Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of category C intestinal infectious diseases among children and adolescents in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2024 and the association with meteorological factors, so as to provide a scientific basis for the targeted prevention and control of infectious diseases for children and adolescents. Methods: Using data from the "Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System" of the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" covering the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2024, the study analyzed clinical and confirmed cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis among individuals aged 6-19 years old to describe demographic and temporal characteristics. It used Joinpoint regression to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC) to analyze incidence trends, and Spearman s correlation was combined to generalize linear models so as to assess the association between category C intestinal infectious diseases and meteorological factors. Results: From 2012 to 2024, a cumulative total of 61 019 cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease among children and adolescents, 58 498 cases of other infectious diarrhea, and 6 377 cases of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were reported. The AAPC in the incidence rates of these three diseases was 19.19%, 31.03% and 31.48 %, respectively(all P <0.05). Notably, the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease increased significantly after 2022 (APC= 133.66 %, P <0.01). The temporal distribution showed that hand,foot,and mouth disease was most prevalent in May,June and July (seasonal index of 2.39,3.64,1.97), other infectious diarrhea was most prevalent in February,March and December (seasonal index of 1.22,1.25,1.47), and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis peaked in September and October (seasonal index of 4.22,2.16). Monthly average temperature could increase the risk of hand,foot,and mouth disease( β = 0.18 ,95% CI =0.11-0.25); as monthly average wind speed increased, the incidence of other infectious diarrhea ( β =-0.86, 95% CI = -1.50 to -0.22) and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis ( β =-1.32, 95% CI =-2.60 to -0.05) both decreased (all P < 0.05 ). Conclusions Among children and adolescents in Shenzhen, category C intestinal infectious diseases remain prevalent throughout the year；the number of reported hand, foot, and mouth disease cases has shown an upward trend in recent years.Temperature and wind speed significantly affect the number of reported cases of three types with category C intestinal infectious diseases.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella among nursery children in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2024, and to evaluate the impact of optimizing varicella vaccine (VarV) immunization strategies on varicella incidence. Methods: Varicella incidence data for nursery children in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2024 were obtained from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The study period was divided into three phases:one dose self pay VarV (January 2015 to October 2017), two dose self pay VarV (November 2017 to October 2019), and two dose free VarV (November 2019 to December 2024). Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was conducted to assess changes in the level and trend of varicella incidence associated with each phase of policy implementation. Results: A total of 27 517 varicella cases was reported among nursery children from 2015 to 2024, with an average annual incidence of 514.01/100 000. During the same period, 136 clustered outbreaks were reported in nursery institutions, involving a cumulative total of 1 091 cases. ITS analysis showed that during the self pay 1 dose stage, the varicella incidence among nursery children showed an upward trend, with an average monthly increase of 2.58/100 000 (95% CI =2.21/ 100 000 -2.95/100 000, P <0.01). After the implementation of the self pay 2 dose strategy, the incidence decreased, with a change in incidence of -26.12/100 000 (95% CI =-37.30/100 000 to -14.94/100 000) and a change in slope of -2.65/100 000 (95% CI = -3.38/100 000 to -1.93/100 000)(all P <0.01). After the implementation of the free 2 dose strategy, the incidence decreased further, with a change in incidence of -40.03/100 000 (95% CI =-50.39/100 000 to -29.66/100 000, P <0.01) and a change in slope of -0.56/100 000 (95% CI =-1.20/100 000-0.08/100 000, P =0.09). Conclusion The gradual optimization of the VarV vaccination strategy in Shenzhen from self pay 1 dose to free 2 dose has significantly reduced the varicella incidence among nursery children, demonstrating good short term control and long term intervention effectiveness.

