With the increasing demand for dynamic,real-time and rapid qualitative analysis of chemical composition in areas such as emergency response and space exploration,chip-scale mass spectrometers have attracted significant attention.These devices are expected to drive the integration of mass spectrometry with micro/nano-fabrication and intelligent sensing technologies,fostering profound innovation and breakthroughs in analytical chemistry.As an excellent mass analyzer,the ion trap exhibits numerous advantages,and its miniaturization creates favorable conditions for the high-density integration of miniature mass spectrometers.However,the reduction in ion storage capacity may compromise its sensitivity and dynamic range,rendering the study of ion unidirectional ejection in highly miniaturized ion traps of significant practical importance.In this work,a research was conducted on achieving efficient ion unidirectional ejection while maintaining high mass resolution in the extremely miniature hyperbolic linear ion trap(M-HLIT)with a field radius of 1 mm,and an electric field compensation method was proposed,which combined asymmetric electrode stretching and unbalanced RF voltage to achieve high-precision optimization of the electric field composition.Simulations showed that in an ideal structure,this method achieved 100％unidirectional ejection efficiency with the mass resolution of 518,significantly outperforming traditional asymmetric structure method(365)and unbalanced voltage method(321).Following the introduction of ion ejection slots,further optimization through bidirectional stretching and electrical parameters improved the resolution to 790 while maintaining a unidirectional ejection efficiency of 93％.This method eliminated the requirement for additional excitation voltage,offering an ideal solution for the miniature mass analyzer with high detection performance of chip-level mass spectrometers.

Objective:To explore inhibitory effect of Tianzhi granule on neuroinflammation in vascular dementia(VD)rats.Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into Sham group,VD group,TZG-L group and TZG-H group,with 15 rats in each group.Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was used to construct VD rats model,Sham group was not ligated.Rats in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were gavaged with Tianzhi granule 5 g/kg,20 g/kg every day,while rats in Sham group and VD group were gavaged with same amount of normal saline for 8 weeks.Y-maze test was used to detect cognitive ability of rats;Nissl staining and FJC staining were used to assess neuronal damage;TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis;immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO,Nrf2,HO-1 protein levels in temporal cortex tissue.PC12 cells was divided into Control group,Glutamate group,TZG-L group and TZG-H group.Glutamate(20 μmol/L)was used to construct neuron injury model.TZG-L group and TZG-H group were added with Tianzhi granule 1 mg/ml,4 mg/ml.Neurons in each group were incubated for 48 h.CCK8 method and TUNEL staining were used to detect activity and apoptosis of neurons;immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3,Nrf2,HO-1 protein levels in cells.Results:Compared with Sham group,cognitive ability of rats in VD group were decreased,TUNEL positive neurons ratio was increased,Bcl-2 level was decreased,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased(all P<0.05).Compared with VD group,cognitive ability of rats in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were increased,TUNEL positive neurons ratio was decreased,Bcl-2,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO levels were decreased(all P<0.05).Morphology of neurons in control group were normal;compared with control group,neurons in Glutamate group were swollen,activity of neurons was decreased,apoptosis rate was increased,Bcl-2 level was decreased,Bax,Caspase-3,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased(all P<0.05);compared with Glutamate group,cell damage in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were reduced,activity of neurons was increased and apoptosis rate was decreased,Bcl-2,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased,Bax,Caspase-3 levels were decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Tianzhi granule can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in VD rats,inhibit activa-tion of microglia/astrocytes and neutrophil infiltration,improve neuroinflammation of VD,which may play a role by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in neurons.

