Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

In modern society, sugary foods have become an integral part of many people′s lives. However, excessive sugar consumption has adverse effects on both overall health and oral health, serving as a contributing factor to the global increasing incidence in oral diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity, and diabetes. In response to the health risks related to high-sugar diets, the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Dental Federation (FDI) have proposed initiatives and recommendations, with various governments implementing different policies and strategies to reduce sugar intake. Chinese government has also taken proactive measures. The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" initiative introduced by the State Council in 2019 established a crucial benchmark in limiting the average daily intake of added sugar to 25 g per person forward to 2030. Experts from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the field of oral health have meticulously examined the impacts of sugar reduction on oral health, as well as strategies, methods, and practical considerations related to reducing sugar intake through several meeting and wrote the "Expert consensus: reducing free-sugar for caries prevention", which was subsequently reviewed and revised based on the feedback from multiple stakeholders. They have conducted thorough analyses of global trends in sugar reduction and best practices to provide valuable insights to China for crafting effective policies and strategies on sugar reduction. This consensus mainly includes the classification of free sugars, the latest scientific evidence on dental caries, recommendations from WHO on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, nutrition labeling, advertising, food reform, adjusting supply systems, education, and promotion strategies, as well as sugar reduction actions taken by various governments around the world. Combining the actual situation in China, policy recommendations and authoritative popular science knowledge on sugar reduction for caries prevention to public are proposed to advocate for experts in multiple fields to focus on sugar reduction for caries prevention, promote the work process, and provide the scientific basis for oral health educators.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

In modern society, sugary foods have become an integral part of many people′s lives. However, excessive sugar consumption has adverse effects on both overall health and oral health, serving as a contributing factor to the global increasing incidence in oral diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity, and diabetes. In response to the health risks related to high-sugar diets, the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Dental Federation (FDI) have proposed initiatives and recommendations, with various governments implementing different policies and strategies to reduce sugar intake. Chinese government has also taken proactive measures. The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" initiative introduced by the State Council in 2019 established a crucial benchmark in limiting the average daily intake of added sugar to 25 g per person forward to 2030. Experts from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the field of oral health have meticulously examined the impacts of sugar reduction on oral health, as well as strategies, methods, and practical considerations related to reducing sugar intake through several meeting and wrote the "Expert consensus: reducing free-sugar for caries prevention", which was subsequently reviewed and revised based on the feedback from multiple stakeholders. They have conducted thorough analyses of global trends in sugar reduction and best practices to provide valuable insights to China for crafting effective policies and strategies on sugar reduction. This consensus mainly includes the classification of free sugars, the latest scientific evidence on dental caries, recommendations from WHO on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, nutrition labeling, advertising, food reform, adjusting supply systems, education, and promotion strategies, as well as sugar reduction actions taken by various governments around the world. Combining the actual situation in China, policy recommendations and authoritative popular science knowledge on sugar reduction for caries prevention to public are proposed to advocate for experts in multiple fields to focus on sugar reduction for caries prevention, promote the work process, and provide the scientific basis for oral health educators.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Abstract Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a common severe complication during pregnancy, which is characterized by complex etiology, unclear pathogenesis and lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and prediction. Recently, the development of omics technology provides new insights into the research into HDP. Based on national and international publications from 2011 to 2022, this review summarizes the application of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in the pathogenesis and prediction of HDP, so as to provide insights into the prediction, prevention and precise treatment of HDP.

Objective To evaluate the influence of stress distributions on bone-anchored maxillary protraction at different protraction sites, so as to guide patients to choose an optimal protraction site in clinic. Methods A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of child head with implant anchorages was establised. Four protraction sites were set according to the position of implant installation. Working condition 1: the alveolar bone at the intersection of distal 2 mm of primary lateral incisor crown distal surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 2: the alveolar bone at the intersection of mesial 2 mm of maxillary first primary molar crown mesial surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 3: the alveolar bone at the intersection of mesial 2 mm of maxillary first molar crown mesial surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 4: the alveolar bone at the intersection of distal 2 mm of maxillary first molar crown distal surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. The finite element models were loaded with 500 g protraction force at each side with 30° forward direction to the occlusal plane. Stress distributions on each suture were analysed. Results The maximum stress of frontomaxillary suture was in working condition 2 (1 477-28 190 Pa). The maximum stress of nasomaxillary suture was in working condition 1 (5.296-924 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticomaxillary suture was in working condition 4(394.7-13 130 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticofrontalis suture was in working condition 4 (495.2-31 690 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticotemporal suture was in working condition 3 (1 148-15 870 Pa). The maximum stress of medianpalatine suture was in working condition I (6.479-730 Pa). Conclusions When the protraction sites are set in distal maxillary primary lateral incisor and mesial maxillary first primary molar, it is of positive significance to improve the concave profile, especially in nose root. When the protraction sites are set in mesial or distal maxillary first molar, it is of positive significance to improve the concave profile, especially in maxillary basal bone of the midface.

