Based on the etiology and clinical diagnostic criteria of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）， identification and typing of treatment from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine， the criteria for evaluating the clinical compatibility of traditional Chinese and western medicine in animal models of T2DM were set up. The literature was reviewed to sort out and analyze the existing commonly used modeling methods， summarize the mechanism， compare the advantages and disadvantages， and calculate the consistency between the animal model and the clinical symptoms， syndromes， and indicators from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine. The authors found that spontaneous animal models and high-fat diets combined with multiple low-dose streptozotocin （STZ） induction models were more in line with modern medical pathogenesis of T2DM. However， it fails to form some special syndromes required for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research. In addition， there are many methods of combining the etiology and pathogenesis of TCM， which can be divided into three categories： intervention carried out by drug administration， behavioral stimulation， or environmental changes according to TCM， or use of hormones according to clinical evidence and combination of the two methods mentioned above. All of them can successfully establish different types of animal models. However， different methods of establishing syndrome models have their own advantages and disadvantages， and there is no unified standard for the stability and evaluation of syndrome models. As for the clinical consistency criteria of traditional Chinese and western medicine established in this paper， the animal model with 100% consistency has not been calculated due to the conditions of incomplete symptoms and syndromes described in the studies and different selection indicators. Consequently， the establishment of a simple， easy-to-use， and affordable T2DM animal model with both traditional Chinese and western medicine disease characteristics and the improvement of the Chinese and western medicine evaluation system for different evidence types are of great significance for the future development of TCM research on T2DM.

Based on the etiology and clinical diagnostic criteria of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）， identification and typing of treatment from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine， the criteria for evaluating the clinical compatibility of traditional Chinese and western medicine in animal models of T2DM were set up. The literature was reviewed to sort out and analyze the existing commonly used modeling methods， summarize the mechanism， compare the advantages and disadvantages， and calculate the consistency between the animal model and the clinical symptoms， syndromes， and indicators from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine. The authors found that spontaneous animal models and high-fat diets combined with multiple low-dose streptozotocin （STZ） induction models were more in line with modern medical pathogenesis of T2DM. However， it fails to form some special syndromes required for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） research. In addition， there are many methods of combining the etiology and pathogenesis of TCM， which can be divided into three categories： intervention carried out by drug administration， behavioral stimulation， or environmental changes according to TCM， or use of hormones according to clinical evidence and combination of the two methods mentioned above. All of them can successfully establish different types of animal models. However， different methods of establishing syndrome models have their own advantages and disadvantages， and there is no unified standard for the stability and evaluation of syndrome models. As for the clinical consistency criteria of traditional Chinese and western medicine established in this paper， the animal model with 100% consistency has not been calculated due to the conditions of incomplete symptoms and syndromes described in the studies and different selection indicators. Consequently， the establishment of a simple， easy-to-use， and affordable T2DM animal model with both traditional Chinese and western medicine disease characteristics and the improvement of the Chinese and western medicine evaluation system for different evidence types are of great significance for the future development of TCM research on T2DM.

BACKGROUND:Most of the biomechanical studies on kyphosis have focused on trunk muscle strength and sagittal plane balance,and little has been reported on the biomechanical response within the spine during kyphosis. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biomechanical response of the spine during postural kyphosis by simulating the process of postural kyphosis. METHODS:A three-dimensional finite element model of the normal thoracolumbar segment(T1-S1 segment)was established by using the finite element method.10 groups of pure bending loads from 1.15-11.52 N·m were applied using a three-point force system on T1,T6,and T12 vertebrae to simulate the process of postural kyphosis in normal humans.The relationship between the loads and Cobb angle and the biomechanical responses of vertebrae,ribs,and intervertebral discs were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)During postural kyphosis,the Cobb angle size of T1-T12 segments was linearly related to the load size.(2)The maximum stresses on the vertebrae,ribs,and intervertebral discs increased with increasing load.(3)Under the action of 11.52 N·m moment,the maximum stresses on the vertebral body,ribs,and intervertebral disc were found in the front of the T6 vertebral body,the rib head of the 10th pair of ribs,and the right posterior side of the intervertebral disc of the T5-T6 segments.(4)The results of this study suggest that postural kyphosis leads to increased stress on the vertebrae,ribs,and discs,with the most significant increase in stress on the anterior side of the T6 vertebrae,at the rib head of the 10th pair of ribs,and on the anterior side of the disc at the T5-T6 segment,as well as on the posterior side,which may increase the risk of injury to the vertebrae,ribs,and discs,which provides a biomechanical basis for the design of kyphosis orthoses.

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) is primarily impaired in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to progressive loss of photoreceptors and sometimes choroidal neovascularization (CNV). mTOR has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target, while the usage of its specific inhibitor, rapamycin, was greatly limited. To mediate the mTOR pathway in the retina by a noninvasive approach, we developed novel biomimetic nanocomplexes where rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles were coated with cell membrane derived from macrophages (termed as MRaNPs). Taking advantage of the macrophage-inherited property, intravenous injection of MRaNPs exhibited significantly enhanced accumulation in the CNV lesions, thereby increasing the local concentration of rapamycin. Consequently, MRaNPs effectively downregulated the mTOR pathway and attenuate angiogenesis in the eye. Particularly, MRaNPs also efficiently activated autophagy in the RPE, which was acknowledged to rescue RPE in response to deleterious stimuli. Overall, we design and prepare macrophage-disguised rapamycin nanocarriers and demonstrate the therapeutic advantages of employing biomimetic cell membrane materials for treatment of AMD.

