Radiotherapy is integral to theneoadjuvant and definitive treatment of rectal cancer, yet its clinical application faces challenges, such as inefficient target volume delineation, substantial interindividual heterogeneity in treatment response, and difficulties in toxicity prediction. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning, has emerged as a promising approach to address the above challenges, offering the potential to enhance the precision and efficiency of radiotherapy considerably. Its core applications primarily include the following aspects: First, it enables the high-precision automatic segmentation of organs at risk, achieving a Dice similarity coefficient of over 0.85. Second, it facilitates intelligent plan optimization, improving time efficiency by 40%–60%. Third, it supports the construction of multimodal dose-toxicity prediction models, with an area under the curve ranging from 0.82 to 0.93.This review systematically discusses the application of AI across multiple stages of the entire radiotherapy course for rectal cancer, including imaging diagnosis, target delineation, plan optimization, toxicity prediction, and efficacy assessment. Relevant technological advancements have substantially contributed to the progression of radiotherapy toward increased precision and efficiency. Furthermore, this reviewprovides an in-depth analysis of current translational bottlenecks, such as insufficient model interpretability, data heterogeneity, and lack of multicenter validation. It aims to offer theoretical support and practical references for AI-driven precision radiotherapy in rectal cancer.

Schizophrenia (SZ) stands as a severe psychiatric disorder. This study applied diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data in conjunction with graph neural networks to distinguish SZ patients from normal controls (NCs) and showcases the superior performance of a graph neural network integrating combined fractional anisotropy and fiber number brain network features, achieving an accuracy of 73.79% in distinguishing SZ patients from NCs. Beyond mere discrimination, our study delved deeper into the advantages of utilizing white matter brain network features for identifying SZ patients through interpretable model analysis and gene expression analysis. These analyses uncovered intricate interrelationships between brain imaging markers and genetic biomarkers, providing novel insights into the neuropathological basis of SZ. In summary, our findings underscore the potential of graph neural networks applied to multimodal DTI data for enhancing SZ detection through an integrated analysis of neuroimaging and genetic features.
Humans ; Schizophrenia/pathology* ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods* ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Brain/metabolism* ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; White Matter/pathology* ; Gene Expression ; Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging* ; Graph Neural Networks

BACKGROUND:In recent years,brain-computer interface technology has shown significant promise for rehabilitating limb dysfunction in stroke patients.With ongoing research deepening and its broader clinical application,combining brain-computer interface with other rehabilitation therapies to improve limb function has become a focal point of study.OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize the efficacy of brain-computer interface combined with various therapies in treating limb dysfunction in stroke patients and to explore the clinical value of these combined strategies.METHODS:The search terms used for the literature review in Chinese databases were"brain-computer interface,BCI,stroke,"while the terms"brain-computer interface,BCI,brain-computer interaction,brain-machine interface,BMI,stroke"were used for English databases.Literature searches were conducted in CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science,from the time of database construction to September 2024.Finally,a total of 3 054 articles were retrieved,and 75 articles were included after screening for summarization.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Currently,brain-computer interfaces,used alone or in combination with other treatments such as Chinese medical treatment,conventional rehabilitation therapy,or physical factor therapy,are achieving better outcomes in treating limb dysfunction in stroke patients.However,the efficacy of brain-computer interfaces combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for treating upper and lower limb dysfunctions is still debated.Researchers are increasingly recognizing the feasibility of these combined therapies.Yet,challenges such as limited exploration of therapeutic mechanisms,absence of standardized protocols,and small sample sizes hinder their broad application.Future research should therefore focus on understanding the mechanisms by which brain-computer interfaces can enhance effects when combined with other therapies and on standardizing criteria for clinical trials to enable widespread clinical adoption.

BACKGROUND:During bone tissue healing,promoting the vascularization of new bone is a common strategy to accelerate the repair of bone tissue.However,the rapid fibrosis process during bone defect repair is often ignored.OBJECTIVE:To design and prepare a core-shell structure bionic scaffold to regulate the process of fibrosis and vascularization in new callus,characterize physical characteristics of the scaffold,and verify the anti-fibrosis and osteogenic properties in vitro and in vivo.METHODS:A core-shell structure bionic scaffold to regulate the process of fibrosis and vascularization in new callus was designed and prepared.The outer shell structure of the scaffold was composed of polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibers loaded with fibroblast activating protein inhibitor;and the inner core structure was composed of gelatin methacrylate hydrogel loaded with deferoxamine.The physical characteristics of electrospun and hydrogel were characterized,and the biocompatibility of the material was verified by live-dead staining and CCK-8 assay.The antifibrotic effect of core-shell structure was analyzed by fibroblast in vitro assay.The osteogenic effect of fibroblast activating protein inhibitor in core-shell structure was analyzed by MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro assay.The vasogenic effect of deferoxamine in core-shell structure was analyzed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells.The effect of bionic core-shell scaffold on bone repair was evaluated by critical bone defect test in rats.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The core-shell structure bionic scaffold had good biocompatibility.Hydrophobic polycaprolactone electrospun fibers prepared by electrospinning technology could effectively block the ingrowth of exogenous fibrous tissue on the physical level.The electrospun fiber membrane could effectively release the anti-fibrosis drug fibroblast activating protein inhibitor within 2 weeks,and the released anti-fibrosis drug could inhibit the growth and adhesion of fibroblasts around bone defects,effectively reduced the expression of fibroblast-related proteins,promoted the expression of osteoblast protein in MC3T3-E1 cells,and accelerated its mineralization rate.The deferoxamine in the core-shell structure could promote the migration and vascular formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells,and promoted their strong expression of"H"vascular characteristic protein.(2)In critical bone defect model of SD rats established in the femur,compared with polycaprolactone membrane,the core-shell structure bionic scaffold could effectively repair bone defects.(3)These findings indicate that the core-shell structure bionic scaffold can prevent excessive fibrosis of callus and promote the formation of"H"vessels in the new callus,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of nonunion and accelerate the repair process of critical bone defect.

