[Objective] To extract hemoglobin (Hb) from red blood cells using osmotic pressure swelling method, expected to achieve a hemoglobin dissolution rate of ≥80% and a cell membrane integrity rate of ≥70%. [Methods] Human umbilical cord blood red blood cells were used as raw materials and phosphate buffer solution was used as the swelling solution for red blood cells. A three factor three-level orthogonal experiment (n=3) was conducted to determine the optimal matching conditions for selecting the osmolality molar concentration of phosphate buffer solution, pH value of hypotonic phosphate buffer solution and volume ratio of hypotonic phosphate buffer solution to washed red blood cells. Red blood cell swelling solution samples (n=6) were prepared by the optimal matching conditions and the original process conditions. The hemoglobin dissolution rate and cell membrane integrity rate were checked. In the expanded comparative experiment, red blood cell swelling solution samples (n=6) were prepared by the optimal matching conditions and the original process conditions, which was filtered by ultrafiltration membranes. The filtration time and hemoglobin yield were checked. [Results] The optimal matching conditions for preparing red blood cell swelling solution were obtained through orthogonal experiment as follows: osmotic pressure molar concentration was 30 mOsmol/Kg, pH was 7.8, and phosphate buffer to red blood cell volume ratio was 6∶1. On the basis of the above conditions, the red blood cell swelling solution sample was compared with the original process sample: the hemoglobin dissolution rate was (82.4±1.8)% vs (78.6±3.0)% (P<0.05), and the cell membrane integrity rate was (65.8±4.0)% vs (28.7±2.3)% (P<0.05). In the expanded comparative experiment, the optimal matching conditions were compared with the original process conditions: filtration time(s) (327±9) vs (434±13) (P<0.05), and hemoglobin yield was (72.3±1.2)% vs (66.0±1.4)% (P<0.05). [Conclusion] Compared with the original preparation process, the hemoglobin extraction process which optimized through orthogonal experiments greatly reduces the cell membrane fragmentation rate and minimizes the entry of cell membrane matrix into the target solution, ensuring a slightly higher hemoglobin dissolution rate, and reducing the preparation difficulty for the subsequent cell membrane separation and further purification.

The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) has increased over the past decade, with more than half occurring in intensive care units (ICUs).[1] ICU cardiac arrest (ICU-CA) presents unique challenges, with worse outcomes than those in monitored wards, highlighting the need for early detection and intervention.[2] Up to 80% of patients exhibit signs of deterioration hours before IHCA.[3] Although early warning scores based on vital signs are useful, their effectiveness in ICUs is limited due to abnormal physiological parameters.[4] Laboratory markers, such as sodium, potassium, and lactate, are predictive of poor outcomes,[5] but static measurements may not capture the patient’s trajectory. Trends in laboratory indicators, such as variability and extremes, may offer better predictive value.[6] This study aimed to evaluate ICU-CA predictive factors, with a focus on vital signs and trends of laboratory indicators.

[Objective] To investigate the protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) on the kidneys of HBOC-CHP01 resuscitated haemorrhagic shock rats. [Methods] A 50% haemorrhagic shock rat model was established, with 12 rats divided into two groups: SMI + HBOC-CHP01 group and HBOC-CHP01 group, with 6 rats in each group. The rats in the SMI+ HBOC-CHP01 group were given an equal volume of HBOC-CHP01 for resuscitation after haemorrhagic shock, and an 8 mL/kg dose of SMI. Rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group were resuscitated by administering an equilibrium blood loss volume of HBOC-CHP01 and given an 8 mL/kg dose of 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was taken from rats at five points: before bloodletting (baseline), during haemorrhagic shock (HS), immediately after resuscitation (RS0h), 1 h after resuscitation (RS1h), and 24 h after resuscitation (RS24h). A blood gas analyser was used to detect the lactate level (Lac), glucose content (Glu), residual base (BEecf), pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), high iron haemoglobin (MetHb). White blood cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), haemoglobin content (Hb), carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) were detected using a quintuple classification. Blood creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA), kidney-related indexes were detected using biochemistry instrument. Kidney tissues of the rats were taken after 24 h of resuscitation and after execution, and the inflammation of kidneys of the rats of the two groups was analyzed using HE staining. Fluorescence staining was used to detect the level of ROS in the kidneys of rats in both groups. [Results] At RS 0h, the Beecf, Glu and Lac levels of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and the pH level of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly higher than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and the Glu levels of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group at RS 1h. At RS 0h, the WBC, PLT and COHb contents of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were all significantly higher than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group, and at RS 1h, the WBC content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly higher than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 1h, the UA content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 24h, the SCr content of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group; at RS 24h, the inflammation level of kidney tissues of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group was significantly lower than that of rats in the HBOC -CHP01 group rats, and the ROS and MPO levels in the kidney tissues of rats in the SMI+HBOC-CHP01 group were significantly lower than those of rats in the HBOC-CHP01 group. [Conclusion] The combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection during the resuscitation of rats with severe haemorrhagic shock by HBOC-CHP01 can alleviate renal injury by reducing inflammatory response and oxidative stress.

