Glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant free amino acids in the body, is the main substrate of intestinal cells. It exerts its repairing effect on intestinal injury through multiple signaling pathways, mainly reflected in maintaining the integrity of intestinal structure, enhancing the function of the intestinal barrier, improving the intestinal ecology, and promoting the absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it is also gradually popularized in the clinical application of intestinal injury. This summarize will summarize the latest research progress on the biological role of Gln, its relationship with intestinal injury, mechanism of action and clinical application.The main purpose of this summarize is intended to explore the research status and development prospects of Gln in the field of intestinal diseases.

Objective:To analyze the research status and hotspots in the field of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) based on the Web of Science database.Methods:The Web of Science database was searched by using the subject term "post-ERCP pancreatitis," with language limited to English and document types limited to "article" and "review." The time span was from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2023. VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication year, country, institution, author, journal source, and keywords of the included literature, and to create corresponding visualization knowledge maps.Results:A total of 1 197 documents were included, with an overall steady upward trend on the annual volume of PEP publications. The top three countries in terms of PEP publication volume were the United States (334 articles, 31.19%), China (205 articles, 19.14%), and Japan (180 articles, 16.81%). The top three countries in terms of citation frequency were the United States (17 088 times), Italy (3 936 times), and Japan (3 615 times). The top three institutions in terms of publication volume were Indiana University (34 articles), Mayo Clinic (32 articles), and the University of Pittsburgh (23 articles). The top three institutions in terms of citation frequency were Indiana University (3 524 times), Mayo Clinic (2 675 times), and the University of Minnesota (1 951 times). Among Chinese institutions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the 4th in publication volume (22 articles), and Nanchang University ranked the 10th (17 articles), but their citation frequencies were relatively low (Shanghai Jiao Tong University 233 times, Nanchang University 108 times). The author with the highest publication volume in the PEP field was Sherman S (32 articles), and the author with the highest co-citation frequency ranking was Cotton PB (769 times). The top three journals in terms of publication volume were Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Endoscopy, and World Journal of Gastroenterology. The keyword network map revealed distinct clusters covering themes such as the pathogenesis, risk factors, pharmacological prevention, procedural prevention, and management of PEP. Burst keyword analysis showed that the keyword with the longest emergence time was "Oddi dysfunction" and the keyword with the highest burst strength was "rectal indomethacin".Conclusions:Since the beginning of this century, PEP research has developed rapidly, and China has a certain academic influence on PEP internationally. Research on risk factors and preventive measures remains a research hotspot in the field of PEP.

Objective:To analyze the research status and hotspots in the field of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) based on the Web of Science database.Methods:The Web of Science database was searched by using the subject term "post-ERCP pancreatitis," with language limited to English and document types limited to "article" and "review." The time span was from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2023. VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication year, country, institution, author, journal source, and keywords of the included literature, and to create corresponding visualization knowledge maps.Results:A total of 1 197 documents were included, with an overall steady upward trend on the annual volume of PEP publications. The top three countries in terms of PEP publication volume were the United States (334 articles, 31.19%), China (205 articles, 19.14%), and Japan (180 articles, 16.81%). The top three countries in terms of citation frequency were the United States (17 088 times), Italy (3 936 times), and Japan (3 615 times). The top three institutions in terms of publication volume were Indiana University (34 articles), Mayo Clinic (32 articles), and the University of Pittsburgh (23 articles). The top three institutions in terms of citation frequency were Indiana University (3 524 times), Mayo Clinic (2 675 times), and the University of Minnesota (1 951 times). Among Chinese institutions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the 4th in publication volume (22 articles), and Nanchang University ranked the 10th (17 articles), but their citation frequencies were relatively low (Shanghai Jiao Tong University 233 times, Nanchang University 108 times). The author with the highest publication volume in the PEP field was Sherman S (32 articles), and the author with the highest co-citation frequency ranking was Cotton PB (769 times). The top three journals in terms of publication volume were Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Endoscopy, and World Journal of Gastroenterology. The keyword network map revealed distinct clusters covering themes such as the pathogenesis, risk factors, pharmacological prevention, procedural prevention, and management of PEP. Burst keyword analysis showed that the keyword with the longest emergence time was "Oddi dysfunction" and the keyword with the highest burst strength was "rectal indomethacin".Conclusions:Since the beginning of this century, PEP research has developed rapidly, and China has a certain academic influence on PEP internationally. Research on risk factors and preventive measures remains a research hotspot in the field of PEP.

The objective is to deal with brain effective connectivity among epilepsy electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded by use of depth electrodes in the cerebral cortex of patients suffering from refractory epilepsy during their epileptic seizures. The Wiener-Granger Causality Index (WGCI) is a well-known effective measure that can be useful to detect causal relations of interdependence in these kinds of EEG signals. It is based on the linear autoregressive model, and the issue of the estimation of the model parameters plays an important role in the calculation accuracy and robustness of WGCI to do research on brain effective connectivity. Focusing on this issue, a modified Akaike's information criterion algorithm is introduced in the computation of the WGCI to estimate the orders involved in the underlying models and in order to advance the performance of WGCI to detect brain effective connectivity. Experimental results support the interesting performance of the proposed algorithm to characterize the information flow both in a linear stochastic system and a physiology-based model.