Objective:To discuss the suitable concentration of D-galactose(D-gal)and modeling period,and establish its induced aging-related cognitive dysfunction model in the mice,and perform a comprehensive evaluation.Methods:Fifty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group and 100,200,400,and 800 mg·kg-1 D-gal groups,with 10 mice in each group.The mice in various D-gal groups were subcutaneously injected with the corresponding concentration of D-gal once daily;the mice in control group were injected with an equal volume of normal saline.The body mass and water consumption of the mice in various groups were monitored;forelimb grip strength test and experiment on the ability of pole climbing sports were used to evaluate the motor coordination ability of the mice in various groups;novel object recognition test,Y maze test,and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate the cognitive function of the mice in various groups;HE staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathomorphology of brain tissue of the mice in various groups;immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expression of β-galactosidase(β-gal)protein in brain tissue of the mice in various groups;real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-18,and IL-4 in hippocampus tissue of the mice in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of β-gal,p53,and p16 proteins in hippocampus tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:The body mass growth trends of the mice in control group and various D-gal groups were consistent and there was no statistically significant difference(P>0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in water consumption(P>0.05).After 8 weeks of subcutaneous injection of D-gal,compared with control group,the forelimb grip strength values of the mice in 200 and 400 mg·kg?1 D-gal groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the pole-climbing time of the mice in 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal group was significantly prolonged(P<0.05);the recognition indexes of the mice in 200 and 400 mg·kg?1 D-gal groups were significantly decreased(P<0.01);the spontaneous alternation rate of the mice in 100,200,400,and 800 mg·kg?1 D-gal group was significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the escape latency was significantly increased(P<0.05).Spatial probe test showed that compared with control group,the escape latency of the mice in 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal group was significantly increased(P<0.05).The HE staining and Nissl staining results showed that compared with control group,the hippocampus neurons of the mice in 200 mg·kg-1 D-gal group were arranged disorderly,with obvious nuclear pyknosis,nuclear condensation,and abnormal morphology and structure,and the number of Nissl staining positive cells was significantly decreased.The immunohistochemistry results showed that compared with control group,the β-gal expressions in CA1 region,CA3 region,and cortex region of hippocampus tissue of the mice in 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal group were strongly positive.The RT-qPCR results showed that compared with control group,the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-18,and TNF-α mRNA in hippocampus tissue of the mice in 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal group were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the expression level of IL-4 mRNA was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The Western blotting results showed that compared with control group,the expression levels of β-gal,p53,and p16 proteins in hippocampus tissue of the mice in 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal group were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:The aging-related cognitive dysfunction model in the mice can be established by subcutaneous injection of 200 mg·kg?1 D-gal daily for 8 weeks.

Objective:To investigate the value of triglyceride glucose index(TyG)and monocyte to high-density lipoprotein choles-terol ratio(MHR)in the diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)complicated by heart fail-ure(HF),as well as the correlation of TyG and MHR with cardiac function in AECOPD patients.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 298 AECOPD patients who were admitted to The First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2020 to December 2021,and according to the clinical manifestation,B-type natriuretic peptide/N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor,and echocardiography,the 298 AECOPD patients were divided into HF group with 127 patients and non-HF group with 171 patients.Related clinical indicators were compared between the two groups,and a regression analysis was used to identify the pos-sible risk factors for HF in AECOPD patients.The receiver operat-ing characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to investigate the value of TyG and MHR alone or in combination in the diagnosis of AECOPD complicated by HF,and a correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of TyG and MHR with cardiac function parameters(ejection fraction,ventricular wall thickness,cardiac chamber size,and valve regurgitation velocity)and pulmonary artery pressure in AECOPD patients.Results:The binary logistic regres-sion analysis showed that fasting blood glucose,absolute monocyte count,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),arrhythmia,TyG,and MHR were independent risk factors for HF in AECOPD patients,and the HF group had significantly higher levels of TyG and MHR than the non-HF group(P<0.001).TyG had an area under the ROC curve(AUC)of 0.805(95%CI=0.754-0.856,P<0.001)in the diagnosis of AECOPD complicated by HF,and MHR had an AUC of 0.762(95%CI=0.707-0.817,P<0.001),while TyG combined with MHR had an AUC of 0.870(95%CI=0.828-0.912,P<0.001).The correlation analysis showed that TyG was negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening and was positively correlated with end-diastolic interven-tricular septal thickness,mitral regurgitation velocity,and left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness,while MHR was nega-tively correlated with left ventricular stroke volume and left ventricular fractional shortening and was positively correlated with end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness,right ventricular anteroposterior diameter,right ventricular superior-inferior diameter,right ventricular transverse diameter,tricuspid regurgitation velocity,left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness,and pulmonary artery pressure.Conclusion:Fasting blood glucose,absolute monocyte count,HDL-C,arrhythmia,TyG,and MHR are independent risk factors for AECOPD complicated by HF.Both TyG and MHR have a certain value in the diagnosis of HF,and the combination of TyG and MHR has a better efficacy than each indicator alone in the diagnosis of AECOPD complicated by HF.TyG is correlated with the cardiac function parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction,ventricular wall thickness,and mitral regurgitation velocity in patients with AECOPD and may have a stronger correlation with the left ventricle;MHR is correlated with right ventricular chamber size,tricuspid regurgitation velocity,and pulmonary artery pressure and may have a stronger correlation with the right ventricle.