Objective: To explore the association between dietary patterns and overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students, so as to provide the guidance of diet balance and obesity prevention for students. Methods: Students from 11 primary and middle schools in Tongzhou District, Beijing Municipality, were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. Demographic information was collected through a general questionnaire, and dietary intake types and frequencies over the past week were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis, and the dietary pattern factor scores were divided into Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 groups based on quartiles. Height and weight were collected through physical examinations, and Z-scores of body mass index adjusted for gender and age were calculated to assess overweight and obesity. The association between dietary patterns and overweight and obesity was analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 485 students were surveyed, including 745 males (50.17%) and 740 females (49.83%). The mean age was (12.87±2.86) years. Three dietary patterns were identified: animal and plant protein dietary pattern, high-fat and high-sugar dietary pattern, and vegetable-fruit-dairy dietary pattern. The detection rates of overweight and obesity were 42.57%, 48.42%, and 34.75%, respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the vegetable-fruit-dairy dietary pattern, the animal and plant protein dietary pattern (OR=1.406, 95%CI: 1.084-1.823) and the high-fat and high-sugar dietary pattern (OR=2.137, 95%CI: 1.643-2.779) were associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students. Compared with the Q1 group of dietary pattern factor scores, the Q3 group (OR=1.631, 95%CI: 1.206-2.208) and Q4 group (OR=1.965, 95%CI: 1.446-2.671) of the high-fat and high-sugar dietary pattern had an increased risk of overweight and obesity, while the Q4 group of the vegetable-fruit-dairy dietary pattern (OR=0.551, 95%CI: 0.406-0.747) had a reduced risk of overweight and obesity. There was no statistical association between factor scores of animal and plant protein dietary pattern and overweight and obesity (all P>0.05). Conclusions The animal and plant protein dietary pattern and the high-fat and high-sugar dietary pattern are associated with a higher risk of overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students. Within the same dietary pattern, the more inclined students are to the high-fat and high-sugar dietary pattern, the higher their risk of overweight and obesity, while the more inclined they are to the vegetable-fruit-dairy dietary pattern, the lower their risk of overweight and obesity.

BACKGROUND:Because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities,Apelin-13 plays an effective role in the treatment of common clinical diseases such as neuroinflammation,cardiovascular injury and pneumonia.However,there is no relevant basic research on whether Apelin-13 also has a good effect in the treatment of inflammatory bone loss. OBJECTIVE:To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Apelin-13 on inflammatory bone loss,in order to find potential drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bone loss. METHODS:(1)In vitro experiment:RAW264.7 cells were divided into three groups:control group,lipopolysaccharide group and treatment group.The control group was only added with DMEM complete medium;lipopolysaccharide group was added with lipopolysaccharide(100 ng/mL)induced inflammation DMEM medium;and the treatment group was added with 10 nmol/L Apelin-13+lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation DMEM medium.Then,24 hours after lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation,western blot was used to detect the marker proteins inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD86 of M1 macrophages,and cell immunofluorescence was extracted to detect the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase.Finally,the same amount of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL;50 ng/ml)was added to the control group,lipopolysaccharide group and treatment group to induce osteoclasts.The results of osteoclast induction were evaluated by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and F-actin staining after 6 days of induction.(2)In vivo experiment:Eighteen male C57bl/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups:sham group,lipopolysaccharide group and treatment group.The sham group received intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mL of PBS;the lipopolysaccharide group was injected with 0.1 mL of PBS diluent containing lipopolysaccharide(5 mg/kg);and the treatment group was injected with 0.1 mL of PBS diluent containing lipopolysaccharide(5 mg/kg)+Apelin-13(100 μg/kg).After 7 days of continuous intraperitoneal injection,the mice in each group were killed on the 8th day,and two femurs of each mouse were collected.Half of them were scanned by micro-CT and analyzed by bone mineral density,and the other half were stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In vitro experiment:Western blot results showed that the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD86 in the lipopolysaccharide group were significantly higher than those in the control group,and Apelin-13 could significantly inhibit the M1 polarization of macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide.Cell immunofluorescence results also showed that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the treatment group was lower than that in the lipopolysaccharide group.Besides,tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and F-actin staining results showed that Apelin-13 inhibited the abnormal activation and bone resorption of lipopolysaccharide induced osteoclasts.(2)In vivo experiment:The results of micro-CT showed that systemic inflammation led to significant bone loss in the distal femur,while Apelin-13 could significantly inhibit bone loss in vivo.Hematoxylin-eosin staining results also showed that Apelin-13 could effectively alleviate inflammation induced bone loss in the distal femur of mice.To conclude,Apelin-13 can alleviate bone loss induced by systemic inflammation by inhibiting M1 polarization of macrophages,inhibiting abnormal activation of osteoclasts and bone resorption.

