Objective: To investigate the correlation between color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*, Eab^*) and the contents of reducing sugars, total polysaccharides, total oligosaccharides, as well as four saccharides (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and kestose) during the nine cycles of steaming and sun-drying processing of Polygonatum kingianum, and to preliminarily explore the optimal processing duration.
Methods: The color changes were objectively evaluated using a colorimeter. The anthrone-sulfuric acid method was employed to determine total polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. The 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method was used to measure total reducing sugar content. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection (HPLC-CAD) was applied for quantitative analysis of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and kestose. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to assess samples from different processing stages.
Results: Significant variations in color and component contents were observed across processing stages. The herbal pieces progressively darkened with increased processing cycles: brightness (L^*) and total color difference (Eab^*) initially decreased then stabilized, while a^* (red-green) and b^* (yellow-blue) values first increased then declined. Total polysaccharides and oligosaccharides showed overall decreasing trends, whereas reducing sugars initially increased before stabilizing. Fructose and glucose levels rose continuously, while sucrose and kestose decreased progressively, becoming undetectable after five cycles.
Conclusion: The chromatic alteration and saccharide composition of P. kingianum showed significant correlation with processing duration. Both total color difference (Eab^*) and reducing sugar content stabilized after four processing cycles (12 hours), suggesting that four cycles of steaming and sun-drying may represent the optimal processing duration.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*, Eab^* values) of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata powder prepared by different processing techniques and the contents of 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, emodin, physcion, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.
Methods: The L^*, a^*, b^* and Eab^* values of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata powder prepared by different processing techniques were determined by spectrophotometer, and the contents of the five components were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, SPSS 26.0 software and Simca 14.1 software were used to analyze the correlation.
Results: Through the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), it was found that the steamed samples and black bean steamed samples could be obviously divided into two categories: raw products and processed products. The processed products could be further divided into 2-8 h and 12-48 h. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the content of stilbene glycoside was significantly positively correlated with L^*, a^* and b^* values (P<0.01). The a^* value was significantly positively correlated with the content of emodin and physcion (P<0.01). Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside was positively correlated with L^* value and b^* value, while physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside was negatively correlated with a^* value. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS) showed that 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (VIP=1.69) and emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside (VIP=1.06) were the key variables affecting chromaticity characteristics (P<0.01).
Conclusion: The three processes of steaming, black bean steaming and black bean stewing are consistent in composition transformation and chromaticity variation, and stilbene glycoside can be used as a specific index component to characterize the processed color. Chromatic parameters can effectively reflect the processing progression and serve as quality monitoring indicators during production.

OBJECTIVES: Tiletamine, a veterinary anesthetic, has emerged as a novel psychoactive substance and has been abused in many parts of the world, causing great harm to public health. However, the sensitivity of existing detection methods cannot meet the needs of forensic practice. This study aims to establish an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of tiletamine and its metabolite desethyltiletamine in human biological samples, and to verify its applicability in forensic practice. METHODS: SKF_525A was used as the internal standard. Biological samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1 ng/mL SKF_525A, vortexed for 10 min, ultrasonicated for 20 min, centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 10 min, and 500 μL of the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane. Analyses were performed using an ACQUITY UPLC H-Class PLUS system and an XEVO TQ-S Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. An ACQUITY UPLC^® BEH C18 (1.7 µm, 2.1 mm×100 mm) column at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min was used, and four mobile phase systems were tested to optimize separation. Detection used positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with quantifier ion transitions of mass to charge 224.043→179.016 for tiletamine and mass to charge 196.08→151.06 for desethyltiletamine. Calibration curves were established over 0.1-200 ng/mL in spiked blood samples. The linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined. Low (5 ng/mL), medium (20 ng/mL), and high (100 ng/mL) concentrations of tiletamine were spiked into blood, liver, and kidney to evaluate precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, and stability. Finally, actual forensic