OBJECTIVE: To provide the experience and demonstration for the transformation of acupuncture-moxibustion techniques standards from Chinese national standards to international standards. METHODS: Questionnaire research, literature research, semi-structured interviews and expert consultation were used. RESULTS: The safety of acupuncture-moxibustion techniques was evaluated through literature research, and based on the results of the questionnaire survey, expert interviews, and expert consultation, 11 main bodies and structure of the former Chinese national standard, Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: General Rules for Drafting, were adjusted and optimized in accordance with the requirements of international standard (including the language, normative references, purpose, scope, applicable environment, target population, work team, terms and definitions, general principles and basic requirements, structural elements and text structure, and compilation process); and the first international standard, World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societis (WFAS) Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: General Rules for Drafting was formulated to specify the general rules for drafting. CONCLUSION The 3 key questions, "international compatibility", "technical operability" and "safety" should be solved technically on the basis of explicit international requirements. It is the core technical issue during transforming the national standards of technical benchmark of acupuncture and moxibustion into international standards.
Moxibustion/methods* ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Humans ; Translational Research, Biomedical/standards* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; China ; Benchmarking/standards*

Objective:To explore the effects of resistance training with elastic band at home on muscle function and walking ability of severely burned children.Methods:A prospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted. From January 2022 to April 2023, 40 children with severe burns who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University & Wuhan Third Hospital. According to the willingness of the children or their families, the children were assigned to conventional rehabilitation group and combined rehabilitation group. During the study, 8 children dropped out of the study, 17 children were finally included in the conventional rehabilitation group with 6 males and 11 females, aged (8.5±2.4) years, and 15 children were included in the combined rehabilitation group with 5 males and 10 females, aged (9.6±2.5) years. The children in the 2 groups received conventional burn rehabilitation treatment in the hospital, including active and passive activity training, scar massage, and pressure therapy. The children in combined rehabilitation group received resistance training with elastic band of 3 to 5 times per week after discharge, and the children in conventional rehabilitation group received daily activity ability training after discharge. Before home rehabilitation training (1 week before discharge) and 12 weeks after home rehabilitation training, the grip strength was measured using a handheld grip dynamometer, the muscle strengths of the upper and lower limbs were measured using a portable dynamometer for muscle strength, lean body mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance measuring instrument, and the 6-min walking distance was measured. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test, paired sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Fisher's exact probability test. Results:After 12 weeks of home rehabilitation training, the grip strengths of children in combined rehabilitation group and conventional rehabilitation group were (15±4) and (11±4) kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than (10±4) and (9±4) kg before home rehabilitation training (with t values of -9.99 and -11.89, respectively, P values all <0.05); the grip strength of children in combined rehabilitation group was significantly higher than that in conventional rehabilitation group ( t=3.24, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of home rehabilitation training, the muscle strengths of upper and lower limbs of children in combined rehabilitation group (with t values of -11.39 and -3.40, respectively, P<0.05) and the muscle strengths of upper and lower limbs of children in conventional rehabilitation group (with t values of -7.59 and -6.69, respectively, P<0.05) were significantly higher than those before home rehabilitation training, and the muscle strengths of upper and lower limbs of children in combined rehabilitation group were significantly higher than those in conventional rehabilitation group (with t values of 3.80 and 7.87, respectively, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of home rehabilitation training, the lean body mass of children in combined rehabilitation group was significantly higher than that before home rehabilitation training ( t=0.21, P<0.05). After 12 weeks of home rehabilitation training, the 6-min walking distances of children in conventional rehabilitation group and combined rehabilitation group were significantly longer than those before home rehabilitation training (with t values of -5.33 and -3.40, respectively, P<0.05), and the 6-min walking distance of children in combined rehabilitation group was significantly longer than that in conventional rehabilitation group ( t=3.81, P<0.05). Conclusions:Conventional burn rehabilitation treatment in hospital and home resistance training with elastic band for 12 weeks after discharge can significantly improve the muscle function and walking ability of severely burned children.

