Gingivectomy and periodontal flap surgery are fundamental periodontal surgeries. Undergraduate students majoring in stomatology must master the basic principles of these two surgical procedures and be familiar with their key operational essentials. This article elaborates on how to conduct standardized fundamental periodontal surgery training step by step, including the significance of the two surgical methods in periodontal therapy, the scheduling and implementation strategies of surgical training, the training essentials, as well as common errors and countermeasures during the training process, providing guidance to improve the standardization of periodontal surgery in China.

Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics and hypervirulence evolution trend of ST11 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai,and provide scientific basis for formulating the prevention and control measures of drug-resistant organisms.Methods A total of 201 strains of CRKP isolated from 12 medical institutions in Shanghai from 2021 to 2022 were collected.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed.The concatenated data was used for multilocus sequencing typing(MLST),serum typing(wzi typing),as well as analysis of resistance and viru-lence genes.Results All 201 CRKP strains were multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs).These strains were al-most completely resistant to carbapenems,cephalosporins,and quinolones.Drug resistance gene analysis showed that 93.03％of CRKP strains carried KPC gene.201 CRKP strains were divided into 6 ST types and 10 capsule wzi types,with ST11-KL64(n=104)being the dominant type,followed by ST15-KL19(n=54).52.24％(n=105)of CRKP carried rpmA/rpmA2+iucA+iutA+iroN genes.Conclusion CRKP isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai is mainly ST11-KL64 type with severe multidrug resistance,and more than half of the strains are hyper-virulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(hv-CRKP).It is necessary to continuously strengthen the monitoring of the molecular characteristics of CRKP,so as to prevent outbreaks of healthcare-associated infection.

OBJECTIVE: To provide preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for a patient with Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) due to IKBKG gene variant but without family samples through construction of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based haplotype by Long-read sequencing (LRS) technology. METHODS: A female IP patient with a heterozygous IKBKG c.1167dup variant but without family genetic data who sought genetic counseling at Women and Children' Hospital of Ningbo University in November 2021 was selected as the study subject. The IKBKG gene has a highly homologous pseudogene IKBKGP1. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from the couple, and LRS was used to obtain informative SNP loci flanking the variant locus, enabling the construction of SNP haplotype with a long segment spanning from the non-homologous region of IKBKG to the variant site. Trophoblast cells were biopsied from blastocysts fertilized through intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to determine the SNP information of the embryos. Linkage analysis with the parental SNP haplotypes was conducted to detect the carrier status of the embryos and exclude chromosomal aneuploidies. Sanger sequencing was carried out to validate the result. A euploid embryo without the pathogenic variant was selected for transfer. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out by amniocentesis at mid-trimester to verify the result of PGT tests, and follow-up was conducted after the baby was born. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University (Ethics No. EC2023-094). RESULTS: A total of seven blastocysts were tested, and PGT results indicated that two embryos were euploid and did not carry the pathogenic variant. One euploid embryo was transferred, which resulted in a singleton pregnancy. Amniocentesis at 24 weeks of gestation confirmed that the status of fetal IKBKG gene, and its chromosomal status was consistent with the PGT results. A healthy male infant was born at 38+6 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSION For IP patients with de novo mutation or without family genetic samples, PGT with LRS can directly construct the SNP-based haplotype while avoiding interference from pseudogenes, providing an effective strategy for PGT.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Genetic Testing/methods* ; Haplotypes/genetics* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods* ; I-kappa B Kinase/genetics* ; Incontinentia Pigmenti/diagnosis* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics* ; Preimplantation Diagnosis/methods* ; Infant, Newborn

