Objective:To investigate the potential mechanism of cellular senescence-related mitochondrial autophagy genes in diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods:The DR gene datasets GSE53257 and GSE60436 from the GEO database and screened the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were downloaded. Cellular senescence-related genes and mitochondrial autophagy-related genes from the GeneCards database, and the intersection of the two to obtain the DR-related differentially expressed genes (CSRMRDEG) were collected. The obtained CSRMRDEG was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis, and hub gene identification using Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC), Degree, Maximum Neighborhood Component (MNC)、Edge Percolated Component (EPC) and Closeness algorithms. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was conducted to obtain the enriched pathways of DEG, and ssGSEA immune infiltration analysis was performed to screen the correlation between immune cells and DR. The diagnostic efficacy of hub genes for DR was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the differences in the infiltration level of immune cells between the DR Group and the control group.Results:23 DR-related CSRMRDEG were obtained. GO analysis showed that they were mainly enriched in the pathways of dicarboxylic acid, biosynthetic process of folate-containing compounds, tetrahydrofolate conversion, mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial endomembrane, structural components of ribosomes, and glutamate transmembrane transporter protein activity. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that CSRMRDEG was highly enriched in pathways such as the folate carbon pool, biosynthesis of cofactors, and pyruvate metabolism. The PPI analysis results show that there are 16 related CSRMRDEG. Five algorithms (MCC, Degree, MNC, EPC, Closeness) obtained the nine Hub genes. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the expression levels of 9 hub genes for diagnosing DR ranged from 0.7-0.9. The ssGSEA results showed that there were statistically significant differences in Wilcoxon of central memory CD4 + T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and helper T cell 1 between the DR group and the control group ( Z=-2.85, -2.23, -2.10, -2.52; P<0.05). Conclusion:Mitochondrial autophagy genes related to cellular senescence are potential diagnostic targets for DR.

Objective:To investigate the potential mechanism of cellular senescence-related mitochondrial autophagy genes in diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods:The DR gene datasets GSE53257 and GSE60436 from the GEO database and screened the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were downloaded. Cellular senescence-related genes and mitochondrial autophagy-related genes from the GeneCards database, and the intersection of the two to obtain the DR-related differentially expressed genes (CSRMRDEG) were collected. The obtained CSRMRDEG was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis, and hub gene identification using Maximal Clique Centrality (MCC), Degree, Maximum Neighborhood Component (MNC)、Edge Percolated Component (EPC) and Closeness algorithms. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was conducted to obtain the enriched pathways of DEG, and ssGSEA immune infiltration analysis was performed to screen the correlation between immune cells and DR. The diagnostic efficacy of hub genes for DR was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the differences in the infiltration level of immune cells between the DR Group and the control group.Results:23 DR-related CSRMRDEG were obtained. GO analysis showed that they were mainly enriched in the pathways of dicarboxylic acid, biosynthetic process of folate-containing compounds, tetrahydrofolate conversion, mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial endomembrane, structural components of ribosomes, and glutamate transmembrane transporter protein activity. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that CSRMRDEG was highly enriched in pathways such as the folate carbon pool, biosynthesis of cofactors, and pyruvate metabolism. The PPI analysis results show that there are 16 related CSRMRDEG. Five algorithms (MCC, Degree, MNC, EPC, Closeness) obtained the nine Hub genes. The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the expression levels of 9 hub genes for diagnosing DR ranged from 0.7-0.9. The ssGSEA results showed that there were statistically significant differences in Wilcoxon of central memory CD4 + T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and helper T cell 1 between the DR group and the control group ( Z=-2.85, -2.23, -2.10, -2.52; P<0.05). Conclusion:Mitochondrial autophagy genes related to cellular senescence are potential diagnostic targets for DR.

Objective:To investigate the potential biomarkers associated with immune cells in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI).Methods:The RIRI gene expression profile dataset GSE20521 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened.The GSE20521 gene set was subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Immune Cell Abundance Identifier (ImmuCellAI), yielding information pertaining to enriched pathways and immune cell infiltration.The Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to identify the hub modules and candidate genes exhibiting the strongest correlation with immune infiltration.Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of candidate genes was constructed, and key genes were screened using CytoHubba plugin.Results:The significant GSEA enrichment pathways in the RIRI group including the interferon-γ (IFN-γ), apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor-κB, IFN-α, complement pathway, interleukin-6 (IL-6)-(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)(STAT3) and IL2-STAT5 signaling pathways, as well as inflammatory response.Compared with the normal control group, the results of ImmuCellAI evaluation revealed significant increases in the proportions of cDC2 cells, monocyte-derived DC cells, M2 macrophages, and CD8_Tc cells and decreases in the proportions of pDC cells, CD4_T cells, CD4_Tm cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells, follicular B cells, and eosinophils in the RIRI group (all at P<0.05).A total of 144 DEGs were obtained between the two groups of samples.Taking the intersection of DEGs and hub module genes, 140 candidate genes were obtained.GO analysis showed significant enrichment of positive regulation of cytokine production, leukocyte mediated immunity, wound healing, adaptive immune response, niacinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex, and chemokine binding, etc.KEGG analysis enriched 50 pathways, including phagosome, pertussis, leishmaniasis tuberculosis, and complement and coagulation cascades.Three key genes were finally obtained, namely Cd68, Tlr2 and Hmox1, which were screened by PPI and different CytoHubba algorithms. Conclusions:The bioinformatics analysis reveals a distinct immune microenvironment in the retina of the RIRI group and normal control group, suggesting a correlation between RIRI and infiltration of multiple immune cell types.