BACKGROUND:The mechanisms underlying the occurrence of pressure injuries are complex,and it is not entirely clear which factors play a central role in the development of pressure injuries and how these factors operate. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1(Piezo1)and the occurrence of pressure injuries. METHODS:(1)Cellular experiment:Human immortalized keratinocytes(HaCaT)were treated with Yoda1,a Piezo1 agonist,at different concentrations.Cell viability,calcium ion influx,Piezo1,and apoptosis-related protein expression were detected.(2)Animal experiment:Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and three experimental groups,with three rats in each group.The control group was not subjected to pressure,while in the three experimental groups,magnets with a thickness of 1,2,and 3 mm were used to press on both sides of the rats'back for 1 hour,respectively,to establish the animal models of pressure injuries.After modeling,all traumatic tissues were excised and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin,Masson,immunofluorescence staining and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Cellular experiments:The results of live/dead cell staining showed that HaCaT cell apoptosis increased with the increase of Yoda1 concentration(0,2.5,5,and 10 μmol/L),and calcium ion influx increased with the increase of Yoda1 concentration(0,5,and 10 μmol/L),as well as with the prolongation of treatment time.Western blot assay results showed an increase in the expression of BAX,TG2,and PIEZO1 and a decrease in the expression of the expression of Bcl-2 protein in HaCaT cells in 5 and 10 μmol/L Yoda1 groups compared with the control group(0 μmol/L Yoda1).Animal experiments:The results of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining showed that the skin structure of the three experimental groups was damaged at the compression site,there was subcutaneous fat liquefaction and necrosis,and collagen was sparse and disorganized,and damage to the skin structure at the compression site was aggravated with the increase of magnet thickness.Immunofluorescence staining and western blot results showed that compared with the control group,the expression of BAX,TG2,Yap1 and PIEZO1 proteins was elevated,and the expression of Bcl-2 proteins was lowered in the three experimental groups.Moreover,the expression of related proteins showed more significant changes with the increase of magnet thickness(pressure).To conclude,skin compression activates PIEZO1,leading to a significant influx of calcium ions.As the pressure increases,this ultimately results in cell apoptosis due to calcium overload.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that ischemia-induced cellular autophagy dysfunction is a key factor in brain injury.Autophagy related genes 6(ATG6),microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain(LC3),p62,and other autophagy key proteins are involved in the processes such as neuronal axonal degeneration,death,and intracellular homeostasis maintenance,playing an important role in the recovery of neural function. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress in the role of cellular autophagy in cerebral ischemic injury and the regulatory mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine. METHODS:The first author used"ischemic stroke,brain tissue injury,cellular autophagy,signaling pathways,traditional Chinese medicine compounds,terpenoids,alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,lignans,phthalates"as Chinese and English keywords respectively to search for literature on autophagy,cerebral ischemic injury,and the regulatory mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and PubMed databases from January 2016 to February 2024.Literature that is not highly relevant,repetitive,or outdated was excluded.A total of 1 746 relevant literature were retrieved,and 92 articles were ultimately included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Numerous studies have confirmed that autophagy plays an important role in cerebral ischemic injury.Moderate autophagy can promote cell survival,while excessive autophagy exacerbates brain injury.Traditional Chinese medicine can regulate the expression of autophagy related proteins,inhibit neuronal necrosis and apoptosis,and exert neuroprotective effects at different stages of cerebral ischemia by regulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR,AMPK-mTOR,and mitogen activated protein kinase.