Objective:To investigate and explore the expressional condition and therapeutic role of PD-1 and CD161 in the peripheral blood of patients treated with PEG-IFN-α for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and their correlation with the degree of decrease in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. CHB patients who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from July 2022 to December 2023 and healthy controls during the same period were included. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the IFN treatment group (31 cases), the non-IFN treatment group (30 cases), and the healthy control group (30 cases). Flow cytometry was used to detect the CD8, + PD-1, + CD161 + T lymphocytes and their subpopulations among the three groups. The proportions of cellular subpopulations were compared to analyze intergroup differences using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The patients in the IFN treatment group were divided into two subgroups, high-and low-level, according to the median levels of PD-1 + lymphocytes, CD8 +PD-1 +T cells, and CD161 + lymphocytes. The magnitude of HBsAg decline was compared between the two groups. Results:The proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells in the IFN treatment group were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group and the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.001). Moreover, the proportions of PD-1 + lymphocytes [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 24.3 (23.7, 28.0)%, non-IFN treatment group: 12.7 (10.0, 18.5)%, P<0.01] and CD8 +PD-1 +T cells [IFN treatment group 48 weeks: 29.29 (26.73, 32.98)%, non-IFN treatment group: 17.69 (9.62, 20.68)%, P<0.05] were higher in the IFN treatment group than those in the non-IFN treatment group at 48 weeks. The proportion of CD8 +CD161 +T cells was significantly lower in patients treated with IFN than in the non-IFN treatment group ( P<0.05) at 24 and 48 weeks, with no statistically significant difference with the healthy control group ( P>0.05). In the IFN treatment group, patients with high levels of PD-1 + and CD8 + PD1 lymphocytes had a significantly lower HBsAg decline compared to low-level patients, whereas no significant correlation was found between CD161 levels and HBsAg decline [PD-1 + lymphocytes: 0.15 (0.02, 0.18) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.32 (0.13, 0.42) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.01; CD8 +PD-1 +T cells: 0.16 (0.03, 0.17) log 10 IU/mL vs. 0.34 (0.13, 0.44) log 10 IU/mL, P<0.05]. Conclusion:The proportions of CD8 +PD-1 +T cells and CD8 +CD161 +T cells were significantly regulated by PEG-IFN-α therapy in the peripheral blood of patients with CHB, revealing the important role of T cell immune activation status during antiviral treatment. The gradual decline of HBsAg is closely related to the high expression of PD-1, suggesting that PD-1 may be negatively regulated during the process of T cell exhaustion and immunological evasion.

Objective:To explore inhibitory effect of Tianzhi granule on neuroinflammation in vascular dementia(VD)rats.Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into Sham group,VD group,TZG-L group and TZG-H group,with 15 rats in each group.Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was used to construct VD rats model,Sham group was not ligated.Rats in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were gavaged with Tianzhi granule 5 g/kg,20 g/kg every day,while rats in Sham group and VD group were gavaged with same amount of normal saline for 8 weeks.Y-maze test was used to detect cognitive ability of rats;Nissl staining and FJC staining were used to assess neuronal damage;TUNEL staining was used to detect neuronal apoptosis;immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO,Nrf2,HO-1 protein levels in temporal cortex tissue.PC12 cells was divided into Control group,Glutamate group,TZG-L group and TZG-H group.Glutamate(20 μmol/L)was used to construct neuron injury model.TZG-L group and TZG-H group were added with Tianzhi granule 1 mg/ml,4 mg/ml.Neurons in each group were incubated for 48 h.CCK8 method and TUNEL staining were used to detect activity and apoptosis of neurons;immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3,Nrf2,HO-1 protein levels in cells.Results:Compared with Sham group,cognitive ability of rats in VD group were decreased,TUNEL positive neurons ratio was increased,Bcl-2 level was decreased,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased(all P<0.05).Compared with VD group,cognitive ability of rats in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were increased,TUNEL positive neurons ratio was decreased,Bcl-2,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased,Bax,Caspase-3,NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,IL-18,TNF-α,Iba-1,GFAP,MPO levels were decreased(all P<0.05).Morphology of neurons in control group were normal;compared with control group,neurons in Glutamate group were swollen,activity of neurons was decreased,apoptosis rate was increased,Bcl-2 level was decreased,Bax,Caspase-3,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased(all P<0.05);compared with Glutamate group,cell damage in TZG-L group and TZG-H group were reduced,activity of neurons was increased and apoptosis rate was decreased,Bcl-2,Nrf2,HO-1 levels were increased,Bax,Caspase-3 levels were decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Tianzhi granule can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in VD rats,inhibit activa-tion of microglia/astrocytes and neutrophil infiltration,improve neuroinflammation of VD,which may play a role by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in neurons.