Objective:To provide preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for a patient with Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) due to IKBKG gene variant but without family samples through construction of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based haplotype by Long-read sequencing (LRS) technology. Methods:A female IP patient with a heterozygous IKBKG c. 1167dup variant but without family genetic data who sought genetic counseling at Women and Children′s Hospital of Ningbo University in November 2021 was selected as the study subject. The IKBKG gene has a highly homologous pseudogene IKBKGP1. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from the couple, and LRS was used to obtain informative SNP loci flanking the variant locus, enabling the construction of SNP haplotype with a long segment spanning from the non-homologous region of IKBKG to the variant site. Trophoblast cells were biopsied from blastocysts fertilized through intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to determine the SNP information of the embryos. Linkage analysis with the parental SNP haplotypes was conducted to detect the carrier status of the embryos and exclude chromosomal aneuploidies. Sanger sequencing was carried out to validate the result. A euploid embryo without the pathogenic variant was selected for transfer. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out by amniocentesis at mid-trimester to verify the result of PGT, and follow-up was conducted after the baby was born. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Women and Children′s Hospital of Ningbo University (Ethics No. EC2023-094). Results:In total seven blastocysts were tested, and PGT results indicated that two embryos were euploid and did not carry the pathogenic variant. One euploid embryo was transferred, which resulted in a singleton pregnancy. Amniocentesis at 24 weeks of gestation confirmed that the status of fetal IKBKG gene, and its chromosomal status was consistent with the PGT results. A healthy male infant was born at 38 + 6 weeks of gestation. Conclusion:For IP patients with de novo mutation or without family samples, PGT with LRS can directly construct the SNP-based haplotype while avoiding interference from pseudogenes, providing an effective strategy for PGT.

Gingivectomy and periodontal flap surgery are fundamental periodontal surgeries. Undergraduate students majoring in stomatology must master the basic principles of these two surgical procedures and be familiar with their key operational essentials. This article elaborates on how to conduct standardized fundamental periodontal surgery training step by step, including the significance of the two surgical methods in periodontal therapy, the scheduling and implementation strategies of surgical training, the training essentials, as well as common errors and countermeasures during the training process, providing guidance to improve the standardization of periodontal surgery in China.

Objective To address the issue of motion misclassification caused by individual gait differences and fixed time window data extraction in motion intention recognition for intelligent lower limb prostheses,this study proposes a motion intention recognition method based on adaptive temporal alignment.Methods In lower limb motion analysis,for continuous gait cycle data,inter-class variability across different steady-state modes was utilized to detect gait pattern consistency through inter-cycle frame differencing.For samples identified as single steady-state modes,the dynamic time warping algorithm was introduced to align adjacent mo-tion sequences,thereby reducing individual variability.Haar wavelet 4-level decomposition was applied to ex-tract low-frequency coefficients for feature vector construction,and classification was performed using a support vector machine.The experimental protocol was designed as follows:three inertial measurement units were used to collect lower limb acceleration and angular velocity data from subjects performing thirteen locomotion modes.The test subjects included ten healthy participants and one transtibial amputee.The locomotion modes consisted of five steady-state modes(level walking,stair ascent,stair descent,ramp ascent,and ramp descent)and eight transition modes(mutual transitions between level walking and stair ascent/descent,as well as ramp ascent/de-scent).Results Simulation tests on ten healthy individuals and one amputee showed recognition accuracies of 99.24%and 100%for five steady-state modes,and 98.51%and 89.11%for all thirteen motion modes,respectively.Conclusion This study proposes an adaptive temporal alignment-based motion intention recognition method.The pro-posed approach effectively reduces the interference of individual gait variability on feature representation,en-hances the consistency and discriminability of gait features,and ultimately improves recognition performance.

Objective To understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics and hypervirulence evolution trend of ST11 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai,and provide scientific basis for formulating the prevention and control measures of drug-resistant organisms.Methods A total of 201 strains of CRKP isolated from 12 medical institutions in Shanghai from 2021 to 2022 were collected.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed.The concatenated data was used for multilocus sequencing typing(MLST),serum typing(wzi typing),as well as analysis of resistance and viru-lence genes.Results All 201 CRKP strains were multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs).These strains were al-most completely resistant to carbapenems,cephalosporins,and quinolones.Drug resistance gene analysis showed that 93.03％of CRKP strains carried KPC gene.201 CRKP strains were divided into 6 ST types and 10 capsule wzi types,with ST11-KL64(n=104)being the dominant type,followed by ST15-KL19(n=54).52.24％(n=105)of CRKP carried rpmA/rpmA2+iucA+iutA+iroN genes.Conclusion CRKP isolated from medical institutions in Shanghai is mainly ST11-KL64 type with severe multidrug resistance,and more than half of the strains are hyper-virulent carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(hv-CRKP).It is necessary to continuously strengthen the monitoring of the molecular characteristics of CRKP,so as to prevent outbreaks of healthcare-associated infection.