Spermatogenesis is a highly ordered and spatiotemporally regulated developmental process in the male reproductive system, during which spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), supported by the seminiferous tubule microenvironment, sequentially undergo mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis to ultimately generate structurally intact spermatozoa. This complex process is accompanied by extensive transcriptional reprogramming, chromatin remodeling, and finely tuned post-transcriptional regulation. Precise control of RNA fate is therefore essential for maintaining the continuity and fidelity of spermatogenesis, and its disruption represents a major molecular basis of male infertility. N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryotes, has emerged as a critical regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression. m⁶A methyltransferases (“writers”) catalyze the addition of a methyl group to the N⁶ position of adenosine, m⁶A demethylases (“erasers”) remove the modification, and m⁶A-binding proteins (“readers”) recognize m⁶A-modified transcripts. Through the coordinated actions of these factors, m⁶A regulates transcript fate at multiple levels, including RNA splicing, nuclear export, stability, translation, and decay. Emerging evidence indicates that m⁶A-mediated regulation is essential across multiple stages of spermatogenesis, including SSC self-renewal and differentiation, meiotic progression, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and sperm morphogenesis. Beyond its intrinsic functions in germ cells, m⁶A also contributes to the regulation of the testicular microenvironment. In sertoli cells, m⁶A is involved in maintaining blood-testis barrier integrity, RNA processing, and paracrine signaling, thereby providing structural and metabolic support for germ cell development. In Leydig cells, m⁶A regulates steroidogenesis, particularly testosterone synthesis, and participates in cellular stress responses and metabolic homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, m⁶A indirectly influences spermatogenesis by modulating the functional state of testicular somatic cells, highlighting an integrated regulatory mode that combines cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated effects. Notably, distinct classes of m⁶A regulators exhibit pronounced stage-specific functions and coordinated division of labor, collectively forming a multilayered and dynamic regulatory network. Writers often display dosage- and temporal window-dependent effects; erasers contribute to stage-specific demethylation and functional compensation; while readers function through a “switch-buffer” dual-layer architecture, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in substrate selection and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that some m⁶A-related proteins can function through noncanonical mechanisms independent of m⁶A recognition, such as intrinsic RNA-binding activity, helicase function, or ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, thereby expanding the functional landscape of the m⁶A regulatory system. Dysregulation of m⁶A machinery can lead to multiple spermatogenic defects, including impaired SSC self-renewal, meiotic arrest, abnormal chromatin remodeling, and defective sperm formation, ultimately resulting in male infertility. Despite substantial advances, several critical questions remain unresolved, including the distinction between m⁶A-dependent and -independent mechanisms, the spatiotemporal dynamics of m⁶A modifications at single-cell resolution, and the coordination and antagonism among different regulatory factors. In this review, we systematically summarize the dual regulation of spermatogenesis by germ cell-intrinsic mechanisms and the testicular microenvironment, and delineate the molecular mechanisms and stage-specific functions of the dynamic m⁶A regulatory network. We further discuss the current limitations in the field and propose feasible experimental strategies for future investigation. Collectively, this work aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the epitranscriptomic regulation of spermatogenesis and to offer theoretical insights into the pathogenesis and clinical management of male infertility.

Spermatogenesis is a highly ordered and spatiotemporally regulated developmental process in the male reproductive system, during which spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), supported by the seminiferous tubule microenvironment, sequentially undergo mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis to ultimately generate structurally intact spermatozoa. This complex process is accompanied by extensive transcriptional reprogramming, chromatin remodeling, and finely tuned post-transcriptional regulation. Precise control of RNA fate is therefore essential for maintaining the continuity and fidelity of spermatogenesis, and its disruption represents a major molecular basis of male infertility. N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), the most abundant internal RNA modification in eukaryotes, has emerged as a critical regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression. m⁶A methyltransferases (“writers”) catalyze the addition of a methyl group to the N⁶ position of adenosine, m⁶A demethylases (“erasers”) remove the modification, and m⁶A-binding proteins (“readers”) recognize m⁶A-modified transcripts. Through the coordinated actions of these factors, m⁶A regulates transcript fate at multiple levels, including RNA splicing, nuclear export, stability, translation, and decay. Emerging evidence indicates that m⁶A-mediated regulation is essential across multiple stages of spermatogenesis, including SSC self-renewal and differentiation, meiotic progression, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and sperm morphogenesis. Beyond its intrinsic functions in germ cells, m⁶A also contributes to the regulation of the testicular microenvironment. In sertoli cells, m⁶A is involved in maintaining blood-testis barrier integrity, RNA processing, and paracrine signaling, thereby providing structural and metabolic support for germ cell development. In Leydig cells, m⁶A regulates steroidogenesis, particularly testosterone synthesis, and participates in cellular stress responses and metabolic homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, m⁶A indirectly influences spermatogenesis by modulating the functional state of testicular somatic cells, highlighting an integrated regulatory mode that combines cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-mediated effects. Notably, distinct classes of m⁶A regulators exhibit pronounced stage-specific functions and coordinated division of labor, collectively forming a multilayered and dynamic regulatory network. Writers often display dosage- and temporal window-dependent effects; erasers contribute to stage-specific demethylation and functional compensation; while readers function through a “switch-buffer” dual-layer architecture, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in substrate selection and post-transcriptional regulation. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that some m⁶A-related proteins can function through noncanonical mechanisms independent of m⁶A recognition, such as intrinsic RNA-binding activity, helicase function, or ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, thereby expanding the functional landscape of the m⁶A regulatory system. Dysregulation of m⁶A machinery can lead to multiple spermatogenic defects, including impaired SSC self-renewal, meiotic arrest, abnormal chromatin remodeling, and defective sperm formation, ultimately resulting in male infertility. Despite substantial advances, several critical questions remain unresolved, including the distinction between m⁶A-dependent and -independent mechanisms, the spatiotemporal dynamics of m⁶A modifications at single-cell resolution, and the coordination and antagonism among different regulatory factors. In this review, we systematically summarize the dual regulation of spermatogenesis by germ cell-intrinsic mechanisms and the testicular microenvironment, and delineate the molecular mechanisms and stage-specific functions of the dynamic m⁶A regulatory network. We further discuss the current limitations in the field and propose feasible experimental strategies for future investigation. Collectively, this work aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the epitranscriptomic regulation of spermatogenesis and to offer theoretical insights into the pathogenesis and clinical management of male infertility.

Objective To investigate the expression of the histone deacetylase SIRT7 in glioma cells and its impact on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation(EMT),as well as its effects on proliferative,migratory and invasive capabilities of glioma cells.Methods Bioinformatics analysis was conducted on data from glioma patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and the Chinese glioma Genome Atlas(CGGA)databases to explore the expression of SIRT7 gene in gliomas and its correlation with tumor grading,molecular characteristics and patient clinical prognosis.Glioma cells were randomly divided into control,SIRT7 knockdown,SIRT7 overexpression,drug treatment(10 μmol/L hydrochlorothiazide)and drug(10 μmol/L hydrochlorothiazide)+SIRT7 overexpression groups.The CCK-8 assay,cell scratch assay and Transwell assay were used to observe the effects of upregulating and downregulating SIRT7 expression on glioma cell proliferation,migration and invasion.RT-qPCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the effects of SIRT7 on the expression of neural cadherin(N-cadherin),Vimentin,E-cadherin,transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),Ki-67,and Smad3 protein in glioma cells.Nude mouse tumor-bearing experiments were conducted to observe the effect of SIRT7 knockdown on glioma growth.Results Higher expression levels of SIRT7 gene were associated with poorer clinical prognosis(P＜0.0001).SIRT7 expression levels were significantly correlated with tumor grading and 1p19q coding status(P＜0.01).Compared with normal HA cells,glioma cells showed significantly increased SIRT7 expression levels(P＜0.01).CCK-8 assay results indicated that,compared