Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Abstract Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a common severe complication during pregnancy, which is characterized by complex etiology, unclear pathogenesis and lack of effective tools for early diagnosis and prediction. Recently, the development of omics technology provides new insights into the research into HDP. Based on national and international publications from 2011 to 2022, this review summarizes the application of genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in the pathogenesis and prediction of HDP, so as to provide insights into the prediction, prevention and precise treatment of HDP.

Objective To evaluate the influence of stress distributions on bone-anchored maxillary protraction at different protraction sites, so as to guide patients to choose an optimal protraction site in clinic. Methods A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of child head with implant anchorages was establised. Four protraction sites were set according to the position of implant installation. Working condition 1: the alveolar bone at the intersection of distal 2 mm of primary lateral incisor crown distal surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 2: the alveolar bone at the intersection of mesial 2 mm of maxillary first primary molar crown mesial surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 3: the alveolar bone at the intersection of mesial 2 mm of maxillary first molar crown mesial surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. Working condition 4: the alveolar bone at the intersection of distal 2 mm of maxillary first molar crown distal surface and gingival cervical margin to 5 mm. The finite element models were loaded with 500 g protraction force at each side with 30° forward direction to the occlusal plane. Stress distributions on each suture were analysed. Results The maximum stress of frontomaxillary suture was in working condition 2 (1 477-28 190 Pa). The maximum stress of nasomaxillary suture was in working condition 1 (5.296-924 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticomaxillary suture was in working condition 4(394.7-13 130 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticofrontalis suture was in working condition 4 (495.2-31 690 Pa). The maximum stress of zygomaticotemporal suture was in working condition 3 (1 148-15 870 Pa). The maximum stress of medianpalatine suture was in working condition I (6.479-730 Pa). Conclusions When the protraction sites are set in distal maxillary primary lateral incisor and mesial maxillary first primary molar, it is of positive significance to improve the concave profile, especially in nose root. When the protraction sites are set in mesial or distal maxillary first molar, it is of positive significance to improve the concave profile, especially in maxillary basal bone of the midface.

Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is a pseudokinase with a kinase domain, which plays an important role in the regulation of necroptosis. After cerebral ischemia, MLKL, as the substrate protein of the receptor-interacting protein 3, undergoes oligomerization and phosphorylation, and then translocates from the cytoplasm to the plasmalemma, causing mitochondrial division and cell membrane rupture. MLKL can also mediate the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia by inducing necroptosis and directly activating inflammasomes, thereby aggravating brain injury. Therefore, to clarify the biological characteristics of MLKL and its role and mechanism in cerebral ischemia is very important for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.