Objective:To investigate the association of urinary cadmium levels with peripheral leukocyte classification counts among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.Methods:The research was based on the survey of the impact of soil quality of agricultural land on human health in typical areas conducted in 2019-2020. A total of 5 600 middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years were included by using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Baseline characteristics of the subjects were collected and physical examinations were performed. Random midstream urine was collected to measure urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine and fasting venous blood was collected to measure the leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count and eosinophil count. The linear mixed effect model was used to analyse the association of urinary cadmium levels with leukocyte classification counts, and the dose-response relationship between them was analyzed by using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) function.Results:The age of the subjects was (63.17±12.02) years; 2 851 (50.91%) were males; and the M ( Q 1, Q 3) of urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels was 2.69 (1.52, 4.69) μg/g·creatinine. After adjusting for confounding factors, the results of linear mixed effects model analysis showed that for each 1-unit increase in urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium level, the percentage change [% (95% CI)] of leukocyte count and lymphocyte count was -1.70% (-2.61%, -0.79%) and -1.57% (-2.86%, -0.26%), respectively. RCS function showed a negative linear relationship between urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels and leukocyte counts and lymphocyte counts, respectively (all Pnon-linear>0.05). Conclusion:Urinary cadmium levels are negatively associated with leukocyte count and lymphocyte count among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.