with control group,the proliferation activity of glioma cells in SIRT7 knockout group was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),while SIRT7 overexpression group showed significantly increased proliferation activity(P＜0.01).EdU assay results showed that,compared with control group,the proportion of glioma cells in the proliferative stage was significantly decreased in SIRT7 knockdown group(P＜0.01),and significantly increased in SIRT7 overexpression group(P＜0.01).Western blotting results revealed that,compared with control group,the protein expression levels of TGF-β,Smad3,N-cadherin and Vimentin were significantly decreased in SIRT7 knockdown group(P＜0.01),while the expression level of E-cadherin protein was significantly increased(P＜0.05).SIRT7 overexpression group showed significantly increased protein expression levels of TGF-β,Smad3,N-cadherin and Vimentin(P＜0.05),and a significantly decrease in E-cadherin protein expression level(P＜0.05).Scratch assay results indicated that,compared with control group,the migration ability of cells in SIRT7 knockdown group and drug group was significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and SIRT7 overexpression group showed significantly increased cell migration ability(P＜0.05).Compared with drug group,drug+SIRT7 overexpression group exhibited significantly increased cell migration ability(P＜0.01).Transwell assay results showed that,compared with control group,the migration and invasion abilities of cells in SIRT7 knockdown group and drug group were significantly decreased(P＜0.01),and SIRT7 overexpression group exhibited significantly increased migration and invasion abilities(P＜0.01).Compared with drug group,drug+SIRT7 overexpression group showed significantly increased migration and invasion abilities(P＜0.01).Nude mouse tumor-bearing assay results indicated that the volume and weight of glioma in SIRT7 knockdown group were significantly reduced compared with control group(P＜0.01).Conclusions Glioma patients with high SIRT7 expression have poorer clinical prognosis.SIRT7 can regulate the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to mediate EMT,promoting the proliferation and migration of glioma cells.SIRT7 knockdown can inhibit the growth of transplanted gliomas in nude mice.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of secretomes released by three-dimensional cultured mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)on neurons subjected to seawater immersion(SW)and stretch injury(SI),and to provide new insights into neuronal repair following SW combined with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods MSCs were cultured using the hanging drop method,and the conditioned medium(CM)containing MSCs secretomes was collected.A cellular model combining SW with SI was established using mouse hippocampal neuronal cells(HT22 cells).HT22 cells were randomly assigned to five groups:control,SI,SI+SW,SI+CM,and SI+SW+CM groups.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry,cell migration ability was evaluated by scratch assay,and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-2-associated protein(Bax),and ferroptosis-related proteins long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)were detected by Western blotting.Results Immersion in 15%seawater for 12 h significantly decreased HT22 cell viability(P<0.05).The CCK-8 assay indicated that cell viability in both the SI and SI+SW groups was significantly lower than that in control group after 12 h of treatment(P<0.05).Treatment with CM containing MSCs secretomes significantly increased cell viability in SI+CM group compared to SI group(P<0.0001),and in SI+SW+CM group compared to SI+SW group(P<0.001).Flow cytometry results revealed that the apoptosis rate in SI and SI+SW groups was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05 or P<0.001),while in SI+CM group was lower than that in SI group(P<0.05),and in SI+SW+CM group was lower than that in SI+SW group(P<0.05).Western blotting showed that compared to control group,SI and SI+SW groups exhibited reduced Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.01 or P<0.0001)and increased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.01 or P<0.0001).Compared to SI group,the SI+CM group displayed increased Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.05)and decreased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.05).Compared to SI+SW group,SI+SW+CM group exhibited increased Bcl-2 expression level(P<0.01)and decreased expression levels of Bax,ACSL4,and COX-2(P<0.01 or P<0.001).Scratch assay results demonstrated that at both 12 h and 24 h,the cell migration rate in SI and SI+SW groups was significantly lower than that in control group(P<0.01 or P<0.0001),while the migration rate in SI+CM group was significantly higher than that in SI group(P<0.0001 or P<0.01),and the migration rate in SI+SW+CM group was significantly higher than that in SI+SW group(P<0.0001).Conclusion Secretomes derived from MSCs cultured using the hanging drop method can alleviate neuronal damage caused by SW and TBI,potentially offering a therapeutic approach for SW combined with TBI.