Objective To investigate the expression of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17(IL-17) and complement cleavage fragment C5a and the regulation effect of C5a on the expression of IL-17 during renal allograft rejection .Methods The frequency of IL-17+ T cell in peripheral blood and the expression of IL-17 in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) after C5a stimulation in renal transplant recipients were measured by flow cytometry and the changes of serum C5a level was detected by ELISA ,respectively .Im-munohistochemistry was applied to detect and compare the expression of IL-17 and the deposition of C5b-9 in normal renal tissues and renal tissues with allograft rejection .The difference of IL-17 expression in HK2 cells before and after the recombinant C5a stimulation was detected by immunocytochemistry .Results Both the percentage of IL-17+ T cells and serum C5a levels were sig-nificantly increased after the allogeneic renal transplantation .Compared with normal renal tissues ,both the deposition of C5b-9 and the IL-17 expression in renal tissues with allograft rejection was remarkably up-regulated ,which showed the positive correlation be-tween them .The expression of IL-17 in HK2 was obviously up-regulated by the recombinant C5a stimulation .Conclusion C5a may positively regulate the expression of IL-17 by tubular epithelial cells during the renal allograft rejection .

Astract:Objective To assess the anatomical and functional significance of the bladder and urethra in female SUI by dynamic MRI and urodynamic. Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analysed on 60 cases of female stress urinary incontinence from Feb 2011 to Nov 2013. All the women received pelvic floor dynamic MRI and Urodynamic study. Measured the urethral angle,the distance of the H line, M line and the descent of the bladder,cervical,anorectal junction from the PCL in the mid-sagittal dynamic MR image of the pelvic. Pearson 's correlation coefficient was used to examine the association among the distance of the H line,M line and the urethral angle,the descent of the bladder,cervical,anorectal junction from the PCL and the Urodynamic data. Results The distance of the H line,M line were significantly and positively associated with urethral angle and the descent of the bladder,cervical,anorectal junction from the PCL. The distance of the H line,M line were significantly and negatively associated with functional profile length, maximum urethral closure pressure,VLPP and detrusor opening pressure. Conclusion Pelvic floor dynamic MRI combined with Urodynamic study is useful for assessing the anatomical and func-tional significance of the bladder and urethra in female SUI.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic single-port transumbilical renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection (TRPLD) for treatment of chyluria. Methods Nine cases of chyluria underwent laparoscopic single-port TRPLD. In all cases a 2-3 cm single inverted Ushaped supraumbilical incision was made, two 5-mm and one 12-mm trocars were inserted, and a medical rubber glove was sutured surrounding the three trocars and incision was made for gas proofing.Conventional straight and flexible instruments were used for dissection. Results All laparoscopic operations were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 135 (96-178) minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 126 (50-250) ml. Chyluria disappeared in all patients after operation and did not reoccur during the follow-up (1 - 6 months).Conclusions Laparoscopic single-port transumbilical TRPLD represents a feasible and novel mini-invasive option for patients with chyluria.

BACKGROUND: Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has been proved to be a novel kidney-specific injury molecule as a marker for the diagnosis of acute renal ischemia injury, and KIM-1 participated in the progress of renal injury repair. However, no one reported the significance of its dynamic expression during the functional rehabilitation of renal graft.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations between urinary KIM-1 level and the early renal graft function in order to provide rational approaches for evaluating or predicting early renal graft function.METHODS: The 46 patients were divided into 3 groups, including 22 cases of immediate graft function (IGF), 14 cases of slow graft function (SGF) and 10 cases of delayed graft function (DGF). The 24-hour urine specimen was collected every day for 2 weeks since the operation. The urinary KIM-1 content was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and at the same time the urinary and serum creatinine levels were detected. The diversity of urinary KIM-1 level was observed during the recovery of the graft function, and the clinical significance was evaluated by analyzing the correlation of urinary KIM-1 level and serum creatinine.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the first 2 days after kidney transplantation, the urinary KIM-1 levels were high and no significant difference was observed between the three groups (P < 0.05). Two days later, the urinary KIM-1 level descended quickly along with the descent of the serum creatinine in IGF and SGF groups; the urinary KIM-1 maintained high levels until the serum creatinine reached normally. In DGF group, the urinary KIM-1 decreased quickly to a low level after 2 days from operation, but it increased promptly 1 to 2 days before the recovery of graft function and kept a high level until the serum creatinine reached normally. This suggested that consecutive detection of urinary KIM-1 is useful for monitoring the early graft function after kidney transplantation, and high urinary KIM-1 may suggest the recovery of graft function.