This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and other aspects of Picrorhizae Rhizoma by referring to the medical books， prescription books， and other documents of the past dynasties， combined with relevant modern research materials， in order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb. The research results indicate that Picrorhizae Rhizoma was first recorded in New Revised Materia Medica from the Tang dynasty. Throughout history， Huhuanglian has been used as its official name， and there are also aliases such as Gehu Luze， Jiahuanglian and Hulian. The main source of past dynasties is the the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurrooa and P. scrophulariiflora. In ancient times， Picrorhizae Rhizoma was mainly imported by foreign traders via Guangzhou and other regions， and also produced in China， mainly in Xizang. In ancient times， it was harvested and dried in early August of the lunar calendar， while in modern times， it is mostly harvested from July to September， with the best quality being those with thick and crispy rhizomes without impurities， and bitter taste. Throughout history， Picrorhizae Rhizoma was collected， washed， sliced， and dried before being used as a raw material for medicine， it has a bitter and cold taste， mainly used to treat bone steaming， hot flashes， infantile chancre fever， and dysentery. There is no significant difference in taste and efficacy between ancient and modern times. Based on the research results， it is recommended that the rhizomes of P. scrophulariiflora in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， or the rhizomes of P. kurrooa， can be used in famous classical formulas containing this medicinal herb， which can be processed according to the processing requirements marked by the original formula. For those without clear processing requirements， the dried raw products are used as medicine.

Background: s/Aims: Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (DPS) is a common surgical procedure for pancreatic body cancer.However, spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) utilizing the Warshaw technique (WT) in malignancies is generally not favored due to concerns about inadequate resection. This study aims to assess the feasibility and oncologic outcomes of employing SPDP with WT in pancreatic body cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing 21 SPDP patients with 63 DPS patients matched by propensity score from January 2018 to November 2022. Clinical outcomes and follow-up data were analyzed using R. Results: Both groups exhibited similar demographic, intraoperative, and pathological characteristics, with the exception of a reduced number of total lymph nodes (p = 0.006) in the SPDP group. There were no significant differences in the rates of postoperative complications, recurrence, or metastasis. Local recurrence predominantly occurred in the central region as opposed to the spleen region.There were no cases of isolated recurrences in the splenic region. Median overall survival and recurrence-free survival times were 51.5 months for SPDP vs 30.5 months for DPS and 18.7 months vs 16.8 months, respectively (p > 0.05). The incidence of partial splenic infarction and left-side portal hypertension in the SPDP group was 28.6% (6/21) and 9.5% (2/21), respectively, without necessitating splenic abscess puncture, splenectomy, or causing bleeding from perigastric varices. Conclusions SPDP did not negatively impact local recurrence or survival rates in selected pancreatic body cancer patients. Further studies are necessary for validation.

Background: s/Aims: Distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (DPS) is a common surgical procedure for pancreatic body cancer.However, spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) utilizing the Warshaw technique (WT) in malignancies is generally not favored due to concerns about inadequate resection. This study aims to assess the feasibility and oncologic outcomes of employing SPDP with WT in pancreatic body cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing 21 SPDP patients with 63 DPS patients matched by propensity score from January 2018 to November 2022. Clinical outcomes and follow-up data were analyzed using R. Results: Both groups exhibited similar demographic, intraoperative, and pathological characteristics, with the exception of a reduced number of total lymph nodes (p = 0.006) in the SPDP group. There were no significant differences in the rates of postoperative complications, recurrence, or metastasis. Local recurrence predominantly occurred in the central region as opposed to the spleen region.There were no cases of isolated recurrences in the splenic region. Median overall survival and recurrence-free survival times were 51.5 months for SPDP vs 30.5 months for DPS and 18.7 months vs 16.8 months, respectively (p > 0.05). The incidence of partial splenic infarction and left-side portal hypertension in the SPDP group was 28.6% (6/21) and 9.5% (2/21), respectively, without necessitating splenic abscess puncture, splenectomy, or causing bleeding from perigastric varices. Conclusions SPDP did not negatively impact local recurrence or survival rates in selected pancreatic body cancer patients. Further studies are necessary for validation.