Objective To construct a risk prediction model for atherosclerosis(AS)in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA)based on Lasso-Logistic regression analysis and provide a scientific basis for individualized clinical intervention.Methods The retrospective clinical data were collected from 344 RA patients,including 86 patients with AS(RA+AS group)and 258 patients with without AS(RA group).The clinical characteristics and initial laboratory test results were compared between the two groups.Lasso regression was used to screen the key predictive variables,and Logistic regression was combined to construct the prediction mode.The discrimination of the model was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the curve(AUC).The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess the calibration,and decision curve analysis was used to verify the clinical applicability of the model.Results Seven predictive variables were identified including RA disease duration,DAS28 score,C-reactive protein(CRP),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),fasting blood glucose(FBG)and hypertension.The risk prediction model for AS in RA patients was:Logit(P)=-2.674+0.605×RA disease duration+0.393×DAS28 score+0.310×CRP+1.346×TG-2.289×HDL-C+0.679×FBG+0.711×hypertension.The AUC of the model was 0.965(95%CI:0.943-0.987),and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed χ2=0.547,P=1.000,indicating good discrimination and calibration.Clinical decision curve analysis showed that the probability threshold ranged from 7%to 92%,demonstrating high clinical applicability.Conclusion The AS risk prediction model constructed in this study for RA patients can effectively identify high-risk individuals,supporting the development of personalized prevention and treatment strategies.

Objective:To understand the workflow and key tasks of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in public hospitals,and propose optimization strategies from the perspective of managers.Methods:Based on the research method of Grounded Theory,semi-structured interviews were conducted among 23 managers of scientific and technological achievements transformation in public hospitals,and relevant concepts and categories were summarized by three stages coding with NVivo 12.Results:Through the three stages of coding,64 initial concepts,19 categories and 4 main categories were sorted out,and a framework diagram of the process of transforming scientific and technological achievements in public hospitals covering four stages was constructed.Conclusion:The scientific and technological achievements of public hospitals can be divided into four phases:project initiation and demand docking,research and development process and achievements incubation,achievements transformation and market docking,product promotion and industrial development,which can be used to achieve high-quality development of scientific and technological achievements through standardized management of the whole process,excavation of high-quality results,enhancement of humanistic construction,accumulation of scientific research experience,and standardization of qualification of technological managers.