Objective To investigate the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimula-tion(taVNS)on preoperative anxiety and sleep quality in patients undergoing laparoscopic myomecto-my.Methods A total of 106 patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic myomectomy were randomly divided into active stimulation group(a-taVNS group,n=53)and sham stimulation group(s-taVNS group,n=53).Trait Anxiety Inventory(TAI)scores,State Anxiety Inventory(SAI)scores,Hos-pital Anxiety and Depression Scale-anxiety(HADS-A)scores,Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale-anxiety(APAISa)scores,Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS)scores,hemodynamic parameters,and adverse reactions were evaluated before intervention(T0),30 min after interven-tion(T1),and the next morning(T2).The degrees of anxiety improvement(△SAI=SAIT0-SAIT1;△HADS-A=HADS-AT0-HADS-AT1;△APAISa=APAISaT0-APAISaT1)and sleep improvement(△AIS=AIST0-AIST2)were calculated,and their correlations were assessed.Results At T0,there were no significant differences in SAI,HADS-A,and APAISa scores between the two groups(P=0.376,0.682,0.144).At T1,there were significant differences in SAI and HADS-A scores between the two groups(adjusted P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference in APAISa scores(P=0.141).Compared with the s-taVNS group,the a-taVNS group had higher improvement values of △SAI,△HADS-A,and △APAISa(P＜0.001).Compared with T0,the AIS score de-creased and the incidence of sleep disorders decreased at T2 in the a-taVNS group(P＜0.05).Compared with the s-taVNS group,the AIS score and the proportion of patients with sleep disorders decreased at T2 in the a-taVNS group(P＜0.05).There was a positive correlation between the de-gree of anxiety improvement and the degree of sleep improvement in the a-taVNS group(P＜0.05),while there was no significant correlation in the s-taVNS group(P＞0.05).Compared with T0,sys-tolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and heart rate decreased at T1 in both groups,but there were no significant differences in these parameters between the two groups(P＞0.05).During the study period,no adverse events such as tinnitus,dizziness,headache,nausea,vomiting,or fa-cial flushing occurred in either group.Conclusion The method taVNS can improve preoperative anxiety and reduce the incidence of sleep disorders in patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ABO blood types and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. METHODS: A prospective birth cohort study was conducted. ABO blood types were determined using the slide method. GDM diagnosis was based on a 75-g, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) according to the criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. Logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios ( ORs) and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs) between ABO blood types and GDM risk. RESULTS: A total of 30,740 pregnant women with a mean age of 31.81 years were enrolled in this study. The ABO blood types distribution was: type O (30.99%), type A (26.58%), type B (32.20%), and type AB (10.23%). GDM was identified in 14.44% of participants. Using blood type O as a reference, GDM risk was not significantly higher for types A ( OR = 1.05) or B ( OR = 1.04). However, women with type AB had a 19% increased risk of GDM ( OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05-1.34; P < 0.05), even after adjusting for various factors. This increased risk for type AB was consistent across subgroup and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION The ABO blood types may influence GDM risk, with type AB associated with a higher risk. Incorporating it-either as a single risk factor or in combination with other known factors-could help identify individuals at risk for GDM before or during early pregnancy.
Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Diabetes, Gestational/etiology* ; ABO Blood-Group System ; Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection frequently develop central nervous system damage, yet the mechanisms driving this pathology remain unclear. This study investigated the primary pathways and key factors underlying brain tissue damage induced by the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant (lineage B.1.351). METHODS: K18-hACE2 and C57BL/6 mice were intranasally infected with the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant. Viral replication, pathological phenotypes, and brain transcriptomes were analyzed. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to identify altered pathways. Expression changes of host genes were verified using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS: Pathological alterations were observed in the lungs of both mouse strains. However, only K18-hACE2 mice exhibited elevated viral RNA loads and infectious titers in the brain at 3 days post-infection, accompanied by neuropathological injury and weight loss. GO analysis of infected K18-hACE2 brain tissue revealed significant dysregulation of genes associated with innate immunity and antiviral defense responses, including type I interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Toll-like receptor signaling components, and interferon-stimulated genes. Neuroinflammation was evident, alongside activation of apoptotic and pyroptotic pathways. Furthermore, altered neural cell marker expression suggested viral-induced neuroglial activation, resulting in caspase 4 and lipocalin 2 release and disruption of neuronal molecular networks. CONCLUSION These findings elucidate mechanisms of neuropathogenicity associated with the SARS-CoV-2 beta variant and highlight therapeutic targets to mitigate COVID-19-related neurological dysfunction.
Animals ; COVID-19/genetics* ; Mice ; Brain/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology* ; Pyroptosis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Transcriptome ; Male ; Female

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.