an increased risk of reproductive disorders. Secondly, extensive toxicological studies revealed that MNPs exposure induces reproductive health damage through mechanisms such as disrupting the microstructure of reproductive organs and altering molecular-level expressions. Oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis are identified as potential links between MNPs exposure and reproductive damage. Finally, this review addressed the prevalent shortcomings in existing studies and proposed future directions to tackle the challenges posed by MNPs-induced reproductive harm. These insights aim to inform strategies for safeguarding public reproductive health and ecological security, providing a scientific foundation for mitigating risks associated with MNPs pollution.

Objective To perform on-site calibration of high-pressure ionization chambers and NaI(Tl) γ spectrometers in state-controlled atmospheric radiation environment automatic continuous monitoring stations and verify the reliability of the online radiation environment monitoring system. Methods ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, and ²⁴¹Am were used as γ reference radiation sources to measure the metrological performance of high-pressure ionization chambers in nine state-controlled atmospheric radiation environment automatic monitoring stations in Hubei Province, China. The performance metrics included background radiation, response, and repeatability. Additionally, the correlation between dose rate and humidity was analyzed, and the energy resolution and activity response of NaI(Tl) γ spectrometers were measured. Results Among the nine state-controlled atmospheric radiation environment automatic monitoring stations, the background radiation of high-pressure ionization chambers ranged from 58.2 nGy/h to 82.6 nGy/h. The response of the high-pressure ionization chambers ranged from 0.94 to 1.08, fulfilling the requirement of 1.0 ± 0.2. The repeatability of high-pressure ionization chambers ranged from 0.43% to 3.80%, satisfying the requirement of not exceeding 10%. A significant correlation was observed between dose rate and humidity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.4476. For NaI(Tl) γ spectrometers, the energy resolution ranged from 6.8% to 7.9%, fulfilling the requirement of not exceeding 9% for the 661.7 keV energy peak of ¹³⁷Cs. The NaI(Tl) γ spectrometers showed 1.4% to 1.8% s⁻¹·Bq⁻¹ activity response to ²⁴¹Am and 6.6‰ to 8.4‰ s⁻¹·Bq⁻¹ activity response to ⁶⁰Co. Conclusion The online monitoring systems in the nine state-controlled atmospheric radiation environment automatic monitoring stations are stable and reliable, providing accurate radiation environment monitoring data for public awareness.

Objective:To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) in Fujian province from 2020 to 2023.Methods:The epidemiological characteristics of CVA16 associated hand, food and mouth disease (HFMD) in Fujian province from 2020 to 2023 was analyzed. The complete VP1 gene of CVA16 was amplified by RT-PCR and then sequenced, and genetic evolution was analyzed by MEGA X and other softwares.Results:From 2020 to 2023, there were 13 120 cases of HFMD in Fujian province, and the proportion of HFMD which caused by CVA16 was 16.5% (2 160/13 120). From 2020 to 2023, the proportion of accounted cases was 4.7% (94/2 019), 14.1% (457/3 243), 47.6% (1 521/3 199) and 1.9% (88/4 659) respectively. HFMD caused by CVA16 was mainly concentrated in children aged 1 to 5 years, and most of them were 3 years old. The genetic evolution and genotype analysis of 92 complete VP1 gene sequences obtained from 2020 to 2023 showed that the genetic distance between CVA16 strains in Fujian province and the prototype strain was far away. The CVA16 genotype in Fujian province from 2020 to 2023 has three clusters of B1a, B1b and B1c, among which the composition ratio of B1a and B1b in Fujian province in 2020 was 40% and 60% respectively. In 2021, B1a and B1b accounted for 81.8% and 18.2% respectively. Only B1a in 2022; in 2023, there were B1a, B1b and B1c, which respectively accounted for 44.4%, 7.4% and 48.2%. During the period from January to September, B1a was the main cluster. After October we observed an emergence of B1c cluster, which had never been found in Fujian province and was rare in China, was detected and became the dominant cluster.Conclusions:The evolutionary cluster of CVA16 dominant changed from B1b in 2020 to B1a in 2021-2023. After October 2023, the newly discovered B1c became the dominant cluster in Fujian province.

This paper reviews the assessment tools for childbirth readiness of pregnant and puerperal women and their applications, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these tools, and puts forward suggestions, in order to provide reference for research on the readiness for childbirth in pregnant and puerperal women.

Objective:To compare the mechanical properties between our self-designed axially controlled compression spinal rod (ACCSR) and conventional spinal rod (CSR) for lumbar spondylolysis (LS).Methods:This study selected 36 ACCSRs (the ACCSR group) and 36 CSRs (the CSR group), both of which were in a diameter of 6.0 mm and manufactured in the same batch. They were subjected respectively to biomechanical tests of spinal rod and pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system. In spinal rod tests: the stiffness and yield load of the spinal rods were calculated using four-point bending tests ( n=7) and comparisons were made between the 2 groups; spinal rod fatigue tests ( n=8) recorded the successful compression loads after 2.5 million cycles of loading and compared them with the maximum force at the isthmus of a normal adult's unilateral lumbar spine (198.72 N). In tests of the pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system, the axial compression tests ( n=7) measured the axial gripping capacity, the axial torsion tests ( n=7) the torsional gripping capacity, and the lateral compression tests ( n=7) the stiffness and yield load of pedicle screws in the 2 groups respectively. Results:The stiffness [(1,543.37±61.41) N/mm] and yield load [1,338.57 (1,282.00, 1,353.80) N] of ACCSR group were significantly smaller than those of CSR group [(3,797.63±156.15) N/mm and 4,059.95 (3,813.80, 4,090.89) N] ( P<0.05). The spinal rod fatigue tests showed that the respective loads of CSR and ACCSR passing the 2.5 million fatigue tests were 640.00 N and 320.00 N, both larger than the maximum force at the unilateral lumbar isthmus of a normal adult (198.72 N). There were no significant differences between the ACCSR group and the CSR group in the axial gripping capacity and torsional gripping capacity, as well as in stiffness and yield load of screws between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In fixation of LS, although the yield load, stiffness and fatigue resistance of ACCSR are inferior to those of CSR, the biomechanical properties of the two sets of pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system are comparable. The fatigue resistance of ACCSR can meet the stress requirements of the normal human isthmus.