AIM: To observe the variation characteristics of postoperative optical coherence tomography(OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)examination indicators in patients with high myopia and macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD), and analyze their correlation with visual function.METHODS: A total of 78 MHRD patients with high myopia who were treated in the Baoding No.1 Central Hospital from January 2019 to October 2023 were selected as the study objects, all of which underwent vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane tamponade. The changes in the best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), OCT and OCTA parameters, including choriocapillary blood flow area(CBFA), diameter of ellipsoid zone absence(DEZA)and blood flow density were observed at 1, 3 and 6 mo after surgery. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to analyze the correlation between BCVA and CBFA, DEZA, and blood flow density at different time points after surgery.RESULTS: BCVA of enrolled patients at 1, 3, and 6 mo after surgery were 1.75±0.79, 1.49±0.53, and 1.08±0.44, respectively, and the differences at different points were statistically significant(all P<0.05). At 1, 3, and 6 mo after surgery, the patient's CBFA was 1.67±0.24, 1.82±0.13, and 1.94±0.15 mm2, respectively, the DEZA was 813.27±453.16, 590.89±421.38, and 427.58±385.34 μm, respectively, and the blood flow density was 24.36±7.81, 27.74±8.12, and 31.54±8.59, respectively. The differences in above indicators at different time points were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis found that there was no significant correlation between DEZA, blood flow density and BCVA in patients with high myopia and MHRD at 1 mo after surgery(all P>0.05). However, CBFA was negatively correlated with BCVA(LogMAR; P<0.05); at 3 and 6 mo after surgery, CBFA and blood flow density were negatively correlated with BCVA(LogMAR)in patients with high myopia and MHRD, while DEZA was positively correlated with BCVA(LogMAR; all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CBFA, blood flow density, and DEZA were important influencing factors of BCVA at 3 and 6 mo after surgery(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Visual function of patients with high myopia and MHRD gradually increases after surgery, and is closely related to postoperative CBFA, DEZA and blood flow density. It is recommended to regularly monitor changes in OCT and OCTA indicators after surgery.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)expresses abundant glycolytic enzymes and displays comprehensive glucose metabolism reprogramming.Aldolase A(ALDOA)plays a prominent role in glycolysis;however,little is known about its role in HCC development.In the present study,we aim to explore how ALDOA is involved in HCC proliferation.HCC proliferation was markedly suppressed both in vitro and in vivo following ALDOA knockout,which is consistent with ALDOA overexpression encouraging HCC prolifera-tion.Mechanistically,ALDOA knockout partially limits the glycolytic flux in HCC cells.Meanwhile,ALDOA translocated to nuclei and directly interacted with c-Jun to facilitate its Thr93 phosphorylation by P21-activated protein kinase;ALDOA knockout markedly diminished c-Jun Thr93 phosphorylation and then dampened c-Jun transcription function.A crucial site Y364 mutation in ALDOA disrupted its interaction with c-Jun,and Y364S ALDOA expression failed to rescue cell proliferation in ALDOA deletion cells.In HCC patients,the expression level of ALDOA was correlated with the phosphorylation level of c-Jun(Thr93)and poor prognosis.Remarkably,hepatic ALDOA was significantly upregulated in the promotion and progression stages of diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC models,and the knockdown of Aldoa strikingly decreased HCC development in vivo.Our study demonstrated that ALDOA is a vital driver for HCC development by activating c-Jun-mediated oncogene transcription,opening additional avenues for anti-cancer therapies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of single-balloon and double-balloon enteroscopy in diagnosing pediatric small bowel diseases and assess the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography enterography (CTE) for small bowel diseases using enteroscopy as the reference standard. METHODS: Clinical data from 576 children who underwent enteroscopy at Hunan Children's Hospital between January 2017 and December 2023 were retrospectively collected. The children were categorized based on enteroscopy type into the single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) group (n=457) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) group (n=119), and the clinical data were compared between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of CTE for diagnosing small bowel diseases were evaluated using enteroscopy results as the standard. RESULTS: Among the 576 children, small bowel lesions were detected by enteroscopy in 274 children (47.6%).There was no significant difference in lesion detection rates or complication rates between the SBE and DBE groups (P>0.05), but the DBE group had deeper insertion, longer procedure time, and higher complete small bowel examination rate (P<0.05). The complication rate during enteroscopy was 4.3% (25/576), with 18 cases (3.1%) of mild complications and 7 cases (1.2%) of severe complications, which improved with symptomatic treatment, surgical, or endoscopic intervention. Among the 412 children who underwent CTE, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases were 44.4% and 71.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SBE and DBE have similar diagnostic efficacy for pediatric small bowel diseases, but DBE is preferred for suspected deep small bowel lesions and comprehensive small bowel examination. Enteroscopy in children demonstrates relatively good overall safety. CTE demonstrates relatively low sensitivity but comparatively high specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases.
Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Double-Balloon Enteroscopy/statistics & numerical data* ; Single-Balloon Enteroscopy/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Operative Time ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/statistics & numerical data* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Intestine, Small/surgery* ; Intestinal Diseases/surgery*

Objective To investigate the protective effect and its mechanism of low-dose interleukin-2(IL-2)against hepatocyte injury in Concanavalin A(Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)mice.Methods Eighteen SPF female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group,model group and treatment group,each group with 6 mice.Mice in the treatment group were subcutaneously injected with 300 μl 10,000 U IL-2 for 12 d,once a day.2 h after the last dose,Con A(15 mg/kg)was injected through the tail vein in the model group and treatment group.After 8 h of modeling,the histopathological changes in the mouse liver were observed using HE staining,and the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interferon-γ(IFN-γ)were detected using ELISA method;the expression of apoptotic protein caspase 8/9/3 was detected by Western blotting;and the percentages of Treg and Th1 cells were observed by flow cytometry.Results Compared with normal group,the liver index,spleen index,the percentage of necrotic area of liver tissue,the serum levels of ALT,AST,TNF-α and IFN-γ,and the expression of apoptosis protein caspase 8/9/3 significantly increased in the model group(P<0.05 or P<0.01);Compared with model group,the liver index,spleen index,the percentage of necrotic area of liver tissue,the serum levels of ALT,TNF-α and IFN-γ,and the expression of apoptosis protein caspase 8/9/3 significantly decreased in the treatment group(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The flow cytometry results showed that compared with normal group,the percentages of Treg and Th1 cells and Th1/Treg ratio increased in the model group(P<0.05 or P<0.01);Compared with the model group,the percentage of Treg cells further increased(P<0.01),Th1/Treg ratio decreased significantly in the treatment group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the percentage of Th1 cells between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion Low-dose of IL-2 can effectively improve liver injury in AIH mice,and the mechanism of action may be related to inducible Treg cell activation.