Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

BACKGROUND:A large number of articles have reported the effect and mechanism of platelet-rich plasma and hydrogel in the treatment of spinal cord injury,but few articles have summarized their treatment strategies for spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the pathological process of spinal cord injury and the strategies of repairing spinal cord injury with platelet-rich plasma and hydrogel alone and in combination. METHODS:PubMed and CNKI databases were searched for articles published from inception to March 2024 by computer.The Chinese search terms were"spinal cord injury,platelet-rich plasma,hydrogel."The English search terms were"spinal cord injury,spinal cord,platelet-rich plasma,hydrogel,angiogenesis,neuralgia,combination therapy."Articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and 128 articles were finally included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The classification of platelet-rich plasma is complex and diverse,and the effects of platelet-rich plasma in the repair treatment of spinal cord injury are various,but they all show certain positive effects,that is,they can promote axon regeneration,stimulate angiogenesis,and treat neuropathic pain and so on.(2)The effect of platelet-rich plasma is mainly due to the growth factors contained in platelet-rich plasma.(3)There are many types of hydrogels,which mainly play the role of filling,simulating extracellular matrix,carrying drugs and biological products,and carrying cells as scaffolds in the repair treatment of spinal cord injury.(4)Compared with single therapy,combination therapy of platelet-rich plasma and hydrogel can promote nerve regeneration and spinal cord function recovery more effectively.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of emodin(EMO)on dextran sulfate(DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice.Methods DSS induced UC mouse model,detection of body weight,colon length and histopathological changes.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-10(IL-10),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)levels.Western blot analysis examined the expression of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway-related proteins.Flow cytometry assessed the ratio of helper T cells 17(Th17)to regulatory T cells(Treg).Additionally,16S rDNA sequencing was employed to evaluate gut microbiota composition.Results Compared with the normal group,DSS-treated mice exhibited significant weight loss,shortened colon length,and marked histological damage(P<0.001).EMO intervention,particularly at high doses,demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in body weight and colon injury(P<0.05).ELISA analysis showed EMO reduced TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 levels while increasing IL-10(P<0.05).Western blot results indicated EMO inhibited abnormal activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and restored IκB.Conclusion EMO effectively mitigates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis(UC)inflammation and intestinal damage by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway,restoring Th17/Treg balance,and maintaining microbial homeostasis,providing theoretical support for its potential as a UC therapeutic agent.

The SVA and different serotypes of VSV(VSNJV and VSIV)are susceptible to infect pigs and cause blister injuries to the lips and hoof of pigs.The clinical symptoms of diseases caused by these viruses are very similar,which is easy to cause misdiagnosis.Therefore,a multiplex nano-PCR method was developed for the simultaneous defection of VSV,VSNJV and VSIV.In this stud-y,three pairs of specific primers were designed according to the SVA-P gene,VSNJV-N gene and VSIV-N gene.The optimal annealing temperature and optimal primer concentration were tested,and the reaction system and conditions were optimized.We have developed a novel,rapid and sensitive multiple nano-PCR detection method for simultaneous detection of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV,which was developed by using nano-metal materials.The specific test results showed that the method could specifically amplify the target genes of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV,with no cross-reactivity to PRV,ASFV,PCV2 and PHEV.The sensitivity test results showed that the minimum nucleic acid detection of the method was 10 copies/μL,which sensitivity was great.In addition,the optimal primers showed good reactivity and stability to different batches of enzymes and plasmids.There were 7 among 50 of diseased pig samples were SVA positive by multiple nano-PCR detec-tion method,and 5 out of 50 of diseased pig samples were SVA positive by ordinary single PCR method.Moreover,no VSNJV and VSIV were detected by the two methods.In conclusion,this es-tablished multiple nano-PCR detection method has higher specificity and sensitivity in the detec-tion of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV.And this study could provide technical support for the rapid differ-ential diagnosis,prevention and control of swine viral vesicular diseases in clinical settings.

