Objective: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese patent medicines and classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions were systematically reviewed from both Chinese and English journals published in 2023. A preliminary summary and evaluation were conducted on the generation and translation of clinical evidence for these treatments. This analysis aims to inform future research on clinical efficacy evaluation and guide the rational application of evidence. Methods: RCTs of Chinese patent medicines and classic traditional Chinese prescriptions published in 2023 were comprehensively retrieved from the Artificial Intelligence Clinical Evidence Database for Chinese Patent Medicine (AICED-CPM), with supplementary searches conducted in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The study characteristics and methodological quality of these RCTs were systematically analyzed and evaluated. Results: A total of 1 443 RCTs of Chinese patent medicines were included, comprising 1 399 Chinese articles and 44 English articles. Additionally, 334 RCTs of classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions were found, with 331 published in Chinese and 3 in English. 196 567 participants were included, covering 585 types of Chinese patent medicines (487 oral, 61 injectable, and 37 topical) and 179 classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. The involved studies encompassed 22 types of diseases, with research primarily focusing on diseases of the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the genitourinary system. The sample sizes ranged from 18 to 3 777 participants, and most studies were conducted at a single center. Methodologically, the implementation of allocation concealment and blinding remained insufficiently emphasized. Conclusion Overall, compared with 2022, both the number of RCT publications and their methodological quality have improved in 2023, with heightened attention to research on diseases of the genitourinary system. However, quality control and standardized management in the design and implementation processes still require enhancement to produce more high-quality clinical evidence and accelerate the translation and application of this evidence.

Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease is an inevitable pathological stage in the early development of Alzheimer′s disease, which can be classified as "microlumps in the brain collaterals" in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on the theory of latent toxin blocking collaterals, this article discusses the etiology and pathogenesis, clinical sequelae, and traditional Chinese medicine intervention strategies for mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease. The onset of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease is very similar to the latent pathogen theory, which states that "the latent pathogen is latent and then develops, the poison is deep and difficult to cure, and the development can be recognized but the latent pathogen cannot be detected." Combining clinical experience, our team believes that the basic nature of the disease is a slight deficiency and a slight excess of symptoms. A slight deficiency of the five zang viscera and six fu viscera as root and a latent toxin colling collaterals of qi, fire, phlegm, and blood stasis as manifestaion. These usually start from the qi depression and develop into phlegm coagulation and blood stasis, then end up in latent toxin and gradually become the healthy qi deficiency. Therefore, the deficiency of vital qi and incubation of evil, latent toxin blocking collaterals the pathogenesis of early intervention of this disease should be carried out, upholding the idea that "the upper workman treats the disease before it is diagnosed." The principle of strengthening vital qi to eliminate pathogenic factors, slowing down and promoting pathogenic factors elimination, establishing the method of supporting correctness and wisdom, simultaneously detoxifying and clearing the blood stasis, pattern differentiation as the main and the disease differentiation as the first, combining the disease and pattern, and adjusting the macroscopic and microscopic, focusing simultaneously on eliminating and replenishing, dispel phlegm and remove blood stasis, achieve a strong vital qi and the elimination of evil, and enhance intelligence, delay or even block the progression of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer′s disease, improve patients′ quality of life, and provide a theoretical basis for the early clinical prevention and treatment of Alzheimer′s disease.

Bacterial infection is a major threat to global public health, and can cause serious diseases such as bacterial skin infection and foodborne diseases. It is essential to develop a new method to rapidly diagnose clinical multiple bacterial infections and monitor food microbial contamination in production sites in real-time. In this work, we developed a 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid gold nanoparticles (4-MPBA-AuNPs)-functionalized hydrogel microneedle (MPBA-H-MN) for bacteria detection in skin interstitial fluid. MPBA-H-MN could conveniently capture and enrich a variety of bacteria within 5 min. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection was then performed and combined with machine learning technology to distinguish and identify a variety of bacteria. Overall, the capture efficiency of this method exceeded 50%. In the concentration range of 1 × 10⁷ to 1 × 10¹⁰ colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL), the corresponding SERS intensity showed a certain linear relationship with the bacterial concentration. Using random forest (RF)-based machine learning, bacteria were effectively distinguished with an accuracy of 97.87%. In addition, the harmless disposal of used MNs by photothermal ablation was convenient, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive. This technique provided a potential method for rapid and real-time diagnosis of multiple clinical bacterial infections and for monitoring microbial contamination of food in production sites.

