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Chronic stress triggers the imbalance of the homeostasis of the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME),which is a key factor driving the development of lung cancer.Based on the mapping relationship between the concept of"spirit"in traditional Chinese medicine and chronic stress,and between"qi"and"immunity",it is believed that the cross-linking mechanism of"chronic stress-TIME-lung cancer"aligns with the understanding of traditional Chinese medicine of disease as involving the interplay between the"body,qi and spirit".The disorganization of"spirit"and"qi"is not only the root of the change of the"form",but also the key to prevent and control it.The treatment principle of synergizing to improve the chronic stress of"regulating the spirit"and remodeling the TIME of"invigorating the qi"is further proposed,which emphasizes on grasping the core pathogenesis of lung cancer at each stage of its evolution in order to administer medicines,drawing on the clinical experience and pharmacological research results in order to accurately hit the target,and combining special therapies like acupuncture,Chinese kungfu,sound therapy to treat the change of"shape"by modulating neuro-endocrine-immune network homeostasis,so as to provide new ideas and accessible solutions for the comprehensive prevention and treatment system of lung cancer.

Sheep and goats are important tuberculosis hosts found predominantly in plateau and mountainous regions.In recent years,the number of reported tuberculosis cases in sheep and goats has increased.The tuberculosis pathogen can spread among vari-ous animal species and even infect humans,thus further complicating disease prevention and control,and posing a serious threat to the health of both humans and livestock.This article summarizes the global prevalence of tuberculosis in sheep and goats,and specifi-cally analyzes the epidemic status in China.Frequently used tuberculosis detection methods in sheep and goats are described,and the shortcomings of each method are briefly introduced.Additionally,on the basis of frequently applied methods for monitoring,handling,and controlling tuberculosis in sheep and goats worldwide,suggestions are offered to provide a reference for tuberculosis control in sheep and goats in China.

This study was aimed at investigating the immunoregulatory function of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3641c gene in modulating host type Ⅰ interferon responses.The shuttle plasmid pMV261 was used to construct Rv3641c overexpression recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis,and the biological characteristics of the recombinant bacteria were analyzed to explore the effect of Rv3641c on the growth curve,colony morphology and stress resistance of Mycobacterium.Subsequently,RAW264.7 cells were infected with Rv3641c overexpressing Mycobacterium smegmatis,and the transcriptional expression of genes related to the inhibition of type I inter-feron pathway was determined by RT-PCR.The expression level of IFN-βprotein was determined by ELISA,and the intracellular sur-vival level was determined.As a result,the recombinant rMS::pMV261-Rv3641c was successfully constructed.The results of biologi-cal characteristics analysis showed that Rv3641c did not affect the growth of mycobacteria,but significantly changed the colony mor-phology of mycobacteria and improved its resistance to H2O2.The results of recombinant bacteria infection experiments showed that Rv3641c significantly down-regulated the transcription levels of IFN-α,IFN-βand downstream ISGs genes CXCL10,IFIT2 and IL-1β in host cells,and Rv3641c significantly down-regulated the transcription levels of IFN-α,IFN-βand downstream ISGs genes CXCL10,IFIT2 and IL-1βin host cells.The results of intracellular colonization experiments showed that the intracellular mycobacte-ria in the overexpression recombinant bacteria infection group were significantly higher than those in the empty vector group,indicat-ing that Rv3641c could promote the intracellular surviv al of mycobacteria.In summary,the Rv3641c gene of M.tuberculosis can inhibit the host type I interferon response and promote the intracellular survival of M.tuberculosis,which provides a new idea for further explor-ing the immune escape function of M.tuberculosis and the discovery of new targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of bridging thrombectomy and direct thrombectomy in patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed; 131 patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction with an onset time≤ 24 hours received endovascular treatment (EVT) at Department of Intervention Neurosurgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, from June 2022 to June 2024 were chosen; they were divided into bridging thrombectomy group (accepted intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] before EVT, n=55) and direct thrombectomy group ( n=76). Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the differences in efficacy and safety between the two groups. Efficacy indicators included modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 90 days after thrombectomy, and good prognosis rate 90 days after thrombectomy (mRS scores of 0-2). Safety indicators included intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy, mortality 90 days after thrombectomy, and ratio of patients receiving decompressive craniectomy after surgery. Results:No significant difference between the direct thrombectomy group and bridging thrombectomy group was noted in terms of mRS score 90 days after thrombectomy (3 [2, 6] vs. 3 [2, 6]), good prognosis rate 90 days after thrombectomy (38.2% vs. 25.5%), ICH incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy (30.3% vs. 40.0%), sICH incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy (21.1% vs. 21.8%), mortality rate within 90 days of thrombectomy (28.9% vs. 25.5%), and ratio of patients receiving decompressive craniectomy after surgery (9.2% vs. 9.1%, P>0.05). Core infarction volume at 100 mL was used as grouping standard, subgroup analysis showed that when the core infarction volume was 70-100 mL and >100 mL, respectively, no significant difference in sICH incidence was noted between the bridging thrombectomy group and direct thrombectomy group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:For patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction with an onset time≤ 24 hours, bridging thrombectomy has similar efficacy and safety as direct thrombectomy.