case samples were tested to validate applicability. RESULTS: The established UPLC-MS/MS method achieved simultaneous detection of tiletamine and desethyltiletamine in human biological samples, with retention times of 3.42 min and 2.82 min, respectively. Using mobile phase A (20 mmol/L ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid in water) and mobile phase B (acetonitrile) produced the best separation. In blood, tiletamine showed good linearity from 0.1-200 ng/mL (r=0.992, R²=0.983), LOD 0.03 ng/mL, LOQ 0.1 ng/mL, recovery 92%-107%, and matrix effect 71%-99%. In liver and kidney, recoveries were 91%-98% and 93%-104%, and matrix effects were 69%-96% and 72%-100%, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision [expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD)] and accuracy [expressed as relative error (RE)] were within 15%, and samples were stable at -20 ℃. Tiletamine was detected in actual case samples at 0.37 μg/mL (blood), 0.15 μg/g (liver), 0.11 μg/g (kidney) in case 1, and 8.75 ng/mL (blood) in case 2; desethyltiletamine was also detected in blood. CONCLUSIONS The UPLC-MS/MS method is efficient, accurate, and sensitive, and is suitable for detecting tiletamine and desethyltiletamine in human biological samples.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Humans ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods* ; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVES: Near vision loss (NVL) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide, exerting a profound impact on individual quality of life and socio-economic development. This study aims to analyze the burden of NVL in China by sex and age groups from 1990 to 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years. METHODS: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, we conducted descriptive analyses of NVL prevalence in China, calculated age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates (ASDR) to compare burden differences between sexes and age groups, and applied an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict NVL trends for the next 15 years. The model selection was based on best-fit criteria to ensure reliable projections. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2021, China's ASPR of NVL rose from 10 096.24/100 000 to 15 624.54/100 000, and ASDR increased from 101.75/100 000 to 158.75/100 000. In 2021, ASPR (16 551.70/100 000) and ASDR (167.69/100 000) were higher among females than males (14 686.21/100 000 and 149.76/100 000, respectively). China ranked highest globally in both NVL cases and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), with female burden significantly exceeding male burden. Projections indicated this trend and sex gap will persist until 2036. Compared with 1990, the prevalence cases and DALYs increased by 239.20% and 238.82%, respectively in 2021, with the highest burden among females and the 55-59 age group. The ARIMA model predicted continued increases in prevalence and DALYs by 2036, with females maintaining a higher burden than males. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a marked increase in the NVL burden in China and predicts continued growth in the coming years. Public health policies should prioritize NVL prevention and control, with special attention to women and middle-aged populations to mitigate long-term societal and health impacts.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Prevalence ; Middle Aged ; Disability-Adjusted Life Years ; Adult ; Global Burden of Disease ; Adolescent ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Aged ; Sex Factors ; Child ; Young Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Cost of Illness ; Infant ; Aged, 80 and over ; Vision Disorders/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVES: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition among women that severely impairs quality of life. Pelvic floor proprioceptive training (PFPT) has attracted increasing attention for its potential to enhance pelvic floor muscle function and alleviate SUI symptoms. This study aims to observe and compare the clinical efficacy of PFPT combined with electroacupuncture, electrical stimulation, and biofeedback therapy versus conventional therapy consisting of electroacupuncture, electrical stimulation, and biofeedback alone in women with SUI, and to explore the role of PFPT in improving symptom and functional outcomes. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 72 women with mild to moderate SUI were recruited from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, between December 2021 and October 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=36) or a control group (n=36). Both groups received health education. The control group underwent electroacupuncture combined with electrical stimulation and biofeedback therapy, while the experimental group additionally received PFPT 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Secondary outcomes included pelvic floor muscle strength, bladder neck mobility, and balance ability. The ICIQ-SF was reassessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. RESULTS: Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in all parameters after treatment (all P<0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in most measures (all P>0.05). The experimental group demonstrated longer single-leg stance duration with eyes closed than the control group (left leg: P=0.026; right leg: P=0.006), with a significant increase from baseline (P<0.001). At 6 months post-treatment, the cure rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS Conventional therapy effectively improves SUI symptoms, but adding PFPT provides notable additional benefits, including enhanced balance ability and sustained mid-term cure rates. These findings suggest that PFPT is a valuable adjunct to standard SUI management strategies.