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Objective:To investigate the factors influencing the prognosis of critically ill patients and the predictive value of the C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 122 critically ill patients admitted to Guoyao Dongfeng General Hospital affiliated with Hubei University of Medicine from June 2022 to December 2023. Patients were divided into a death group and a survival group based on their 28-day prognosis. Clinical data were compared between the two groups to analyze the factors influencing prognosis and assess the predictive value of various indicators. Normally distributed measurement data were expressed as Mean±SD, and intergroup comparisons were performed by independent samples t-test; non-normally distributed measurement data were expressed as M( Q1,Q3), and intergroup comparisons were performed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Counting data were expressed as case (%), and intergroup comparisons were performed by the χ2 test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze factors influencing patient prognosis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to analyze the predictive value of each indicator. Results:The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, blood lactate, CRP, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels in the death group were higher than those in the survival group [22 (17, 30) points vs. 17 (14, 22) points, (4.8±1.4) mmol/L vs. (3.3±1.0) mmol/L, 134 (83, 2 381) mg/L vs. 13 (10, 27) mg/L, 259 (111, 592) ng/L vs. 108 (40, 247) ng/L; Z=3.04, P=0.002; t=5.79, P<0.001; Z=8.57, P<0.001; Z=3.28, P=0.001, respectively]. Albumin, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count (LYC), and the CALLY index were lower in the death group than in the survival group [(31±5) g/L vs. (37±6) g/L, (58±9)×10 9/L vs. (63±10)×10 9/L, 0.6 (0.4, 0.8)×10 9/L vs. 1.3 (0.8, 1.7)×10 9/L, 0.03 (0.02, 0.11) vs. 0.26 (0.13, 0.49); t=6.05, P<0.001; t=3.04, P=0.003; Z=5.82, P<0.001; Z=6.52, P<0.001, respectively]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the APACHE Ⅱ score and CRP were risk factors for poor prognosis in critically ill patients ( OR=1.349, 95% CI: 1.004-1.821, P=0.048; OR=1.006, 95% CI: 1.003-1.010, P=0.001, respectively), while LYC and the CALLY index were protective factors ( OR=0.297, 95% CI: 0.111-0.795, P=0.016; OR=0.989, 95% CI: 0.955-0.999, P=0.001, respectively). The area under the ROC curve for the CALLY index predicting 28-day mortality in critically ill patients was 0.872 (95% CI: 0.800-0.926), which was higher than that of the APACHE Ⅱ score, LYC, and CRP [0.673 (95% CI: 0.582-0.756), 0.664 (95% CI: 0.573-0.748), 0.576 (95% CI: 0.482-0.665), respectively]. The cut-off values were 0.06, 20 points, 0.8×10 9/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively. When the CALLY index was 0.06, the specificity was 97.65%, the sensitivity was 72.97%, and the Youden index was 0.706. Conclusions:The APACHE Ⅱ score, CRP, LYC, and CALLY index are all factors influencing the prognosis of critically ill patients. The CALLY index has certain predictive value, but its false negative rate is relatively high. Further combination with other indicators is needed to improve its predictive value.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of belumosudil for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) .Methods:We retrospectively collected data on patients with cGVHD who received belumosudil at Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from May 2023 to March 2024. The study endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), organ-specific response rates, time to response (TTR), changes in Lee Symptom Scale (LSS) scores, tapering or discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment, failure-free survival (FFS), and adverse events.Results:The study included 20 patients with cGVHD who received belumosudil, of whom 15 were men and 5 women. The median age was 34.5 (12-67) years, and three patients were under 18 years old. The median follow-up duration was 5.0 (1.4 - 9.8) months. All patients had severe cGVHD, and 18 (90.0%) showed involvement of at least four organs. The median number of prior treatment lines was 4, and 15 patients (75%) had previously received ruxolitinib. All patients received 200 mg of belumosudil once daily in combination with other cGVHD systemic therapies. The ORR was 90.0% (95% CI: 68.3%-98.8%), and all responses were partial responses. The median TTR was 1.6 (0.9 - 8.4) months. The LSS scores improved in a clinically meaningful way in 80.0% (16/20) of the patients within 3 months. The corticosteroid dose was reduced in 42.6% (6/14) of the patients. The 3-month FFS was 79.6% (95% CI: 61.4%-100.0%). Most adverse events were grade 1 or grade 2, and two patients (10.0%) experienced grade 3 or higher-grade adverse events. Conclusions:In the real-world setting, belumosudil demonstrated good effectiveness and safety in patients with cGVHD with a history of severe disease and multiorgan involvement.