Chronic stress triggers the imbalance of the homeostasis of the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME),which is a key factor driving the development of lung cancer.Based on the mapping relationship between the concept of"spirit"in traditional Chinese medicine and chronic stress,and between"qi"and"immunity",it is believed that the cross-linking mechanism of"chronic stress-TIME-lung cancer"aligns with the understanding of traditional Chinese medicine of disease as involving the interplay between the"body,qi and spirit".The disorganization of"spirit"and"qi"is not only the root of the change of the"form",but also the key to prevent and control it.The treatment principle of synergizing to improve the chronic stress of"regulating the spirit"and remodeling the TIME of"invigorating the qi"is further proposed,which emphasizes on grasping the core pathogenesis of lung cancer at each stage of its evolution in order to administer medicines,drawing on the clinical experience and pharmacological research results in order to accurately hit the target,and combining special therapies like acupuncture,Chinese kungfu,sound therapy to treat the change of"shape"by modulating neuro-endocrine-immune network homeostasis,so as to provide new ideas and accessible solutions for the comprehensive prevention and treatment system of lung cancer.

Sheep and goats are important tuberculosis hosts found predominantly in plateau and mountainous regions.In recent years,the number of reported tuberculosis cases in sheep and goats has increased.The tuberculosis pathogen can spread among vari-ous animal species and even infect humans,thus further complicating disease prevention and control,and posing a serious threat to the health of both humans and livestock.This article summarizes the global prevalence of tuberculosis in sheep and goats,and specifi-cally analyzes the epidemic status in China.Frequently used tuberculosis detection methods in sheep and goats are described,and the shortcomings of each method are briefly introduced.Additionally,on the basis of frequently applied methods for monitoring,handling,and controlling tuberculosis in sheep and goats worldwide,suggestions are offered to provide a reference for tuberculosis control in sheep and goats in China.

This study was aimed at investigating the immunoregulatory function of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3641c gene in modulating host type Ⅰ interferon responses.The shuttle plasmid pMV261 was used to construct Rv3641c overexpression recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis,and the biological characteristics of the recombinant bacteria were analyzed to explore the effect of Rv3641c on the growth curve,colony morphology and stress resistance of Mycobacterium.Subsequently,RAW264.7 cells were infected with Rv3641c overexpressing Mycobacterium smegmatis,and the transcriptional expression of genes related to the inhibition of type I inter-feron pathway was determined by RT-PCR.The expression level of IFN-βprotein was determined by ELISA,and the intracellular sur-vival level was determined.As a result,the recombinant rMS::pMV261-Rv3641c was successfully constructed.The results of biologi-cal characteristics analysis showed that Rv3641c did not affect the growth of mycobacteria,but significantly changed the colony mor-phology of mycobacteria and improved its resistance to H2O2.The results of recombinant bacteria infection experiments showed that Rv3641c significantly down-regulated the transcription levels of IFN-α,IFN-βand downstream ISGs genes CXCL10,IFIT2 and IL-1β in host cells,and Rv3641c significantly down-regulated the transcription levels of IFN-α,IFN-βand downstream ISGs genes CXCL10,IFIT2 and IL-1βin host cells.The results of intracellular colonization experiments showed that the intracellular mycobacte-ria in the overexpression recombinant bacteria infection group were significantly higher than those in the empty vector group,indicat-ing that Rv3641c could promote the intracellular surviv al of mycobacteria.In summary,the Rv3641c gene of M.tuberculosis can inhibit the host type I interferon response and promote the intracellular survival of M.tuberculosis,which provides a new idea for further explor-ing the immune escape function of M.tuberculosis and the discovery of new targets for anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of bridging thrombectomy and direct thrombectomy in patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed; 131 patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction with an onset time≤ 24 hours received endovascular treatment (EVT) at Department of Intervention Neurosurgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, from June 2022 to June 2024 were chosen; they were divided into bridging thrombectomy group (accepted intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] before EVT, n=55) and direct thrombectomy group ( n=76). Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the differences in efficacy and safety between the two groups. Efficacy indicators included modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 90 days after thrombectomy, and good prognosis rate 90 days after thrombectomy (mRS scores of 0-2). Safety indicators included intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy, mortality 90 days after thrombectomy, and ratio of patients receiving decompressive craniectomy after surgery. Results:No significant difference between the direct thrombectomy group and bridging thrombectomy group was noted in terms of mRS score 90 days after thrombectomy (3 [2, 6] vs. 3 [2, 6]), good prognosis rate 90 days after thrombectomy (38.2% vs. 25.5%), ICH incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy (30.3% vs. 40.0%), sICH incidence within 72 hours of thrombectomy (21.1% vs. 21.8%), mortality rate within 90 days of thrombectomy (28.9% vs. 25.5%), and ratio of patients receiving decompressive craniectomy after surgery (9.2% vs. 9.1%, P>0.05). Core infarction volume at 100 mL was used as grouping standard, subgroup analysis showed that when the core infarction volume was 70-100 mL and >100 mL, respectively, no significant difference in sICH incidence was noted between the bridging thrombectomy group and direct thrombectomy group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:For patients with acute anterior circulation large core infarction with an onset time≤ 24 hours, bridging thrombectomy has similar efficacy and safety as direct thrombectomy.