BACKGROUND: Urethral fistula following renal transplantation accounts for 40%-70% of urinary complications, owing to surgical and medical factors. OBJECTIVE: To effectively decrease and avoid attack of urethral fistula after renal transplantation, and prolong the survival of kidney. METHODS: Clinical data from 68 cases following renal transplantation were retrospectively analyzed at the levels of pathogeny, diagnosis and treatment. There were 47 males and 21 females, aging 20 58 years. Urethral fistula occurred at 3 31 days after renal transplantation, and the amount was 60-2 000 mL per day. Based on the principle of the urethral injury classification method, urethral fistula was divided into simple and complex categories, while according to the fistula site, etiology and extent, urethral fistula was divided into low, high and multiple fistula. Attack rate of simple urethral fistula and complex urethral fistula was detected following renal transplantation so as to analyze the pathogeny of urethral fistula. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of 68 cases with urethral fistula following renal transplantation, 47 cases (69.1%) were simple urethral fistula, including 42 cases with ureteral end necrosis, 4 cases with lax anastomotic suture of ureter bladder, and 1 case with ureteral anastomotic badness caused by wound infection, and 21 cases (30.9%) were complex urethral fistula, including 2 cases with renal pelvis fistula, 2 cases with ureter, 11 cases with ureterovesical anastomosis region, 6 cases with ureteral necrosis longer than 2 cm. A lot of causes may induce urethral fistula following renal transplantation. The blood stream, edema, size of fistula, length of the ureter, and operative procedures are selected to ensure free of strain. Urethral fistula can be treated on time on the basis of different situations.

BACKGROUND: Present existed procedure protocol for urinary fistula has some limitations, which can not reflect diseased region, pathological change, or severe condition of patients, OBJECTIVE: To establish the procedure protocol for urinary fistula diagnosis and treatment following renal transplantation, in addition, to investigate its significance in clinical practice. METHODS: A total of 102 cases with urinary fistula, including 67 male and 35 female, range in age from 21 to 57 years. According to the business management mode, we have designed the "five-step procedure protocol" for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary fistula after renal transplantation. Four diagnosis steps consisting of qualitative, located, quantitative and classified, as well as one treatment step. Among 102 cases of urinary fistula, 34 were adopted conservative treatment, including 24 cases with drainage tube and retention type catheter, 10 cases with indwelling ureteric stents at tubal bladder. Other 68 cases received surgical treatment. In 47 cases with simple fistula, 36 cases received ureter/bladder replantation, 11 cases with ureteral anastomosis. Twenty-one cases with complex fistula were treated with surgical prosthesis using omentum majus after repairing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the 34 cases receiving conservative treatment, 2 got urinary tract infection repeatedly, and 5 got the stenosis of ureterovesical anastomotic stoma. Among the 68 cases receiving surgical treatment, 2 had ureteral stoma stricture, 1 ureterovesical anastomotic stoma stricture, and 1 ureteral countercurrent. In the surgical treatment series, 3 cases died from severe pulmonary infection elicited by urinary fistula. 77 cases were available for long-term follow-up, 22 were dropped out. In the 57 cases with simple fistula were followed up for 1-10 years, the transplanted renal function was normal in 40 cases, and 17 cases suffered from chronic rejection. 20 cases with complex fistula treated with surgical prosthesis using omentum majus were followed up for 1-7 years, 19 cases were normal, 1 patient had increased creatinine, which was returned to normal after intravenous glucocorticoid therapy. The design of "qualitative, located, quantitative and classified" standard for urinary fistula diagnosis following renal transplantation, and the establishment of "five-step procedure protocol", make urinary fistula diagnosis and treatment more ordered and standard, which is more feasible for selecting optimal therapeutic scheme.