Purpose To investigate the cell components in different tumor lineages of multiple synchronous pituitary neuro-endocrine tumors(PitNETs)/neuroendocrine tumors(MSPs)and to carry out accurate histological typing,which provides an important basis for determining the follow-up plan and adjuvant therapy after surgery.Methods The clinical data of 855 pa-tients with PitNETs were collected and reclassified according to the new WHO standard.The clinicopathological features of 13 patients diagnosed as MSPs were analyzed retrospectively.The immunohistochemical EnVision two-step method was used to de-tect the expression of PIT-1,SF-1,T-PIT,GH,PRL,TSH,LH,FSH,ACTH,etc.,and related literatures were reviewed.Methods A total of 855 cases of pituitary neuroendocrine tumor from the second hospital of the Chinese Hebei Medical U-niversity were collected and reclassified according to the new WHO standard,and review the literature.Results(1)The age of patients were 39-68 years with median age of 55 years.7 cases were female and 6 were male;(2)Imaging findings:There was 1.2～3.8 cm(mean 2.5 cm)in maximum tumor di-ameter.13 patients were large adenomas,neither MSPs nor sin-gle lineage PitNETs could not assessed on imaging;(3)Clinical manifestations:3 cases had hyperprolactinemia which all contai-ning PitNETs components of PRL,one case was immature PIT-1 polyhormone cell tumor,one was dense granular prolactinoma,and one case was eosinophilic stem tumor.One patient had Cushing's disease and contained a Crook cell tumor component;two had elevated ACTH,and one had an adrenocorticotropic ad-enomatous component.In the two patients with no evidence of hormone excess,all contained gonadotropin cell tumor compo-nents;(4)Combination form:11 cases of the combination of the two cell lineages(5 cases of combination of SF-1 lineage and PIT-1 lineage;4 cases of combination of T-PIT lineage and PIT-1 lineage;1 case of null cell tumor and PIT-1 lineage;1 case of plurihormonal PitNETs and SF-1 lineage);Two cases of three cell combinations(null cell tumor,PIT-1 lineage,and T-PIT lineage);Among them,13 cases were PIT-1 lineage tumors,46.2％(6/13)were gonadotropin cell tumor,38.5％(5/13)were prolactinoma;(5)The presence of high-risk lineage tumors in the 10 patient combinations:3 immature PIT-1-lineage tumor,1 Crooke cell PitNETs,1 acidophil stem cells tumor,3 zero-cell PitNETs,and 4 silent-type sparse granular adrenocorti-cotropic hormone PitNETs;Two of them were combinations of two high-risk subtypes.Conclusion MSPs in our center are large adenomas,although their incidence is only 1.5％of Pit-NETs,2/3 cases have high-risk lineage tumor components,and the use of pituitary cell lineage transcription factors and adeno-hypophyseal hormones plays an important role in distinguishing and clarifying the different components of MSPs.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of acidophil stem cell pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET)/adenoma.Methods:Five cases of acidophil stem cell PitNET/adenoma were diagnosed between May 2022 and July 2023 at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China. The clinicopathological features of the tumor were analyzed by using histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. The relevant literature was reviewed.Results:There were 1 male and 4 females, aged from 23 to 69 years. Patient 3 was 55 years old at the time of diagnosis and first surgery, and relapsed 5 years later. The patients′ median age was 32 years. Patients 1 and 5 showed elevated blood prolactin, with various degrees of hormonal symptoms except Patient 3, who showed only tumor compression symptoms. Imaging studies showed that all cases involved the sellar floor. The tumors of Patients 1, 2 and 5 were closely related to the cavernous sinus segment of the internal carotid artery. The tumors exhibited a diffuse growth pattern with chromophobic to slightly acidophilic cytoplasm. A few of tumor cells showed chromophobic cytoplasm. The nucleoli were conspicuous. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and variably-sized clear vacuoles were observed occasionally. Under electron microscope, marked mitochondrial abnormalities were observed, including increased mitochondria number, expanded hypertrophy, and absence of mitochondrial ridge fracture. Some mitochondrial matrices were dense, while some were vacuolated.Conclusions:Acidophil stem cell PitNET/adenoma is a rare type of pituitary adenomas/PitNETs. It often has a more clinically aggressive manner with immature cells, diffuse expression of PIT1, prolactin, and varying degrees of growth hormone expression. Because of the obvious diversity of their clinical hormone status and hormone immune expression, the diagnosis of this type tumor is still a challenge.

Objective To investigate the distribution and imaging manifestations of extrapulmonary bronchogenic cyst(BC)and to make differential diagnosis.Methods The data of 32 patients with extrapulmonary BC confirmed by pathology were collected.The lesion location,CT and MRI findings were analyzed and summarized.All patients underwent plain CT scan,and 27 of them underwent enhanced CT scan.Three patients underwent MRI plain and enhanced scan.Results Of the 32 patients,24 cases were mediastinal BC including 20 cases in the anterior mediastinum and other 4 cases in the posterior mediastinum.8 cases were ectopic BC,including 2 cases in the upper chest wall,4 cases in the gastric cardia,1 case in the greater curvature of the stomach,and 1 case in the left adre-nal gland.All lesions were single with clear boundary.The lesions were mainly round in shape(22 cases),and a few were flat/"D"shape(10 cases).There were no significant differences in the included signs between mediastinal BC and ectopic BC(P＞0.05).Nodular calcification of cyst wall was found in 2 cases.There were 4 cases with CT value＜20 HU and other 28 cases with CT value≥20 HU.The enhanced CT scan in 27 cases showed non-or mild enhancement.MRI showed hypointensity on T1WI in 2 cases,isointensity on T1WI in 1 case,hyperintensity on T2WI in 3 cases,and obvious enhancement on T1WI enhanced scan in 1 case.In addition,30 cases(93.7％)were misdiagnosed as thymic cyst(8 cases),thymoma(12 cases),neurogenic tumor(4 cases),ganglioneuroma(4 cases)and gastric stromal tumor(2 cases).Conclusion Extrapulmonary BC is rare,and most of the lesions are located near the central axis of the body with no obvious enhancement and sometimes cyst wall calcification,which has certain value for clinical diagnosis.