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of blinatumomab in the first-line and second-line treatment of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).Methods:A multi-center retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze clinical data from 323 pediatric B-ALL patients treated with blinatumomab across 14 hospitals in China from May 2021 to July 2023. Patients were divided into four groups based on the treatment phase and disease status when blinatumomab was used: relapsed/refractory group, post-consolidation minimal residual disease (MRD)-positive group, early MRD-positive group, and MRD-negative group. Blinatumomab for the relapsed/refractory group was considered as second-line treatment, while the other 3 groups as first-line treatment. The MRD negativity rate after treatment, the survival rates and the incidence of severe adverse events were compared across these groups. Patients who received blinatumomab for more than 7 days were included in the efficacy analysis. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Log-Rank test was used to compare the survival rates among groups.Results:Among the 323 patients, 191 (59.1%) were male, with the age of 6.2 (3.9, 10.5) years. There were 117 patients in the relapsed/refractory group, 62 cases in the post-consolidation MRD-positive group, 43 cases in the early MRD-positive group, and 101 cases in the MRD negative group. In the relapsed/refractory group, the complete remission rate and MRD negativity rate after one course of blinatumomab were 71.4% (35/49) and 81.5% (75/92) for the 49 children without complete remission and the 92 children with flow cytometry-positive MRD, respectively. In the post-consolidation MRD-positive group, the MRD negativity rates after one course of blinatumomab were 100.0% (27/27), 12/16 and 9/19 for patients with MRD positivity detected by flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing, respectively. In the early MRD-positive group, the MRD negativity rates were 96.7% (29/30) and 9/9 for flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing, respectively. The 2-year overall survival rate and event-free survival rate for the 319 children evaluable for efficacy were (90.6±1.7)% and (87.6±1.9)%, respectively, with the relapsed/refractory group showing significantly lower overall survival rates and event-free survival rate compared to the other groups ( χ2=21.40, 26.21,both P<0.001). Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 128 cases (39.6%), with hematological toxicity observed in 101 cases, while cytokine release syndrome (CRS), infection, and neurotoxicity occurred in 11, 26 and 8 cases, respectively. In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the grade 3 or higher CRS among the four groups ( χ2=8.03, P<0.05). Conclusion:Blinatumomab can clear MRD more effectively and achieve superior survival outcomes when used as first-line treatment for pediatric B-ALL, with less CRS.

Bacterial infection is a major threat to global public health,and can cause serious diseases such as bacterial skin infection and foodborne diseases.It is essential to develop a new method to rapidly di-agnose clinical multiple bacterial infections and monitor food microbial contamination in production sites in real-time.In this work,we developed a 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid gold nanoparticles(4-MPBA-AuNPs)-functionalized hydrogel microneedle(MPBA-H-MN)for bacteria detection in skin inter-stitial fluid.MPBA-H-MN could conveniently capture and enrich a variety of bacteria within 5 min.Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)detection was then performed and combined with ma-chine learning technology to distinguish and identify a variety of bacteria.Overall,the capture efficiency of this method exceeded 50％.In the concentration range of 1 × 10 7 to 1 × 10 10 colony-forming units/mL(CFU/mL),the corresponding SERS intensity showed a certain linear relationship with the bacterial concentration.Using random forest(RF)-based machine learning,bacteria were effectively distinguished with an accuracy of 97.87％.In addition,the harmless disposal of used MNs by photothermal ablation was convenient,environmentally friendly,and inexpensive.This technique provided a potential method for rapid and real-time diagnosis of multiple clinical bacterial infections and for monitoring microbial contamination of food in production sites.

