Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)mainly causes sow abor-tion,stillbirth,mummified fetus and respiratory symptoms in piglets.Since first reported in China in 1996,the virus complexity has increased significantly in more than 20 years of genetic evolution,bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry.In recent years,with the emergence of various PRRSV recombinant virus strains,preventing and controlling this epidemic became increasingly difficult.The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the genome structure and func-tion of PRRSV,RNA virus recombination mechanism,main types of recombination,and the epi-demic status and recombination for the dominant epidemic PRRSV strains,in order to provide clues for in-depth research on gene recombination of PRRSV,thus providing the theoretical sup-port for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies.

Objective To explore the effect of diet therapy on alcohol-induced chronic liver injury in rats and its relationship with TLR4 pathway.Methods According to Pueraria:Poria:Amomum villosum:Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae:Codonopsis:Zingiberis Rhizoma=15∶15∶10∶10∶10∶6,the water extract of the therapeutic prescription was prepared.A total of 78 female SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal group(n=12),model group(n=18),Hugan tablet group(0.35 g·kg-1,n=12),low-,medium-and high-dose Shiliaofang groups(2,6,18 g·kg-1,n=12).Except for the normal group,the rats in each group were induced alcoholic liver disease(ALD)by gradient alcohol gavage.After 10 weeks of intervention,the changes of body weight and water intake of rats were observed.The whole blood routine,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC)and liver malondialdehyde(MDA)were measured.The levels of serum alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH),aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH),lipopolysaccharide(LPS),D-lactic acid(D-LA),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver and ileum.Oil red staining was used to observe liver fat deposition.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ileal tight junction component occludin.Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein in liver.Results Compared with the model group,the levels of WBC,LYC,TC,ALT,AST,LPS,D-LA,TNF-α and IL-6 in each diet group decreased,IL-10 increased,liver inflammatory cell infiltration and red lipid droplets decreased,intestinal villi were intact and densely arranged,the expression of occludin protein in ileum increased,and the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein in liver decreased.Conclusion The self-made dietotherapy prescription has a significant protective effect on chronic liver injury induced by alcohol in rats,which may be related to its down-regulation of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB p65 protein expression and up-regulation of ileal occludin protein expression,improvement of intestinal mucosal barrier function,reduction of endotoxin entry into the liver,activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway,thereby reducing the second hit to the liver.This diet can be developed as a potential anti-alcoholic liver injury drug.

BACKGROUND:Irisin plays a crucial role in the physiological regulation of the body,advancing the browning process of white adipose tissue cells and exerting significant effects on the regulation of energy metabolism,thermogenesis,reduction of oxidative stress,and body mass loss.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the latest research progress in irisin and related diseases.METHODS:A computerized search of PubMed,MedReading,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP was performed to collect studies on the effect of irisin on relevant diseases.The search time was from January 1,2011 to April 13,2024.The search terms were"irisin,physical exercise,FNDC5,disease"in Chinese and English.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,71 papers were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Irisin has important roles in anti-inflammation,fat metabolism,bone metabolism,brain health,cancer,diabetes,cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.Moreover,exercise can promote the expression of irisin,and different forms of exercises have different effects on irisin levels.Acute exercise,long-term exercise,resistance exercise and high-intensity exercise can all enhance irisin levels.The discovery of irisin provides a new potential basis for exercise therapy,which is a promising therapeutic target due to the multiple biological functions of irisin,and shows potential therapeutic value in the treatment of human metabolic diseases and their complications,obesity,and cancer.Irisin has a promising application as a potential target for the treatment of obesity,cognitive function,cardiovascular,cancer and other diseases in clinical practice.However,its specific mechanism of action still needs to be studied in depth,and there may be side effects.In the future,an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of irisin is needed to provide a more adequate basis for the treatment of obesity,cognitive dysfunction,cardiovascular disease,and cancer.

