Liver metastasis is one of the most common pathways of malignant tumor dissemination and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. With continuous advances in surgical techniques and equipment,improved systemic therapies,and the widespread adoption of multidisciplinary treatment strategies,the concept of oligometastasis—originally proposed by radiation oncologists to describe a transitional state between localized disease and widespread systemic metastasis—has been increasingly recognized and applied by surgical oncologists. This has led to the development of metastasis-directed surgical interventions that have yielded encouraging clinical outcomes. However,due to the heterogeneity of primary tumors and the liver′s unique anatomical and immunological characteristics,standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatic oligometastases have yet to be established. This review provides a systematic overview of the evolution of the oligometastatic concept and discusses recent surgical advances in managing liver oligometastases across various primary tumor types.

Liver metastasis is one of the most common pathways of malignant tumor dissemination and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. With continuous advances in surgical techniques and equipment,improved systemic therapies,and the widespread adoption of multidisciplinary treatment strategies,the concept of oligometastasis—originally proposed by radiation oncologists to describe a transitional state between localized disease and widespread systemic metastasis—has been increasingly recognized and applied by surgical oncologists. This has led to the development of metastasis-directed surgical interventions that have yielded encouraging clinical outcomes. However,due to the heterogeneity of primary tumors and the liver′s unique anatomical and immunological characteristics,standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatic oligometastases have yet to be established. This review provides a systematic overview of the evolution of the oligometastatic concept and discusses recent surgical advances in managing liver oligometastases across various primary tumor types.

Objective·To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors based on the Shanghai community elderly cohort.Methods·The study subjects were selected from the Shanghai community elderly cohort established from February to August 2019,with a total of 17 948 people.The study subjects were divided into 4 groups according to self-reported presence or absence of tumors and/or cardiovascular diseases during the baseline survey:tumor-free and non-cardiovascular disease group,single cardiovascular disease group,single tumor group and tumor cardiovascular disease co-occurrence group.The differences among the four groups of subjects were collected and compared in terms of demographic characteristics and physiological indicators,daily living habits(smoking,drinking tea,drinking coffee,drinking carbonated drink,drinking alcohol,sedentary time,physical activity level and sleep quality),past medical history,psychological status(depression and anxiety)and dietary compliance.Results·Among the study subjects,60.1%of tumor patients were complicated with cardiovascular diseases.The differences among the four groups of subjects in age,gender,educational level,pre-retirement occupation,waist circumference,hip circumference and body mass index were statistically significant(all P<0.05).Compared with the tumor-free and non-cardiovascular disease group,the single cardiovascular disease group,single tumor group and tumor cardiovascular disease co-occurrence group all exhibited lower proportions of smoking and high physical activity levels(all P<0.05),and higher proportion of sedentary time exceeding 4 h/d and poor sleep quality(all P<0.05);the proportion of subjects with past medical histories including hyperlipidemia,peripheral vascular disease,endocrine system disease,respiratory system disease,urinary system disease and digestive system disease of the single cardiovascular disease group and the tumor cardiovascular disease co-occurrence group was higher(all P<0.05),and the proportion of subjects with depression and anxiety was also higher(all P<0.05).Furthermore,compared with the tumor-free and non-cardiovascular disease group,the single cardiovascular disease group had lower compliance rates of poultry,fish,fruit and liquid milk(all P<0.05).Among the four groups,only the compliance rate of vegetable intake exceeded 50%,while the compliance rates of poultry,fish,fruit,liquid milk and tubers were all below 20%.Conclusion·In the elderly population of Shanghai communities,over half of malignant tumor patients are concomitant with cardiovascular diseases.Unhealthy daily habits are prevalent among those with cardiovascular diseases,tumors and tumor-cardiovascular disease co-occurrence.The intake of many foods in the elderly of the community do not reach the levels recommended by Chinese Dietary Guidelines.