Objective To observe and compare the therapeutic effects of aflibercept biosimilar and originator afliber-cept through intravitreal injection in patients with age-related wet macular degeneration(AMD).Methods This retro-spective study enrolled 60 AMD patients(60 eyes)who were diagnosed and treated at the Department of Ophthalmology,Zibo Central Hospital,from January 2024 to May 2024.These patients were divided into two groups.Specifically,30 pa-tients(30 eyes)(the originator group)received the intravitreal injection of originator aflibercept,while another 30 patients(30 eyes)(the biosimilar group)received the intravitreal injection of aflibercept biosimilar.All patients followed a 3+PRN treatment regimen with a follow-up period of at least 6 months.Relevant examinations including best-corrected visual acui-ty(BCVA),optical coherence tomography,corneal endothelial microscopy,and multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG)were performed before and after treatment.Moreover,the BCVA,central retinal thickness(CRT),pigment epithelial de-tachment(PED)height,corneal endothelial cell density,hexagonal cell ratio,coefficient of variation(CV)of corneal en-dothelial cells,P1 wave amplitude density of the first ring,number of intravitreal injections,and incidence of complications were compared between both groups.Results No statistically significant differences were observed in the age,sex ratio,or disease duration between both groups(all P＞0.05).After treatment,the BCVA,CRT,and PED height of patients in both groups decreased,and the P1 wave amplitude density of the first ring increased in both groups,with statistically sig-nificant differences compared with baseline values(all P＜0.05).In the originator group,the corneal endothelial cell den-sity,hexagonal cell ratio,and CV of corneal endothelial cells of patients in both groups increased after treatment,while the biosimilar group showed a decrease in the corneal endothelial cell density and hexagonal cell ratio,alongside an increase in the CV of corneal endothelial cells;however,these changes were not statistically significant compared with baseline values(all P＞0.05).No significant difference was observed in the number of intravitreal injections between both groups(P＞0.05).The correlation analysis results revealed positive associations between disease duration and post-treatment BCVA(logMAR)in both groups(r=0.901 and 0.905,respectively;both P＜0.000 1).No severe ocular complications or cardio-vascular/cerebrovascular events occurred in all patients.Conclusion There is no significant difference in the short-term efficacy between originator aflibercept and aflibercept biosimilar in the treatment of patients with wet AMD.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To observe and compare the therapeutic effects of aflibercept biosimilar and originator afliber-cept through intravitreal injection in patients with age-related wet macular degeneration(AMD).Methods This retro-spective study enrolled 60 AMD patients(60 eyes)who were diagnosed and treated at the Department of Ophthalmology,Zibo Central Hospital,from January 2024 to May 2024.These patients were divided into two groups.Specifically,30 pa-tients(30 eyes)(the originator group)received the intravitreal injection of originator aflibercept,while another 30 patients(30 eyes)(the biosimilar group)received the intravitreal injection of aflibercept biosimilar.All patients followed a 3+PRN treatment regimen with a follow-up period of at least 6 months.Relevant examinations including best-corrected visual acui-ty(BCVA),optical coherence tomography,corneal endothelial microscopy,and multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG)were performed before and after treatment.Moreover,the BCVA,central retinal thickness(CRT),pigment epithelial de-tachment(PED)height,corneal endothelial cell density,hexagonal cell ratio,coefficient of variation(CV)of corneal en-dothelial cells,P1 wave amplitude density of the first ring,number of intravitreal injections,and incidence of complications were compared between both groups.Results No statistically significant differences were observed in the age,sex ratio,or disease duration between both groups(all P＞0.05).After treatment,the BCVA,CRT,and PED height of patients in both groups decreased,and the P1 wave amplitude density of the first ring increased in both groups,with statistically sig-nificant differences compared with baseline values(all P＜0.05).In the originator group,the corneal endothelial cell den-sity,hexagonal cell ratio,and CV of corneal endothelial cells of patients in both groups increased after treatment,while the biosimilar group showed a decrease in the corneal endothelial cell density and hexagonal cell ratio,alongside an increase in the CV of corneal endothelial cells;however,these changes were not statistically significant compared with baseline values(all P＞0.05).No significant difference was observed in the number of intravitreal injections between both groups(P＞0.05).The correlation analysis results revealed positive associations between disease duration and post-treatment BCVA(logMAR)in both groups(r=0.901 and 0.905,respectively;both P＜0.000 1).No severe ocular complications or cardio-vascular/cerebrovascular events occurred in all patients.Conclusion There is no significant difference in the short-term efficacy between originator aflibercept and aflibercept biosimilar in the treatment of patients with wet AMD.

The SVA and different serotypes of VSV(VSNJV and VSIV)are susceptible to infect pigs and cause blister injuries to the lips and hoof of pigs.The clinical symptoms of diseases caused by these viruses are very similar,which is easy to cause misdiagnosis.Therefore,a multiplex nano-PCR method was developed for the simultaneous defection of VSV,VSNJV and VSIV.In this stud-y,three pairs of specific primers were designed according to the SVA-P gene,VSNJV-N gene and VSIV-N gene.The optimal annealing temperature and optimal primer concentration were tested,and the reaction system and conditions were optimized.We have developed a novel,rapid and sensitive multiple nano-PCR detection method for simultaneous detection of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV,which was developed by using nano-metal materials.The specific test results showed that the method could specifically amplify the target genes of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV,with no cross-reactivity to PRV,ASFV,PCV2 and PHEV.The sensitivity test results showed that the minimum nucleic acid detection of the method was 10 copies/μL,which sensitivity was great.In addition,the optimal primers showed good reactivity and stability to different batches of enzymes and plasmids.There were 7 among 50 of diseased pig samples were SVA positive by multiple nano-PCR detec-tion method,and 5 out of 50 of diseased pig samples were SVA positive by ordinary single PCR method.Moreover,no VSNJV and VSIV were detected by the two methods.In conclusion,this es-tablished multiple nano-PCR detection method has higher specificity and sensitivity in the detec-tion of SVA,VSNJV and VSIV.And this study could provide technical support for the rapid differ-ential diagnosis,prevention and control of swine viral vesicular diseases in clinical settings.