Objective To explore the effect of diet therapy on alcohol-induced chronic liver injury in rats and its relationship with TLR4 pathway.Methods According to Pueraria:Poria:Amomum villosum:Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae:Codonopsis:Zingiberis Rhizoma=15∶15∶10∶10∶10∶6,the water extract of the therapeutic prescription was prepared.A total of 78 female SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:normal group(n=12),model group(n=18),Hugan tablet group(0.35 g·kg-1,n=12),low-,medium-and high-dose Shiliaofang groups(2,6,18 g·kg-1,n=12).Except for the normal group,the rats in each group were induced alcoholic liver disease(ALD)by gradient alcohol gavage.After 10 weeks of intervention,the changes of body weight and water intake of rats were observed.The whole blood routine,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC)and liver malondialdehyde(MDA)were measured.The levels of serum alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH),aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH),lipopolysaccharide(LPS),D-lactic acid(D-LA),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver and ileum.Oil red staining was used to observe liver fat deposition.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ileal tight junction component occludin.Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein in liver.Results Compared with the model group,the levels of WBC,LYC,TC,ALT,AST,LPS,D-LA,TNF-α and IL-6 in each diet group decreased,IL-10 increased,liver inflammatory cell infiltration and red lipid droplets decreased,intestinal villi were intact and densely arranged,the expression of occludin protein in ileum increased,and the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein in liver decreased.Conclusion The self-made dietotherapy prescription has a significant protective effect on chronic liver injury induced by alcohol in rats,which may be related to its down-regulation of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB p65 protein expression and up-regulation of ileal occludin protein expression,improvement of intestinal mucosal barrier function,reduction of endotoxin entry into the liver,activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway,thereby reducing the second hit to the liver.This diet can be developed as a potential anti-alcoholic liver injury drug.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)mainly causes sow abor-tion,stillbirth,mummified fetus and respiratory symptoms in piglets.Since first reported in China in 1996,the virus complexity has increased significantly in more than 20 years of genetic evolution,bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry.In recent years,with the emergence of various PRRSV recombinant virus strains,preventing and controlling this epidemic became increasingly difficult.The purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the genome structure and func-tion of PRRSV,RNA virus recombination mechanism,main types of recombination,and the epi-demic status and recombination for the dominant epidemic PRRSV strains,in order to provide clues for in-depth research on gene recombination of PRRSV,thus providing the theoretical sup-port for formulating scientific prevention and control strategies.

BACKGROUND:Irisin plays a crucial role in the physiological regulation of the body,advancing the browning process of white adipose tissue cells and exerting significant effects on the regulation of energy metabolism,thermogenesis,reduction of oxidative stress,and body mass loss.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the latest research progress in irisin and related diseases.METHODS:A computerized search of PubMed,MedReading,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP was performed to collect studies on the effect of irisin on relevant diseases.The search time was from January 1,2011 to April 13,2024.The search terms were"irisin,physical exercise,FNDC5,disease"in Chinese and English.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,71 papers were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Irisin has important roles in anti-inflammation,fat metabolism,bone metabolism,brain health,cancer,diabetes,cardiovascular disease and kidney disease.Moreover,exercise can promote the expression of irisin,and different forms of exercises have different effects on irisin levels.Acute exercise,long-term exercise,resistance exercise and high-intensity exercise can all enhance irisin levels.The discovery of irisin provides a new potential basis for exercise therapy,which is a promising therapeutic target due to the multiple biological functions of irisin,and shows potential therapeutic value in the treatment of human metabolic diseases and their complications,obesity,and cancer.Irisin has a promising application as a potential target for the treatment of obesity,cognitive function,cardiovascular,cancer and other diseases in clinical practice.However,its specific mechanism of action still needs to be studied in depth,and there may be side effects.In the future,an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of irisin is needed to provide a more adequate basis for the treatment of obesity,cognitive dysfunction,cardiovascular disease,and cancer.

Permeability is one of the determinants of intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability. The non-cell-based permeation model is a kind of in vitro permeability measurement tool, which has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, stable property, easy to use and customizable. According to the barrier type, non-cell-based permeation model can be divided into biomimetic barriers containing (phosphate) lipids and non-biomimetic barriers without lipids. Biomimetic permeation models include parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, vesicle-based permeation assay and PermeaPad®. Non biomimetic permeation models include Hollow fiber membrane models based on polyether sulfone materials. In foreign countries, the application of these four barriers for different purposes is gradually becoming a hot spot in drug absorption research. However, in China, there are only more applied studies on PMAPM and few published applied studies on the other three barriers. In order to meet the development needs of insoluble drug formulations, the author summarized the permeability devices and permeability calculation methods, searched the application of non-cell-based permeation model in the permeability of BSCⅡ drugs in recent years, and summarized the characteristic applications of three Biomimetic permeation models and hollow fiber membranes.

In order to develop a positive quality control products for the detection of porcine repro-ductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV)nucleic acid by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),the positive quality control products of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 M genes were prepared using armored RNA technology of MS2 phage.PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 M genes were amplified,purified and recovered,and ligated into pET28b vector containing MS2 mature enzyme protein gene and capsid protein.After transformed into BL21(DE3),the gene products were in-duced by IPTG and purified by PEG6000 precipitation method to prepare the armored RNA virus-like particles(AR-PRRSV)containing PRRSV M gene.Following the performance evaluation,as the positive quality control products of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 M genes,AR-PRRSV1M and AR-PRRSV2M were calculated using YY/T 1652-2019 standard.Results showed that it had a good u-niformity,stable storage for the armored virus-like particles at-20,4,25 ℃ for 60 d,and 37 ℃ for 30 d.The prepared armored virus-like particles AR-PRRSV1M and AR-PRRSV2M were deter-mined by digital quantitative PCR(ddPCR)after preliminary quantification by RT-qPCR.The 104 copies/μL of AR-PRRSV1M and AR-PRRSV2M ddPCR fixation was(1.33+0.50)× 104 cop-ies/μL.The above results indicates that the AR-PRRSVM can be used as the quality control of the whole detection process(nucleic acid extraction,reverse transcription and RT-qPCR).