BACKGROUND:Cell senescence is one of the major risk factors for osteoarthritis,but there is no widely accepted anti-osteoarthritis therapy targeting senescent cells.OBJECTIVE:To develop a feasible treatment strategy targeting senescent cells in osteoarthritis.METHODS:The cationic liposome containing rapamycin,RAPA@Lipo,was prepared by thin film dispersion method.Methylallylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel was synthesized,and RAPA@Lipo was added to the methylallylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel aqueous phase solution.The hydrogel microspheres were prepared by microfluidic equipment.Solid hydrogel microspheres(RAPA@Lipo@MS)were crosslinked under violet light.Primary human chondrocytes were co-cultured with RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS,respectively.The biocompatibility of the materials was evaluated by CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining.Primary rat chondrocytes were cultured in four groups.Normal control group was cultured for 48 hours.The model group was stimulated with H2O2 for 24 hours to establish senescent cell model.RAPA@Lipo group and RAPA@Lipo@MS group were cultured for 24 hours after establishing senescent cell model with RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS,respectively.After culture,immunofluorescence was used to observe the expression of p62 and type Ⅱ collagen.RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of interleukin 6,matrix metalloproteinase 13,type Ⅱ collagen,aggrecan,and ADAMTS-5.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of CCK-8 assay and live/dead staining showed that RAPA@Lipo and RAPA@Lipo@MS had good biocompatibility.(2)Compared with the normal control group,the protein expression of p62 was increased(P<0.05);the expression of type Ⅱ collagen was decreased(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6,matrix metalloproteinase 13,and ADAMTS-5 were increased(P<0.05);mRNA expression levels of type Ⅱ collagen and aggrecan were decreased(P<0.05)in the model group.Compared with the model group,the expression of p62 protein was decreased(P<0.05);the expression of type Ⅱ collagen was increased(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression levels of interleukin 6,matrix metalloproteinase 13,and ADAMTS-5 were decreased(P<0.05);mRNA expression of type Ⅱ collagen and aggrecan increased(P<0.05)in the RAPA@Lipo@MS group.(3)These findings indicate that RAPA@Lipo@MS can control the quality of cells in vivo by enhancing autophagy,reduce senescent cells in vivo,and locally eliminate senescent cells and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors in osteoarthritis,thereby slowing the progression of osteoarthritis and creating a cartilage microenvironment that promotes regeneration.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells for the treatment of acute kidney injury(AKI)induced by ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Methods CD24+renal epithelial cells were isolated from mouse kidneys using flow cytometric sorting and expanded by passaging.C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control group(n=8,sham surgery only),the model control group(n=8,unilateral kidney I/R plus contralateral nephrectomy),and the CD24+cell treatment group(n=8,AKI model followed by renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+cells).Mice were euthanized at 24 h after modeling and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers[serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)].Renal tissues were subjected to pathological evaluation and macrophage staining.An M1-polarized macrophage model was established using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-cultured with CD24+renal epithelial cells.The polarization state of macrophages was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and flow cytometry.Results CD24+renal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and passaged stably.Compared with the normal control group,the model control group exhibited significantly elevated Scr and BUN levels and renal pathological damage.In contrast,the CD24+cell treatment group showed significant reduction in serum biochemical markers and pathological injury compared with the model control group,along with reduction in M1 macrophage infiltration in the kidneys(P<0.05,P<0.01).In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that in the CD24+co-culture group,the expression of M1 polarization-related markers in macrophages was significantly lower than that in the non-co-culture group,and the proportion of CD80+M1 macrophages in the co-culture group decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells can alleviate I/R-induced AKI by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through paracrine mechanisms.