A 62-year-old male patient received aspirin, clopidogrel, and atorvastatin calcium after percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. One week later, the patient received anti- Helicobacter pylori (Hp) therapy with amoxicillin capsules, clarithromycin tablets, bismuth tartrate capsules, and pantoprazole sodium enteric coated tablets due to Hp infection, and two to three days after taking the drugs, the patient developed systemic fatigue, nausea, joint discomfort and muscle soreness, which were gradually aggravated. Laboratory tests showed muscle hemoglobin (MYO)>1 000 μg/L, serum creatinine (Scr) 69 mmol/L, urea nitrogen (BUN) 3.5 mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 148 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 750 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 850 U/L, g-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) 181 U/L, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 177 U/L, creatine kinase (CK) 8 144 U/L, CK-MB 255 U/L. Atorvastatin calcium was stopped, and symptomatic and supportive treatments such as alkalized urine and fluid replacement were given, and anti-Hp treatments were continued. However, the CK level was continued to increase. CK reached 15 794 U/L 4 days after atorvastatin calcium discontinuation. It was considered that the patient′s rhabdomyolysis might be related to interaction between atorvastatin calcium and clarithromycin. Then the anti-Hp drugs were discontinued. On the 2nd of drug withdrawal, the patients′ muscle soreness was alleviated than before; on the 4th day, CK and other serum enzymology indexes began to decline; on the 8th day, the patient′s fatigue and muscle soreness completely disappeared, with CK 908 U/L; on the 15th day, ALT was 105 U/L, AST was 42 U/L, γ-GT was 107 U/L, CK was 143 U/L, CK-MB was 29 U/L, and LDH was 339 U/L; 5 weeks later, the patient took atorvastatin again, myalgia and fatigue did not recur, and no abnormality was found in blood biochemical indexes.

A 62-year-old male patient received aspirin, clopidogrel, and atorvastatin calcium after percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. One week later, the patient received anti- Helicobacter pylori (Hp) therapy with amoxicillin capsules, clarithromycin tablets, bismuth tartrate capsules, and pantoprazole sodium enteric coated tablets due to Hp infection, and two to three days after taking the drugs, the patient developed systemic fatigue, nausea, joint discomfort and muscle soreness, which were gradually aggravated. Laboratory tests showed muscle hemoglobin (MYO)>1 000 μg/L, serum creatinine (Scr) 69 mmol/L, urea nitrogen (BUN) 3.5 mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 148 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 750 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 850 U/L, g-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) 181 U/L, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 177 U/L, creatine kinase (CK) 8 144 U/L, CK-MB 255 U/L. Atorvastatin calcium was stopped, and symptomatic and supportive treatments such as alkalized urine and fluid replacement were given, and anti-Hp treatments were continued. However, the CK level was continued to increase. CK reached 15 794 U/L 4 days after atorvastatin calcium discontinuation. It was considered that the patient′s rhabdomyolysis might be related to interaction between atorvastatin calcium and clarithromycin. Then the anti-Hp drugs were discontinued. On the 2nd of drug withdrawal, the patients′ muscle soreness was alleviated than before; on the 4th day, CK and other serum enzymology indexes began to decline; on the 8th day, the patient′s fatigue and muscle soreness completely disappeared, with CK 908 U/L; on the 15th day, ALT was 105 U/L, AST was 42 U/L, γ-GT was 107 U/L, CK was 143 U/L, CK-MB was 29 U/L, and LDH was 339 U/L; 5 weeks later, the patient took atorvastatin again, myalgia and fatigue did not recur, and no abnormality was found in blood biochemical indexes.