Objective:To investigate the association of urinary cadmium levels with peripheral leukocyte classification counts among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.Methods:The research was based on the survey of the impact of soil quality of agricultural land on human health in typical areas conducted in 2019-2020. A total of 5 600 middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years were included by using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Baseline characteristics of the subjects were collected and physical examinations were performed. Random midstream urine was collected to measure urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine and fasting venous blood was collected to measure the leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count and eosinophil count. The linear mixed effect model was used to analyse the association of urinary cadmium levels with leukocyte classification counts, and the dose-response relationship between them was analyzed by using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) function.Results:The age of the subjects was (63.17±12.02) years; 2 851 (50.91%) were males; and the M ( Q 1, Q 3) of urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels was 2.69 (1.52, 4.69) μg/g·creatinine. After adjusting for confounding factors, the results of linear mixed effects model analysis showed that for each 1-unit increase in urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium level, the percentage change [% (95% CI)] of leukocyte count and lymphocyte count was -1.70% (-2.61%, -0.79%) and -1.57% (-2.86%, -0.26%), respectively. RCS function showed a negative linear relationship between urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels and leukocyte counts and lymphocyte counts, respectively (all Pnon-linear>0.05). Conclusion:Urinary cadmium levels are negatively associated with leukocyte count and lymphocyte count among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.

Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is an independent risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases,and its characteristic intermittent hypoxic environment induces dysregulation of miRNA in cells and circulation,which promotes cellular dysfunction and metabolic disorders,and participates in the formation of atherosclerosis(As).This article re-views the potential role of miRNA in the occurrence and progression of OSA-related As,which helps to understand the mo-lecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of OSA-related As and provides new insights for the development of miRNA based therapies for OSA-related cardiovascular diseases.

Objective:To identify the differentially expressed proteins that caused hippocampal damage after liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods:Eighteen clean-grade healthy juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2 weeks, weighing 20-30 g, were divided into 2 groups ( n=9 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (S group) and liver I/R group (IR group). A rat model of liver I/R injury was prepared by restoring perfusion after 1 h of liver ischemia. The rats were sacrificed after being anesthetized at day 3 of reperfusion, and the hippocampal tissue was isolated and analyzed to obtain gene expression profiles. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the R software, and further protein interaction networks were constructed through Cytoscape and Kyoto Encyclopedia Genes and Genomes pathway analysis to determine the differentially expressed proteins. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used for validation. Results:A total of 45 differentially expressed proteins were identified by the proteomic analysis of hippocampal tissues, including 36 significantly up-regulated proteins and 9 significantly down-regulated proteins. The proteins with significant expression related to injury were identified from the PPI network complex using the CytoHubBA plug-in cystscape: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC2), HRAS, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), and N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptor 2b (GRIN2b). The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot showed that the expression of RAC2, HRAS, PTEN, and GRIN2b in the hippocampal tissue was significantly up-regulated in IR group compared with S group ( P<0.05). The results of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in the expression of PD-L1 and its checkpoint pathway, long-term potentiation, and regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer. Conclusions:The mechanism by which liver I/R induces hippocampal injury may be related to the up-regulation of the expression of RAC2, HRAS, PTEN and GRIN2b in rats.

The Unison(1924) was a yearbook assembled and published by the students of the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), in honor of the first graduation of PUMC. It comprehensively introduced the organizational history, board of trustees and administration, departments and faculty, medical and nursing classes, student organizations and activities in PUMC. It also published school calendar and songs, alumni record, poems, drama scripts written by PUMC students. It is a comprehensive and systematic record of PUMC and Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) in 1924, providing rich and valuable details in regards to academic and spiritual lives of faculty and students. Compiled during the early years of PUMC and PUMCH, the book also contributes to the formation of PUMC and PUMCH culture. It advocates for a spirit of science and humanity that has significantly influenced the cultivation and development of medical humanistic spirit in China.