Humans ; Female ; Urinary Incontinence, Stress/physiopathology* ; Pelvic Floor/physiopathology* ; Middle Aged ; Biofeedback, Psychology ; Adult ; Exercise Therapy/methods* ; Proprioception ; Electroacupuncture/methods* ; Quality of Life ; Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods* ; Treatment Outcome ; Combined Modality Therapy

Objective:To explore the effect of bone morphogenetic with protein 2 (BMP2) intervention in iron metabolism related protein expression on rats osteoporosis (OP) by regulating hepcidin level.Methods:Thirty-six 8-week-old SPF grade female SD rats with a body weight of 200-220 g were divided into sham group (Removal of adipose tissue around ovaries), model group (ovariectomy was used to prepare postmenopausal OP model rats), adenovirus group (OP model rats injected with adenovirus into the femoral cavity), and overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group (OP model rats injected with BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus into the femoral cavity) using a random number table method, with 9 rats in each group. Rats were euthanized after 2 months of injection, and femoral tissue was taken for micro computed tomography (micro-CT) three-dimensional reconstruction to observe the microstructural characteristics of bone trabeculae, and calculate bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) values. Hematoxylin eosin staining, Masson staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to observe the pathological damage, collagen content, and osteoclast count of femoral tissues in four group rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferritin, hepcidin levels in serum were detected. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect BMP2 mRNA expression in femoral tissue. Western blotting were used to detect BMP2, ALP, OCN, OPN, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, hepcidin, FPN1, TfR1, DMT1 protein expression in femoral tissue.Results:The differences of BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, BV/TV, and Tb.Sp in sham group, model group, adenovirus group, and BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and BV/TV in model group were lower than those in sham group, Tb.Sp was higher than that in sham group, BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and BV/TV in BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group, Tb.Sp was lower than that in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). Sham group had intact bone trabeculae, abundant collagen fibers, and fewer osteoclasts in femoral tissues; Model group and adenovirus group had sparse bone trabeculae, severe loss of collagen fibers, and more osteoclasts; Bone trabeculae and collagen fibers in overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were greater than those in model group and adenovirus group, osteoclasts were fewer than those in model group and adenovirus group. The differences of MDA, GSH, SOD, ferritin, and hepcidin in serum in four groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, MDA and ferritin in model group were higher than those in sham group, GSH, SOD, hepcidin were lower those in sham group, MDA and ferritin levels in overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were lower those in model group and adenovirus group, GSH, SOD, hepcidin were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). BMP2 mRNA expression of femoral tissues in four groups were 1.00±0.10, 0.39±0.12, 0.39±0.08, and 3.46±0.41, respectively, BMP2 protein expression were 0.61±0.06, 0.17±0.06, 0.20±0.05, and 1.03±0.07, respectively, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, model group were lower those in sham group, overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). The differences of ALP, OCN, OPN, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, hepcidin, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 expression of femoral tissues in sham group, model group, adenovirus group, and BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, ALP, OCN, OPN, and hepcidin in model group were lower than those in sham group, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 were higher than those in sham group, ALP, OCN, OPN, and hepcidin in BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 were lower than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:BMP2 intervention iron metabolism related protein expression promotes bone formation in OP rats by increasing hepcidin level.