Objective:To investigate the application of artificial intelligence based on the neural network radiation field in repair of soft tissue defects at lower limbs.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed of the 23 patients who had been admitted to Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from June 2020 to May 2022 for soft tissue defects at lower limbs. There were 14 males and 9 females, aged (38.6±6.7) years. Causes for soft tissue defects: traffic injury in 9 cases, benign or malignant primary soft tissue tumor in 6 cases, mechanical injury in 4 cases, crush injury in 2 cases, and chronic ulcer in 2 cases. Defect locations: the thigh in 3 cases, the lower leg in 7 cases, and the ankle and distal foot in 13 cases. The areas of soft tissue defect ranged from 6.0 cm×3.8 cm to 14.7 cm×12.8 cm. The defects were repaired and reconstructed by transplantation of an anterolateral femoral free flap in 7 cases and a pedicled flap in 16 cases with the assistance of artificial intelligence based on the neural network radiation field, a cutting-edge artificial intelligence algorithm that can quickly construct and process three-dimensional model images through volume rendering under the radiation field. The flap survival rate, aesthetic satisfaction before and after treatment, time for skin flap harvesting and transplantation, functional recovery of lower limbs and incidence of complications were recorded.Results:All the 23 patients were followed up for 32(28, 36) weeks. All the flaps were harvested smoothly and survived. The time for flap harvesting and transplantation was 65.8(50.0, 76.0) min. The aesthetic satisfaction scored (2.3±0.7) points before treatment and (8.4±1.6) points 4 weeks after treatment, showing a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). The skin flaps healed well with no complications such as hematoma or infection in all but one patient who suffered from superficial necrosis at the distal skin flap due to venous crisis but healed with a scar. On average, the functional recovery of lower limbs scored 23.7(22.0, 25.0) points at 12 weeks after operation according to the Enneking evaluation system, and the functional recovery of lower limbs was 79% (23.7/30.0). Conclusion:Application of artificial intelligence based on the neural network radiation field can achieve ideal results in repair of soft tissue defects at lower limbs, due to its advantages of rapid and accurate surgical procedures, limited damage to the donor site, and a short learning curve.

Objective:To investigate the levels of serum pyrolysis-related factors cysteine protease-1 (caspase-1) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their relationship with insulin resistance (IR) .Methods:A total of 102 GDM patients admitted to Kaifeng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from Apr. 2019 to Mar. 2021 were selected as the GDM group, and 102 healthy pregnant women undergoing obstetric examination in the same period were included as the normal group. The age, gestational week, fasting insulin (FINS) , pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) , triglycerides (TG) , fasting blood glucose (FBG) , total cholesterol (TC) , and homeostatic model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and other materials were compared between the GDM group and the normal group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18; Pearson method was used to analyze the correlation between serum caspase-1 and IL-18 levels and HOMA-IR in GDM patients; Logistic regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of GDM.Results:The levels of TG [ (2.94±0.99) mmol/L vs (2.09±0.70) mmol/L], FBG [ (5.87±1.94) mmol/L vs (4.90±1.67) mmol/L], TC [ (5.72±1.92) mmol/L vs (5.03±1.68) mmol/L], FINS [ (11.45±3.87) mIU/L vs (6.92±2.34) mIU/L], HOMA-IR [ (3.05±0.78) vs (1.51±0.40) ] and levels serum caspase-1 [ (86.27±28.78) pg/mL vs (40.98±13.54) pg/mL] and IL-18 [ (44.26±14.56) pg/L vs (30.45±10.12) pg/L] in the GDM group were higher than those in the normal group (t=7.080, 3.827, 2.731, 10.116, 17.743, 14.381, 7.866, P<0.05) ; the levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18 in GDM patients were positively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r=0.518, 0.555, P<0.05) ; FBG, TG, FINS, HOMA-IR, caspase-1, IL-18 were risk factors affecting the occurrence of GDM (95% CI=1.578-3.826, 1.454-3.311, 1.477-3.405, 1.678-4.265, 1.406-3.141, 1.511-3.551, P<0.05) . Conclusions:The levels of serum caspase-1 and IL-18 in patients with GDM are relatively high, which are significantly related to IR. Caspase-1 and IL-18 may be potential targets for the treatment of GDM.