Objective To analyze the distribution and drug resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood cultures obtained from patients with biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection,to evaluate the clinical appropriate-ness of antibiotic use based on drug sensitivity results,and to provide evidence for empirical antibiotic treatment in such patients.Methods The clinical data of 161 patients with biliary calculi complicated by acute biliary tract infection who were admitted to the First People's Hospital of Neijiang from 2017 to 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The results of microbial culture,drug sensitivity analysis,and patient characteristics were assessed to evaluate the appropriateness of clinical antimicrobial therapy.Results Among the 161 patients with positive cultures,212 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected.The predominant patho-gens were Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies,and Enterococcus faecium.Age and underlying diseases significantly affected the distribution of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies.Within the gram-negative bacterial group,Esche-richia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies exhibited higher drug resistance to commonly used broad-spectrum penicillin,third-generation cephalosporin and quinolones but lower resistance rates to piperacillin and tazobactam;furthermore,elderly indi-viduals aged ≥65 years showed higher resistance rates to ceftriaxone than those under age 65 while people with drug exposure history had higher ceftazidime resistance rates that were statistically significant.In contrast to Enterococcus faecalis which displayed low antimicrobial resistance rates for most drugs tested in this study,Enterococcus faecium demonstrated high levels of antibiotic resistance;however,both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium exhibited zero-resistance rates against vancomycin and tigecycline although this may be attributed to their small sample size in our study cohort.Finally,we found that empirical anti-in-fective drugs,as well as target anti-infective drugs,were not prescribed rationally among these patients due mainly to inappropriate combinations of antibiotics or incorrect dosages.Conclusions The predominant pathogens in patients with acute biliary tract infection are gram-negative bacteria,Gram-positive bacteria,and fungi;however,the potential involvement of anaerobic bacteria should not be overlooked.Vancomycin exhibits sensitivity against gram-positive bacteria,yet the overall rationality of antibiotic usage remains suboptimal.Enhanced clinical testing for pathogenic microorganisms is imperative in the management of biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection.In contrast,clinical pharmacists should provide comprehensive training on anti-infective drugs to clinicians to facilitate their judicious selection of antibiotics based on drug sensitivity results and prevent the e-mergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of Sechang Zhixie Powder(SCZXS)on mice with acute diarrhea caused by castor oil.Methods The mice were randomly divided into blank control group,model control group,montmorillonite powder group(1.4 g·kg-1),SCZXS-L group(0.9 g·kg-1),SCZXS-M group(1.8 g·kg-1)and SCZXS-H group(3.6 g·kg-1),10 mice in each group.After continuous administration of 7 days,the acute diarrhea model of mice was prepared by oral administration of castor oil(0.01 mL·g-1).The diarrhea of mice was observed within 4 hours of castor oil administration,and the rate of loose stool,degree of loose stool,and diarrhea index were calculated;the levels of DAO,D-LDH,VIP,and SS in the colon were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;The morphological changes in the colon tissue of mice were observed after HE staining and the thicknesses of the mucosal and muscular layers of the colon were quantified;AB-PAS staining was performed to observe the effect on mucin in the colon;and the expression of AQP3,Occludin,and ZO-1 in the colon were quantified by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the model control group,the rate of loose stool,degree of loose stool,and diarrhea index of the mice in the SCZXS groups tended to decrease,but the difference was not statistically significant.Compared with the model control group,the flat luminal surface of the mice in the SCZXS-M and SCZXS-H group were significantly thickened(P<0.01),and the amount of VIP in the colon was significantly decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and that of DAO in the colon was significantly decreased(P<0.01),Occludin and ZO-1 expression were significantly increased(P<0.01),the mucin area ratio was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the SCZXS-M group,and AQP3 expression was significantly increased(P<0.05)in the SCZXS groups.Conclusions SCZXS can improve acute diarrhea induced by castor oil in mice.and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones and AQP3.In addition,SCZXS improves intestinal damage caused by diarrhea and protects the intestinal barrier.