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility and infection characteristics of dengue virus(DENV)in cells derived from diverse tissues of tree shrews and to provide a basis for expanding the repertoire of DENV-permissive cell models in this species.Methods DENV was inoculated at a multiplicity of infection(MOI)of 0.02 into tree shrew skin fibroblasts(TSFs),primary tree shrew renal epithelial cells(pTRECs),tree shrew aortic endothelial cells(TAECs),tree shrew aortic smooth muscle cells(TASMCs),tree shrew hepatocytes(THs),tree shrew corneal stromal cells(TCSCs),tree shrew brain microvascular endothelial cells(TBMECs),and tree shrew retinal microvascular endothelial cells(TRMECs).C6/36,Vero,A549,and BHK-21 cells(commonly used for DENV propagation)were used as positive controls.Over 6 days post-infection,cellular cytopathic effects were monitored at 12-hour intervals using an inverted microscope,viral RNA loads in cell lysates were quantified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to generate proliferation curves,and viral titers were determined by plaque assay.Results Seven types of tree shrew cells,except TRMECs,were susceptible to DENV.Prolonged infection induced pronounced cytopathic effects,including cell rounding,detachment,necrosis,and lysis,across all susceptible cells.The viral RNA loads detected in lysates of pTRECs,TBMECs,TASMCs,TAECs and THs,approached those of positive controls(≥4×107 copies/μL).Infectious progeny viruses were produced by these five cell types,with three(TAECs,3.13×105 PFU/mL;THs,2.03×105 PFU/mL;pTRECs,1.58×105 PFU/mL)exhibiting titers comparable to C6/36(3.85×10 5 PFU/mL)and earlier viral harvests.Conclusion DENV exhibits broad susceptibility to tree shrew cells of multiple tissue origins,with proliferation rates surpassing those of conventional cell lines sourced from other species.TAECs,THs,and pTRECs are particularly suitable for large-scale DENV proliferation,suggesting their potential involvement in in vivo infection.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility and infection characteristics of dengue virus(DENV)in cells derived from diverse tissues of tree shrews and to provide a basis for expanding the repertoire of DENV-permissive cell models in this species.Methods DENV was inoculated at a multiplicity of infection(MOI)of 0.02 into tree shrew skin fibroblasts(TSFs),primary tree shrew renal epithelial cells(pTRECs),tree shrew aortic endothelial cells(TAECs),tree shrew aortic smooth muscle cells(TASMCs),tree shrew hepatocytes(THs),tree shrew corneal stromal cells(TCSCs),tree shrew brain microvascular endothelial cells(TBMECs),and tree shrew retinal microvascular endothelial cells(TRMECs).C6/36,Vero,A549,and BHK-21 cells(commonly used for DENV propagation)were used as positive controls.Over 6 days post-infection,cellular cytopathic effects were monitored at 12-hour intervals using an inverted microscope,viral RNA loads in cell lysates were quantified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to generate proliferation curves,and viral titers were determined by plaque assay.Results Seven types of tree shrew cells,except TRMECs,were susceptible to DENV.Prolonged infection induced pronounced cytopathic effects,including cell rounding,detachment,necrosis,and lysis,across all susceptible cells.The viral RNA loads detected in lysates of pTRECs,TBMECs,TASMCs,TAECs and THs,approached those of positive controls(≥4×107 copies/μL).Infectious progeny viruses were produced by these five cell types,with three(TAECs,3.13×105 PFU/mL;THs,2.03×105 PFU/mL;pTRECs,1.58×105 PFU/mL)exhibiting titers comparable to C6/36(3.85×10 5 PFU/mL)and earlier viral harvests.Conclusion DENV exhibits broad susceptibility to tree shrew cells of multiple tissue origins,with proliferation rates surpassing those of conventional cell lines sourced from other species.TAECs,THs,and pTRECs are particularly suitable for large-scale DENV proliferation,suggesting their potential involvement in in vivo infection.