Objective:To establish the reference intervals of reticulocyte parameters for children in the Beijing area.Methods:1 766(856 males and 910 females) healthy children aged from 1 to 18 years old in the Beijing area were studied, the infant group (≥1-3 years old) included 146 participants; the preschool group (>3-6 years old) had 449 participants; the school age group (>6-13 years old) had 646 participants and the adolescent group (>13-18 years old) had 525 participants. Seven parameters were measured in venous blood by SySmex XN-20 (A1) automatic blood cell analyzer, which included reticulocyte percentage (RET%), absolute reticulocyte count (RET#), low fluorescence reticulocyte (LFR), medium fluorescence reticulocyte (MFR), high fluorescence reticulocyte (HFR), immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He). After the test results were collected, the reference intervals were established according to the percentile ( P2.5, P97.5). As the reference intervals were established, venous blood samples from 109 healthy children in Beijing were collected to verify the reference intervals according to WS/T 402-2012 "Define and determine the reference intervals in clinical laboratory". Results:The reference interval of 7 Reticulocyte parameters for children aged 1-18 years without age and sex grouping,reference interval (RET%): 0.74%-2.06%; absolute reticulocyte count (RET#): (34.5-101.5)×10 9/L; low fluorescence reticulocyte (LFR): 86.6%-96.5%; medium fluorescence reticulocyte (MFR): 3.2%-11.5%; high fluorescence reticulocyte (HFR): 0%-2.1%; immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF): 3.5%-13.4%; reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He): 28.5-34.2 pg. Over 90% test results of samples from the 109 children ranged within the reference ranges. Conclusion:This study established convincible reference intervals of seven reticulocyte parameters for healthy children aged from 1 to 18 in the Beijing area was established, and reference interval verification passed.

Objectives:To explore the feasibility of using hemodynamic phenotypes to guide antihypertensive treatment medication. Methods:This study prospectively included 100 hypertensive patients who received outpatient treatment at Haidian Hospital in Beijing from January 2021 to December 2021.Evaluation of blood pressure was conducted using laboratory and home blood pressure measurements,impedance cardiogram(ICG)detection was performed.Following hemodynamic phenotypes and therapeutic phenotypes were established:hyperkinetic phenotype(increased heart rate)using β-blockers,large artery phenotype(increased large artery resistance index)using calcium antagonists,peripheral vascular phenotype(increased peripheral vascular resistance index)using renin angiotensin system inhibitors,and high-volume phenotype(increased blood volume saturation)using diuretics.Patients were randomly divided into ICG group(n=50,medication treatment based on hemodynamic characteristics)and control group(n=50,treatment based on hypertension guidelines and clinical experience).Patients were followed up for 8 weeks and the blood pressure reduction amplitude and compliance rate were compare between the two groups. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in baseline data such as sex,age,height,weight,and hemodynamic parameters between the two groups(all P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the types of baseline medication between the two groups(P＞0.05).After medication adjustment,the types of medication increased,but the difference between the two groups was still not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Clinic blood pressure:After 8 weeks,decreases in systolic([8.38±27.78]mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)and diastolic([3.94±18.15]mmHg)blood pressure were greater in the ICG group as compared to the control group(both P＜0.05).The blood pressure compliance rate(＜140/90 mmHg)was higher in the ICG group than that in the control group(66.0%vs.42.0%,P＜0.05).Family blood pressure:after 8 weeks,the reduction in systolic([8.22±21.31]mmHg,P＜0.01)and diastolic([4.76±13.88]mmHg,P＜0.05)blood pressure was greater in the ICG group compared to the control group.The blood pressure compliance rate(＜135/85 mmHg)was higher in the ICG group than that in the control group(70.0%vs.48.0%,P＜0.05).Changes in corresponding hemodynamic parameters before and after two different antihypertensive drugs:the heart rate,arterial resistance index,peripheral vascular resistance index,and blood volume saturation of the ICG group all significantly decreased compared to baseline(all P＜0.05).The control group showed a significant decrease in peripheral vascular resistance index compared to baseline(P＜0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference in heart rate,large artery resistance index,and blood volume saturation compared to baseline(all P＞0.05). Conclusions:By using impedance cardiogram to assess hemodynamic phenotypes and accurately guide the selection of antihypertensive drugs based on hemodynamic phenotypes,it is possible to more effectively lower blood pressure and improve blood pressure compliance.