Purpose To analyze the sonographic features of incarcerated gravid uterus and evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography.Materials and Methods Clinical data of eight patients diagnosed with incarcerated gravid uterus at Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from January 2018 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical manifestations,sonographic characteristics,management approaches and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated.Results Among the eight confirmed cases,seven presented with initial symptoms of dysuria and urinary retention,while one reported irregular lower abdominal pain.Ultrasonography consistently demonstrated:retroverted and retroflexed uterine position with the uterine body posterior to the cervix.Elongated cervix(range:4.0-8.6 cm)displaced anteriorly.Overdistended,elongated and superiorly displaced bladder in seven cases.Management included successful manual reduction via knee-chest position after catheterization in seven patients.One patient was managed conservatively with close monitoring and delivered by cesarean section at term.All eight patients achieved successful term deliveries with favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes.Conclusion Prenatal ultrasonography plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing incarcerated gravid uterus.Early recognition of characteristic sonographic features facilitates prompt diagnosis and intervention,thereby mitigating risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,brain-computer interface technology has shown significant promise for rehabilitating limb dysfunction in stroke patients.With ongoing research deepening and its broader clinical application,combining brain-computer interface with other rehabilitation therapies to improve limb function has become a focal point of study.OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize the efficacy of brain-computer interface combined with various therapies in treating limb dysfunction in stroke patients and to explore the clinical value of these combined strategies.METHODS:The search terms used for the literature review in Chinese databases were"brain-computer interface,BCI,stroke,"while the terms"brain-computer interface,BCI,brain-computer interaction,brain-machine interface,BMI,stroke"were used for English databases.Literature searches were conducted in CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science,from the time of database construction to September 2024.Finally,a total of 3 054 articles were retrieved,and 75 articles were included after screening for summarization.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Currently,brain-computer interfaces,used alone or in combination with other treatments such as Chinese medical treatment,conventional rehabilitation therapy,or physical factor therapy,are achieving better outcomes in treating limb dysfunction in stroke patients.However,the efficacy of brain-computer interfaces combined with transcranial direct current stimulation for treating upper and lower limb dysfunctions is still debated.Researchers are increasingly recognizing the feasibility of these combined therapies.Yet,challenges such as limited exploration of therapeutic mechanisms,absence of standardized protocols,and small sample sizes hinder their broad application.Future research should therefore focus on understanding the mechanisms by which brain-computer interfaces can enhance effects when combined with other therapies and on standardizing criteria for clinical trials to enable widespread clinical adoption.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanisms of allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells for the treatment of acute kidney injury(AKI)induced by ischemia-reperfusion(I/R).Methods CD24+renal epithelial cells were isolated from mouse kidneys using flow cytometric sorting and expanded by passaging.C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into three groups:the normal control group(n=8,sham surgery only),the model control group(n=8,unilateral kidney I/R plus contralateral nephrectomy),and the CD24+cell treatment group(n=8,AKI model followed by renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+cells).Mice were euthanized at 24 h after modeling and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers[serum creatinine(Scr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin-6(IL-6)].Renal tissues were subjected to pathological evaluation and macrophage staining.An M1-polarized macrophage model was established using mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages co-cultured with CD24+renal epithelial cells.The polarization state of macrophages was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and flow cytometry.Results CD24+renal epithelial cells were successfully isolated and passaged stably.Compared with the normal control group,the model control group exhibited significantly elevated Scr and BUN levels and renal pathological damage.In contrast,the CD24+cell treatment group showed significant reduction in serum biochemical markers and pathological injury compared with the model control group,along with reduction in M1 macrophage infiltration in the kidneys(P<0.05,P<0.01).In vitro co-culture experiments demonstrated that in the CD24+co-culture group,the expression of M1 polarization-related markers in macrophages was significantly lower than that in the non-co-culture group,and the proportion of CD80+M1 macrophages in the co-culture group decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01).Conclusion Allogeneic renal subcapsular transplantation of CD24+renal epithelial cells can alleviate I/R-induced AKI by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through paracrine mechanisms.

Purpose To analyze the sonographic features of incarcerated gravid uterus and evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography.Materials and Methods Clinical data of eight patients diagnosed with incarcerated gravid uterus at Sichuan Provincial Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from January 2018 to December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical manifestations,sonographic characteristics,management approaches and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated.Results Among the eight confirmed cases,seven presented with initial symptoms of dysuria and urinary retention,while one reported irregular lower abdominal pain.Ultrasonography consistently demonstrated:retroverted and retroflexed uterine position with the uterine body posterior to the cervix.Elongated cervix(range:4.0-8.6 cm)displaced anteriorly.Overdistended,elongated and superiorly displaced bladder in seven cases.Management included successful manual reduction via knee-chest position after catheterization in seven patients.One patient was managed conservatively with close monitoring and delivered by cesarean section at term.All eight patients achieved successful term deliveries with favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes.Conclusion Prenatal ultrasonography plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing incarcerated gravid uterus.Early recognition of characteristic sonographic features facilitates prompt diagnosis and intervention,thereby mitigating risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.