BACKGROUND: The urinary fistula rates following kidney transplantation are varying in each center, which lack of unified classification criteria and treatment standard. OBJECTIVE: To explore optimal treatments for urinary fistula following kidney transplantation by retrospective analyzing the characteristics, etiological factors and therapeutic efficacy of urinary fistula. METHODS: Totally 68 patients with urinary fistula were collected, including 42 males and 26 females, aged 21-57 years. The urinary fistula occurred at days 1-17 after operation. According to the location of urinary fistula, patients were divided into stomas fistula and ureter fistula groups. The location of fistula was determined by cystography, magnetic resonance hydrography (MRH) or operation research. In both groups, conservative treatment was first adopted, namely, placing a negative pressure drainage tube draining the wounds and placing a double-J catheter or a urinary canal in, however, if invalid, a surgical repair was performed. There were 45 patients underwent surgery. The location, onset period, therapeutic efficacies of urinary fistula was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the 68 cases of fistula, 20(29.4%) were stomas fistula and 48 (70.6%) were ureter fistula. The onset period was (5.1±2.5) and (8.8±5.5) days after transplantation, respectively (P < 0.05). Fifteen of 20 stomas fistula (75.0%) were cured successfully by conservative treatment. Whereas, for the remaining 5 cases (25.0%), we attempted open surgery, among which 4 were cured, free of recurrence, and 1 case underwent nephrectomy because of acute rejection. For the 48 cases of ureter fisula, only 8 (16.7%) were cured by conservative treatment, but the other 40 (83.3%) must accept further open surgery, among which 35 were cured (including 6 cases of recurrent fistula). Three cases underwent nephrectomy failure of repair owing to acute rejection, besides 2 died of pulmonary infection. The achievement ratio of conservative treatment in lower fistulae was significantly higher than that of upper fistulae (P < 0.01). It is necessary to determine the location of urinary fistula following kidney transplantation. Compared to ureter fistula, stomas fistula occurred earlier with great leaked volume. Conservative treatment can first selected for stomas fistula, only if it is invalid can we resort to open surgery. However, for. ureter fistula, it is wise to adopt open surgery as soon as possible.

BACKGROUND: Urological complication is one of common surgical complications following transplantation and severely threatens renal function, even patient's lives. Urological complications following renal transplantation mainly contain urinary fistula,ureteral obstruction and ureter backflow.OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the incidence and management of urological complications following kidney transplantation.METHODS: A total of 1 223 patient times following kidney transplants were selected at the Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from December 1993 to April 2007.According to ureter of donor kidney and the urinary tract of recipients, ureteroneocystostomy was used for urinary tract reconstitution in 948 patient times, and end-to-end ureteroureterostomy in 275 patient times. Urological complications such as urinary fistula, ureteral obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were treated by the different methods on the basis of the different causes, mainly by surgical procedures. Reason of urological complications, surgical management of urologicalcomplications and its clinical outcome, the 3-year survival rate of grafted kidney were measured.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In a total of 1 223 patients, urological complications were encountered in 92 cases (7.5%), including 43 cases of urinary fistula (3.5%), 35 ureteral obstruction (2.9%), 14 VUR (1.1%). 35 cases of urinary fistula, 29 ureteral obstruction, 6 VUR were cured by surgical procedures including ureteroureterostomy in 35 patients (50%), revision of ureteroneocystostomy in 18 (25.7%), endourology in 11 (15.7%) and other operation in 6 (9.6%). All recipients with urological complications regained normal graft function except one undoing transplanted nephrectomy due to the pelvis and urteral necrosis. There was no grafted kidney and recipient loss secondary to these complications in the present series. The 3-year survival rate of graft with urological complications and without urological complications did not show significant difference (P > 0.05). These indicated that most of urological complications following kidney transplantation request surgical management, and ureteroureterostomy are frequently used. The long-term graft survival is not affected by a correctly treated urological complication.