Objective: To access the effect of maternal cell contamination (MCC) on the detection of copy number variation (CNV) by chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) in prenatal diagnostic samples. Methods: Amniotic fluid DNA samples were collected from Department of Prenatal Diagnosis (Screening) Centre of Hangzhou Women′s Hospital from December 2016 to August 2018. Copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in these DNA samples by CMA and normal female genomic DNA was added to simulate different proportions of maternal cells contamination. The simulated samples were tested using an Agilent microarray chromosome chip 180K CGH (Agilent 180K CGH) and the results were analyzed by Agilent CytoGenomics software. Results: The results showed that duplications of CNV could not be detected at>38.4% MCC. Deletions of CNV could not be detected at>41.3% of MCC. With the increase of MCC ratio, the detection rate of CNV decreased gradually. The array and software allowed detection of longer copy-number variations at higher levels of maternal cell contamination than shorter copy-number variations. For the same size CNV, the detection ability of the deleted CNV was slightly higher than that of duplication. In the male sample, the observable shift of the X/Y chromosome ratio at>10% MCC can be detected by the microarray. Conclusions When the MCC is higher than a particular ratio, it can affect the CMA detection of CNV. Based on the Agilent 180K CGH detection results for MCC mimics and the CNV detection specificity principle, the MCC threshold of the Agilent 180K CGH is set to 30% in view of conservative principles.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of botulinum toxin type A injection in the prevention and treatment of frontal traumatic scars immediately after operation.Methods:From January 2016 to January 2018, among the 152 patients with frontal trauma admitted to the Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, patients with wounds almost perpendicular to the Langer line were selected. Immediately after debridement and suture, botulinum toxin type A was injected with a concentration of 2 U botulinum toxin per 0.10 ml of solution, 0.05 to 0.10 ml (1 to 2 U) per 1 cm was injected into the frontal muscle according to frontal muscle strength.With reference to the observer scar assessment scale and Vancouver scar scale, the color, width, texture, thickness, pain, and itching of the postoperative scar of the frontal wound were evaluated at follow-up.Results:A total of 44 patients were included, 22 males and 22 females, aged (31.5 ± 8.4) years old, with a wound length of 1-12 cm(average, 3.5 cm) and a Botox injection volume around wounds of 0.10-0.90 ml (2-18 U) . The patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months. One patient had mild to moderate ptosis, which completely disappeared within one month. Within 6 weeks after operation, the scars in 44 patients were pink and hard. 3-6 months later, the scars gradually became soft, narrow and flat with similiar skin color, no pain and itching left in 42 patients. The satisfaction rate was 95.5% (42/44). Two patients were dissatisfied because of scar pigmentation and width.Conclusions:Immediate injection of botulinum toxin type A after debridement and suture of the frontal trauma wound can effectively prevent and improve scar appearance with a high rate of satisfaction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of botulinum toxin type A injection in the prevention and treatment of frontal traumatic scars immediately after operation.Methods:From January 2016 to January 2018, among the 152 patients with frontal trauma admitted to the Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Military Medical University, patients with wounds almost perpendicular to the Langer line were selected. Immediately after debridement and suture, botulinum toxin type A was injected with a concentration of 2 U botulinum toxin per 0.10 ml of solution, 0.05 to 0.10 ml (1 to 2 U) per 1 cm was injected into the frontal muscle according to frontal muscle strength.With reference to the observer scar assessment scale and Vancouver scar scale, the color, width, texture, thickness, pain, and itching of the postoperative scar of the frontal wound were evaluated at follow-up.Results:A total of 44 patients were included, 22 males and 22 females, aged (31.5 ± 8.4) years old, with a wound length of 1-12 cm(average, 3.5 cm) and a Botox injection volume around wounds of 0.10-0.90 ml (2-18 U) . The patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months. One patient had mild to moderate ptosis, which completely disappeared within one month. Within 6 weeks after operation, the scars in 44 patients were pink and hard. 3-6 months later, the scars gradually became soft, narrow and flat with similiar skin color, no pain and itching left in 42 patients. The satisfaction rate was 95.5% (42/44). Two patients were dissatisfied because of scar pigmentation and width.Conclusions:Immediate injection of botulinum toxin type A after debridement and suture of the frontal trauma wound can effectively prevent and improve scar appearance with a high rate of satisfaction.

Objective To investigate the association of rs579459 polymorphism in ABO gene with clinical severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Chinese Han population. Methods Based on the results of study on the association with CHD conducted by our team ,the rs579459 polymorphism in ABO gene and clinical data of 515 Chinese Han patients with CHD and 908 healthy individuals were collected and analyzed with Plink 1.07 software. Results The rs579459 polymorphism in ABO gene using allele model showed a statistically significant difference between CHD and control group (OR :1.28 ,95％ CI :1.11-1.65 ;P=0.027).When stratified by the severity of CHD ,the rs579459 polymorphism in ABO gene using allele model showed statistically significant difference between the severe CHD group and control group (OR :1.78 ,95％ CI :1.25-2.34 ;P=1.85 × 10-4 ). Conclusions The rs579459 polymorphism of ABO gene is associated with susceptibility to CHD in Chinese Han population ,and also with the severity of CHD.

Objective:To explore the influence of buccal corridor of Han people on smile esthetics.Methods:An attractive adult male and a adult female were selected as the models.Buccal corridor was altered digitally with slider technology of Adobe Flash CS4 to obtain a continuous range of buccal corridors(0% -25%).96 orthodontists aged 35.1 ±7.2 years and 96 laypersons aged 37.3 ± 5.1 years were chosen as the raters.The minimum tolerable value(A%),the ideal value(B%)and the maximum tolerable value (C%)of buccal corridor of the models were statistically analyzed.Results:In the orthodontist groupA,B and C of the male model were 5.00 ±0.1 7,9.75 ±2.77 and 1 5.00 ±2.84,in layperson group were 4.79 ±1 .00,9.20 ±3.08 and 1 5.05 ±2.91 ,respec-tively;in orthodontist group,A,B and C of the female model were 3.92 ±0.1 7,1 1 .87 ±2.77 and 1 5.82 ±2.84,in layperson group were 4.00 ±1 .00,1 2.05 ±3.08 and 1 5.1 1 ±2.91 ,respectively(all data between groups,P >0.05).The ideal buccal corri-dor value(%)of the male and female models were 9.48 ±2.73 and 1 1 .96 ±1 .99 respectively(P <0.05).Conclusion:There is no difference between orthodontists and laypersons for buccal corridor esthetic judgment.The ideal esthetic buccal corridor size of male and female is different.