Objective:To explore the effect of simulated 6 500 m altitude hypoxia on the fertility of BALB/c female mice.Methods:In this study, 50 6-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into control group and plateau groups according to body weight. The plateau group divided into plateau 3-day group,plateau 5-day group,plateau 10-day group and plateau 15-day group, every group included 10 female mice. A low pressure hypoxic animal test chamber was used to establish a simulated low pressure hypoxia mouse model at an altitude of 6 500 m, the daily light/dark ratio was 12 h∶12 h. In each group, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) level in the mouse ovary was tested by Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), mouse ovarian tissue morphology and the changes in the numbers of the egg follicles were observed by hematoxylion and eosin (HE) staining pathological section, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to get the serum values of reproductive hormone.Results:1) Compared with control group [(3 417.67±316.02) μg/L], the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) decreased in all groups of the plateau, among them, plateau 10-day group [(2 643.50±210.01) μg/L], the plateau 5-day group [(2 195.50±160.88) μg/L] and plateau 15-day group [(2 174.40±709.23) μg/L] showed significant differences (all P<0.05). Compared with control group [(68.02±2.80) U/L], the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased in the plateau 5-day group [(64.20±4.11) U/L, P=0.029], plateau 10-day group [(59.05±5.16) U/L, P<0.001] and plateau 15-day group [(57.46±3.58) U/L, P<0.001]. Compared with control group [(6.71±1.01) U/L], the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased in the plateau 5-day group, plateau 10-day group and plateau 15-day group, among them, the plateau 10-day group [(5.18±0.30) U/L] and plateau 15-day group [(4.86±0.53) U/L] showed significant differences compared with control group ( P=0.005, P<0.001). Compared with control group [(105.56±5.43) pmol/L], the levels of estradiol in the plateau 5-day group [(90.92±5.08) pmol/L] and the plateau 15-day group [(81.46±3.96) pmol/L] showed significant differences compared with control group ( P=0.038, P<0.001). Compared with control group[(13.63±0.69) μg/L], the levels of progesterone in plateau groups were decreased, the plateau 3-day group [(11.45±0.65) μg/L], the plateau 5-day group [(8.86±0.72) μg/L], plateau 10-day group [(9.56±0.53) μg/L] and plateau 15-day group [(9.29±0.64) μg/L] showed significant differences compared with control group (all P<0.001). 2) Compared with control group, the numbers of ovarian follicles decreased, atretic follicles increased, granulosa cells apoptosis and venous vascular expansion were observed. 3) IHC showed that the ratio of HIF-1α positive cells increased with the extension of hypoxia. WB showed that the expressions of HIF-1α in the plateau groups increased compared with control group (all P<0.001). 4) Compared with control group (0.408±0.083), the ovarian index were decreased in plateau 3-day group (0.271±0.087), plateau 5-day group (0.114±0.035), plateau 10-day group (0.076±0.052) and plateau 15-day group (0.109±0.026), the difference was significant among the five groups ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Exposure to the simulated low oxygen environment of 6 500 m altitude makes the mouse ovarian tissue hypoxia, which causes certain adverse effects on the fertility of female mice, and provides a theoretical basis for the next research on female fertility protection.