Objective To evaluate the application of rabbit liver cancer model in teaching interventional medicine for graduate students.Methods A total of 10 first-year master graduate students majoring in Radiological Imaging(Interventional Medicine).who were studying at Zhengzhou University of China,were enrolled in this study.The rabbit liver cancer model was used as the experimental teaching materials.The teaching contents included the establishment of rabbit liver cancer model,the interventional operation of rabbit liver cancer,the method of scientific research and teaching,the evaluation of the teaching effect,and the survey of student satisfaction.Results Under the guidance of teaching tutor,the success rate of VX2 rabbit liver cancer modeling performed by the 10 master graduate students majoring in interventional medicine was 100％,and the mean operational quality assessment score was(11.5±2.0)points.During the operation of interventional surgery,the success rate of femoral artery puncture was also 100％,and the mean score for each interventional operation was(11.8±2.3)points.The students'experimental designs were evaluated by the expert group,the results were as follows:2 cases were rated as excellent,7 cases were rated as good,and one case was rated as moderate.The degree of students'satisfaction with experimental teaching method was high,the specific scores of each item are as follows:the understanding of the rabbit liver cancer model was(4.80±0.40)points,the command of interventional technology was(4.60±0.49)points,and the quality and practicability of teaching materials was(4.90±0.30)points.Conclusion This teaching method of using rabbit liver cancer model experiment can improve the animal experiment ability,interventional operation ability and scientific research innovation ability of graduate students.Animal model teaching method is an innovation of teaching mode for graduate students majoring in interventional medicine.

Objective:To explore the effect of bone morphogenetic with protein 2 (BMP2) intervention in iron metabolism related protein expression on rats osteoporosis (OP) by regulating hepcidin level.Methods:Thirty-six 8-week-old SPF grade female SD rats with a body weight of 200-220 g were divided into sham group (Removal of adipose tissue around ovaries), model group (ovariectomy was used to prepare postmenopausal OP model rats), adenovirus group (OP model rats injected with adenovirus into the femoral cavity), and overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group (OP model rats injected with BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus into the femoral cavity) using a random number table method, with 9 rats in each group. Rats were euthanized after 2 months of injection, and femoral tissue was taken for micro computed tomography (micro-CT) three-dimensional reconstruction to observe the microstructural characteristics of bone trabeculae, and calculate bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) values. Hematoxylin eosin staining, Masson staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were used to observe the pathological damage, collagen content, and osteoclast count of femoral tissues in four group rats. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferritin, hepcidin levels in serum were detected. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect BMP2 mRNA expression in femoral tissue. Western blotting were used to detect BMP2, ALP, OCN, OPN, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, hepcidin, FPN1, TfR1, DMT1 protein expression in femoral tissue.Results:The differences of BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, BV/TV, and Tb.Sp in sham group, model group, adenovirus group, and BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and BV/TV in model group were lower than those in sham group, Tb.Sp was higher than that in sham group, BMD, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and BV/TV in BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group, Tb.Sp was lower than that in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). Sham group had intact bone trabeculae, abundant collagen fibers, and fewer osteoclasts in femoral tissues; Model group and adenovirus group had sparse bone trabeculae, severe loss of collagen fibers, and more osteoclasts; Bone trabeculae and collagen fibers in overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were greater than those in model group and adenovirus group, osteoclasts were fewer than those in model group and adenovirus group. The differences of MDA, GSH, SOD, ferritin, and hepcidin in serum in four groups were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, MDA and ferritin in model group were higher than those in sham group, GSH, SOD, hepcidin were lower those in sham group, MDA and ferritin levels in overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were lower those in model group and adenovirus group, GSH, SOD, hepcidin were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). BMP2 mRNA expression of femoral tissues in four groups were 1.00±0.10, 0.39±0.12, 0.39±0.08, and 3.46±0.41, respectively, BMP2 protein expression were 0.61±0.06, 0.17±0.06, 0.20±0.05, and 1.03±0.07, respectively, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, model group were lower those in sham group, overexpression BMP2 adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). The differences of ALP, OCN, OPN, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, hepcidin, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 expression of femoral tissues in sham group, model group, adenovirus group, and BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were statistically significant ( P<0.05), among them, ALP, OCN, OPN, and hepcidin in model group were lower than those in sham group, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 were higher than those in sham group, ALP, OCN, OPN, and hepcidin in BMP2 overexpressing adenovirus group were higher than those in model group and adenovirus group, RANKL, TRAP, CTX-I, FPN1, TfR1, and DMT1 were lower than those in model group and adenovirus group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:BMP2 intervention iron metabolism related protein expression promotes bone formation in OP rats by increasing hepcidin level.