Objective Using Disease Diagnosis Related Grouping(DRG)index to assess the professional compe-tence of physicians in the evaluation of health professional and technical titles,and analysing their effectiveness.Methods The DRG indexes of 1 184 physicians were statistically analyzed before and after the implementation of DRG promotion policy.After normal test,Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the CMI,number of DRG groups,total weight,time consumption index and cost consumption index of 1184 physicians in a hospital before and after applying DRG index to assess individual ability.Results The study found that after the introduction of DRG in-dex,CMI,number of DRG groups and total weight of physicians all showed an increasing trend,in which CMI in-creased from 1.17 to 1.20,time consumption index decreased,cost consumption index had no statistical signifi-cance(P＞0.05),and the difficulty of hospital treatment and medical efficiency improved.Conclusion The use of DRG index to assess doctors'professional ability has a positive effect on hospitals,which can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment,improve efficiency,optimize patient grouping and medical division.DRG index can be used as a tool to assess doctors'professional ability.

Objective Using Disease Diagnosis Related Grouping(DRG)index to assess the professional compe-tence of physicians in the evaluation of health professional and technical titles,and analysing their effectiveness.Methods The DRG indexes of 1 184 physicians were statistically analyzed before and after the implementation of DRG promotion policy.After normal test,Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the CMI,number of DRG groups,total weight,time consumption index and cost consumption index of 1184 physicians in a hospital before and after applying DRG index to assess individual ability.Results The study found that after the introduction of DRG in-dex,CMI,number of DRG groups and total weight of physicians all showed an increasing trend,in which CMI in-creased from 1.17 to 1.20,time consumption index decreased,cost consumption index had no statistical signifi-cance(P＞0.05),and the difficulty of hospital treatment and medical efficiency improved.Conclusion The use of DRG index to assess doctors'professional ability has a positive effect on hospitals,which can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment,improve efficiency,optimize patient grouping and medical division.DRG index can be used as a tool to assess doctors'professional ability.

Objective Using Disease Diagnosis Related Grouping(DRG)index to assess the professional compe-tence of physicians in the evaluation of health professional and technical titles,and analysing their effectiveness.Methods The DRG indexes of 1 184 physicians were statistically analyzed before and after the implementation of DRG promotion policy.After normal test,Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the CMI,number of DRG groups,total weight,time consumption index and cost consumption index of 1184 physicians in a hospital before and after applying DRG index to assess individual ability.Results The study found that after the introduction of DRG in-dex,CMI,number of DRG groups and total weight of physicians all showed an increasing trend,in which CMI in-creased from 1.17 to 1.20,time consumption index decreased,cost consumption index had no statistical signifi-cance(P＞0.05),and the difficulty of hospital treatment and medical efficiency improved.Conclusion The use of DRG index to assess doctors'professional ability has a positive effect on hospitals,which can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment,improve efficiency,optimize patient grouping and medical division.DRG index can be used as a tool to assess doctors'professional ability.

Objective Using Disease Diagnosis Related Grouping(DRG)index to assess the professional compe-tence of physicians in the evaluation of health professional and technical titles,and analysing their effectiveness.Methods The DRG indexes of 1 184 physicians were statistically analyzed before and after the implementation of DRG promotion policy.After normal test,Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the CMI,number of DRG groups,total weight,time consumption index and cost consumption index of 1184 physicians in a hospital before and after applying DRG index to assess individual ability.Results The study found that after the introduction of DRG in-dex,CMI,number of DRG groups and total weight of physicians all showed an increasing trend,in which CMI in-creased from 1.17 to 1.20,time consumption index decreased,cost consumption index had no statistical signifi-cance(P＞0.05),and the difficulty of hospital treatment and medical efficiency improved.Conclusion The use of DRG index to assess doctors'professional ability has a positive effect on hospitals,which can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment,improve efficiency,optimize patient grouping and medical division.DRG index can be used as a tool to assess doctors'professional ability.

Objective Using Disease Diagnosis Related Grouping(DRG)index to assess the professional compe-tence of physicians in the evaluation of health professional and technical titles,and analysing their effectiveness.Methods The DRG indexes of 1 184 physicians were statistically analyzed before and after the implementation of DRG promotion policy.After normal test,Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the CMI,number of DRG groups,total weight,time consumption index and cost consumption index of 1184 physicians in a hospital before and after applying DRG index to assess individual ability.Results The study found that after the introduction of DRG in-dex,CMI,number of DRG groups and total weight of physicians all showed an increasing trend,in which CMI in-creased from 1.17 to 1.20,time consumption index decreased,cost consumption index had no statistical signifi-cance(P＞0.05),and the difficulty of hospital treatment and medical efficiency improved.Conclusion The use of DRG index to assess doctors'professional ability has a positive effect on hospitals,which can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment,improve efficiency,optimize patient grouping and medical division.DRG index can be used as a tool to assess doctors'professional ability.