As a microbial therapy method, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. As one of the most direct and effective methods to improve gut microbiota, FMT achieves therapeutic benefits by transplanting functional gut microbiota from healthy human feces into the intestines of patients to reconstruct new gut microbiota. FMT has been proven to be an effective treatment for gastrointestinal diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, the clinical and basic research of FMT outside the gastrointestinal system is also emerging. It is worth noting that there is bidirectional communication between the gut microbial community and the central nervous system (CNS) through the gut-brain axis. Some gut bacteria can synthesize and release neurotransmitters such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine. Imbalanced gut microbiota may interfere with the normal levels of these neurotransmitters, thereby affecting brain function. Gut microbiota can also produce metabolites that may cross the blood-brain barrier and affect CNS function. FMT may affect the occurrence and development of CNS and its related diseases by reshaping the gut microbiota of patients through a variety of pathways such as nerves, immunity, and metabolites. This article introduces the development of FMT and the research status of FMT in China, and reviews the basic and clinical research of FMT in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), neurotraumatic diseases (spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury) and stroke from the characteristics of three types of nervous system diseases, the characteristics of intestinal flora, and the therapeutic effect and mechanism of fecal microbiota transplantation, summarize the common mechanism of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of CNS diseases and the therapeutic targets. We found that the common mechanisms of FMT in the treatment of nervous system diseases may include the following 3 categories through summary and analysis. (1) Gut microbiota metabolites, such as SCFAs, TMAO and LPS. (2) Inflammatory factors and immune inflammatory pathways such as TLR-MyD88 and NF-κB. (3) Neurotransmitter 5-HT. In the process of reviewing the studies, we found the following problems. (1) In basic researches on the relationship between FMT and CNS diseases, there are relatively few studies involving the autonomic nervous system pathway. (2) Clinical trial studies have shown that FMT improves the severity of patients’ symptoms and may be a promising treatment for a variety of neurological diseases. (3) The improvement of clinical efficacy is closely related to the choice of donor, especially emphasizing that FMT from healthy and young donors may be the key to the improvement of neurological diseases. However, there are common challenges in current research on FMT, such as the scientific and rigorous design of FMT clinical trials, including whether antibiotics are used before transplantation or different antibiotics are used, as well as different FMT processes, different donors, different functional analysis methods of gut microbiota, and the duration of FMT effect. Besides, the safety of FMT should be better elucidated, especially weighing the relationship between the therapeutic benefits and potential risks of FMT carefully. It is worth mentioning that the clinical development of FMT even exceeds its basic research. Science and TIME rated FMT as one of the top 10 breakthroughs in the field of biomedicine in 2013. FMT therapy has great potential in the treatment of nervous system diseases, is expected to open up a new situation in the medical field, and may become an innovative weapon in the medical field.