Objective:To explore the effect of simulated 6 500 m altitude hypoxia on the fertility of BALB/c female mice.Methods:In this study, 50 6-week-old BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into control group and plateau groups according to body weight. The plateau group divided into plateau 3-day group,plateau 5-day group,plateau 10-day group and plateau 15-day group, every group included 10 female mice. A low pressure hypoxic animal test chamber was used to establish a simulated low pressure hypoxia mouse model at an altitude of 6 500 m, the daily light/dark ratio was 12 h∶12 h. In each group, the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) level in the mouse ovary was tested by Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), mouse ovarian tissue morphology and the changes in the numbers of the egg follicles were observed by hematoxylion and eosin (HE) staining pathological section, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to get the serum values of reproductive hormone.Results:1) Compared with control group [(3 417.67±316.02) μg/L], the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) decreased in all groups of the plateau, among them, plateau 10-day group [(2 643.50±210.01) μg/L], the plateau 5-day group [(2 195.50±160.88) μg/L] and plateau 15-day group [(2 174.40±709.23) μg/L] showed significant differences (all P<0.05). Compared with control group [(68.02±2.80) U/L], the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) decreased in the plateau 5-day group [(64.20±4.11) U/L, P=0.029], plateau 10-day group [(59.05±5.16) U/L, P<0.001] and plateau 15-day group [(57.46±3.58) U/L, P<0.001]. Compared with control group [(6.71±1.01) U/L], the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased in the plateau 5-day group, plateau 10-day group and plateau 15-day group, among them, the plateau 10-day group [(5.18±0.30) U/L] and plateau 15-day group [(4.86±0.53) U/L] showed significant differences compared with control group ( P=0.005, P<0.001). Compared with control group [(105.56±5.43) pmol/L], the levels of estradiol in the plateau 5-day group [(90.92±5.08) pmol/L] and the plateau 15-day group [(81.46±3.96) pmol/L] showed significant differences compared with control group ( P=0.038, P<0.001). Compared with control group[(13.63±0.69) μg/L], the levels of progesterone in plateau groups were decreased, the plateau 3-day group [(11.45±0.65) μg/L], the plateau 5-day group [(8.86±0.72) μg/L], plateau 10-day group [(9.56±0.53) μg/L] and plateau 15-day group [(9.29±0.64) μg/L] showed significant differences compared with control group (all P<0.001). 2) Compared with control group, the numbers of ovarian follicles decreased, atretic follicles increased, granulosa cells apoptosis and venous vascular expansion were observed. 3) IHC showed that the ratio of HIF-1α positive cells increased with the extension of hypoxia. WB showed that the expressions of HIF-1α in the plateau groups increased compared with control group (all P<0.001). 4) Compared with control group (0.408±0.083), the ovarian index were decreased in plateau 3-day group (0.271±0.087), plateau 5-day group (0.114±0.035), plateau 10-day group (0.076±0.052) and plateau 15-day group (0.109±0.026), the difference was significant among the five groups ( P<0.001). Conclusion:Exposure to the simulated low oxygen environment of 6 500 m altitude makes the mouse ovarian tissue hypoxia, which causes certain adverse effects on the fertility of female mice, and provides a theoretical basis for the next research on female fertility protection.

cFos is one of the most widely-studied genes in the field of neuroscience. Currently, there is no systematic database focusing on cFos in neuroscience. We developed a curated database-cFos-ANAB-a cFos-based web tool for exploring activated neurons and associated behaviors in rats and mice, comprising 398 brain nuclei and sub-nuclei, and five associated behaviors: pain, fear, feeding, aggression, and sexual behavior. Direct relationships among behaviors and nuclei (even cell types) under specific stimulating conditions were constructed based on cFos expression profiles extracted from original publications. Moreover, overlapping nuclei and sub-nuclei with potentially complex functions among different associated behaviors were emphasized, leading to results serving as important clues to the development of valid hypotheses for exploring as yet unknown circuits. Using the analysis function of cFos-ANAB, multi-layered pictures of networks and their relationships can quickly be explored depending on users' purposes. These features provide a useful tool and good reference for early exploration in neuroscience. The cFos-ANAB database is available at www.cfos-db.net .
Animals ; Fear ; Mice ; Neurons ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Rats

cFos is one of the most widely-studied genes in the field of neuroscience. Currently, there is no systematic database focusing on cFos in neuroscience. We developed a curated database—cFos-ANAB—a cFos-based web tool for exploring activated neurons and associated behaviors in rats and mice, comprising 398 brain nuclei and sub-nuclei, and five associated behaviors: pain, fear, feeding, aggression, and sexual behavior. Direct relationships among behaviors and nuclei (even cell types) under specific stimulating conditions were constructed based on cFos expression profiles extracted from original publications. Moreover, overlapping nuclei and sub-nuclei with potentially complex functions among different associated behaviors were emphasized, leading to results serving as important clues to the development of valid hypotheses for exploring as yet unknown circuits. Using the analysis function of cFos-ANAB, multi-layered pictures of networks and their relationships can quickly be explored depending on users’ purposes. These features provide a useful tool and good reference for early exploration in neuroscience. The cFos-ANAB database is available at www.cfos-db.net.