Objective To address the issue of motion misclassification caused by individual gait differences and fixed time window data extraction in motion intention recognition for intelligent lower limb prostheses,this study proposes a motion intention recognition method based on adaptive temporal alignment.Methods In lower limb motion analysis,for continuous gait cycle data,inter-class variability across different steady-state modes was utilized to detect gait pattern consistency through inter-cycle frame differencing.For samples identified as single steady-state modes,the dynamic time warping algorithm was introduced to align adjacent mo-tion sequences,thereby reducing individual variability.Haar wavelet 4-level decomposition was applied to ex-tract low-frequency coefficients for feature vector construction,and classification was performed using a support vector machine.The experimental protocol was designed as follows:three inertial measurement units were used to collect lower limb acceleration and angular velocity data from subjects performing thirteen locomotion modes.The test subjects included ten healthy participants and one transtibial amputee.The locomotion modes consisted of five steady-state modes(level walking,stair ascent,stair descent,ramp ascent,and ramp descent)and eight transition modes(mutual transitions between level walking and stair ascent/descent,as well as ramp ascent/de-scent).Results Simulation tests on ten healthy individuals and one amputee showed recognition accuracies of 99.24%and 100%for five steady-state modes,and 98.51%and 89.11%for all thirteen motion modes,respectively.Conclusion This study proposes an adaptive temporal alignment-based motion intention recognition method.The pro-posed approach effectively reduces the interference of individual gait variability on feature representation,en-hances the consistency and discriminability of gait features,and ultimately improves recognition performance.

Objective:To provide preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for a patient with Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) due to IKBKG gene variant but without family samples through construction of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based haplotype by Long-read sequencing (LRS) technology. Methods:A female IP patient with a heterozygous IKBKG c. 1167dup variant but without family genetic data who sought genetic counseling at Women and Children′s Hospital of Ningbo University in November 2021 was selected as the study subject. The IKBKG gene has a highly homologous pseudogene IKBKGP1. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples from the couple, and LRS was used to obtain informative SNP loci flanking the variant locus, enabling the construction of SNP haplotype with a long segment spanning from the non-homologous region of IKBKG to the variant site. Trophoblast cells were biopsied from blastocysts fertilized through intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to determine the SNP information of the embryos. Linkage analysis with the parental SNP haplotypes was conducted to detect the carrier status of the embryos and exclude chromosomal aneuploidies. Sanger sequencing was carried out to validate the result. A euploid embryo without the pathogenic variant was selected for transfer. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out by amniocentesis at mid-trimester to verify the result of PGT, and follow-up was conducted after the baby was born. This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Women and Children′s Hospital of Ningbo University (Ethics No. EC2023-094). Results:In total seven blastocysts were tested, and PGT results indicated that two embryos were euploid and did not carry the pathogenic variant. One euploid embryo was transferred, which resulted in a singleton pregnancy. Amniocentesis at 24 weeks of gestation confirmed that the status of fetal IKBKG gene, and its chromosomal status was consistent with the PGT results. A healthy male infant was born at 38 + 6 weeks of gestation. Conclusion:For IP patients with de novo mutation or without family samples, PGT with LRS can directly construct the SNP-based haplotype while avoiding interference from pseudogenes, providing an effective strategy for PGT.

Diabetes is a common chronic non-infectious disease. Diabetic patients not only suffer from metabolic disorders, but are also prone to immune deficiencies and are at a higher risk of being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Many studies at home and abroad have shown that the HPV infection rate of patients with diabetes is higher than that of non-diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes can benefit from HPV vaccination, and the tolerance is good. HPV vaccination is recommended for diabetic patients. This article reviews the research on diabetes, HPV infection, and HPV vaccine, which will provide references for HPV vaccination in diabetic patients.