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the status of sulfur fumigation of TCM and its decoction pieces， and to put forward the suggestions on limit standard of sulfur dioxide residue. METHODS： The information of 374 varieties of TCM and sulfur dioxide residue were collected from the provincial and municipal drug inspection institutions of 27 provinces，municipalities and autonomous regions in China during 2013-2017， and then summarized and analyzed. The average value，median value，maximum value，qualification rate and detection rate of sulfur dioxide residue of 121 varieties with the sample number ≥10 batches were classified and statistically analyzed. RESULTS： This investigation involved 374 varieties of TCM and its decoction pieces， and a total of 13 776 batches of samples. The average content of sulfur dioxide was 242 mg/kg，the median value was 27 mg/kg，and the maximum value was 8 782 mg/kg. The overall qualified rate was 79.7％. According to the results of classified statistics， among the 10 varieties whose limit shall not exceed 400 mg/kg，5 varieties，including Codonopsis pilosula， Radix Trichosanthis， Asparagus cochinchinensis， Pueraria lobata， Achyranthes bidentata， were seriously affected by sulfur fumigation，and the qualified rate was less than 80％. Among the varieties with the sample number≥30 batches， there was no or very little abuse of sulfur fumigation in 16 varieties， such as Carthamus tinctorius； 19 varieties， such as Eupolyphaga Steleophaga， had excessive sulfur fumigation， but it was not serious； 25 varieties，such as Lonicera japonica，had severe excessive sulfur fumigation. Among the varieties with the sample number of 10-29 batches，33 varieties including Ziziphus jujube seed had no or very little abuse of sulfur fumigation； 8 varieties including Cuscuta chinensis had excessive sulfur fumigation but were not serious； 10 varieties including Pericarpium Trichosanthis had serious excessive sulfur fumigation. CONCLUSIONS： For the varieties with no or very little excessive sulfur fumigation，it is recommended that batch testing should not be carried out and a single list should be made； for the varieties with sulfur fumigation or severe sulfur fumigation， it is suggested to increase the sulfur dioxide residue limit under all varieties in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， and set the limit for the varieties with severe sulfur fumigation to be no more than 400 mg/kg，while the limit for the 2025 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia can be reduced to no more than 150 mg/kg. Other varieties should retain the provisions of “sulfur dioxide residue of sulfur dioxide medicinal materials and decoction pieces （except for minerals） shall not exceed 150 mg/kg” in the general rules 0212 “for the identification of medicinal materials and decoction pieces” in the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）.

To investigate the mechanism of JinShuiBao capsule on improving respiratory function and lung tissue pathology in rat pneumoconiosis model. Chronic pneumoconiosis rat model was established by tracheal injection of quartz dust. JinShuiBao was administrated orally by 600 and 300 mg/kg, once daily for 6 months. At the 1st, 3rd and 6th month of administration, 6 rats in each group were taken for hemorheology, vascular endothelial function, immunoinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. The results showed that high dose of JinShuiBao had a significant improvement on the plasma viscosity at each time point(P< 0. 05)during the 6-month trial, and partially improved the whole blood viscosity. Both dose of JinShuiBao capsule significantly decreased the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6(P< 0. 05, P< 0. 01), and high dose group could significantly decrease the level of CD4+/CD8+(P< 0. 01). The high dosage of JinShuiBao could obviously reduce the level of serum MDA and increase the activity of SOD(P< 0. 05), and obviously reduced the number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of model rats. In the high-dose group, the levels of ET, NO and PC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly improved in all the experimental periods(P< 0. 05, P< 0. 01), while the low-dose group also had a statistically significant improvement at 3 month later. These results suggested that the improvement of JinShuiBao capsule on pneumoconiosis rats involved various mechanism, including blood viscosity, systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response, vascular endothelial injury, and oxidative stress in the whole body and lung fibrosis.

Objective To explore the expression and function of galanin and its receptor in the female mice of anxiety-and depression-like behavior.Methods In situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of galanin,GalR1,GalR2 and GalR3 in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J female mice.A total of thirty female mice was divided into two groups:experiment group (n=15) and control group (n=15).The experiment group was subjected to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for four weeks,and the control group was not subjected to any treatment.Four weeks later,a series of tests were performed on those two groups,including the sucrose preference test,the novel object recognition test,the open field test and suspension tail test.After behavior tests,the hippocampus RNA was extracted from eight mice in each group to test the expression of galanin and its receptor through qPCR.The rest part of mice were used to mark C-Fos immunostaining in the dentate gyms (DG) of hippocampus.Results The result of in situ hybridization showed that galanin,GalR1 and GalR2 distributed in the Hillus of ventral hippocamous,GalR3 had no positive signal.In the sucrose preference test,the experiment group drunk less sucrose when compared with the control group (P＜0.05).In the novel object recognition test,the experiment group contacted shorter time to the novel object when compared with the control group (P＜0.05).In the open field test,the experiment group had shorter in session time when compared with the control group (P＜0.05).In the suspension tail test,the experiment group had longer immobility time when compared with the control group (P＜0.05).The qPCR result showed that the higher expression of galanin and GalR1 in the hippocampus of experiment group (P＜0.05).More C-Fos positive cells in the DG of hippocampus of experiment mice were immunostained (P＜0.05).Conclusions Galanin,GalR1 and GalR2 mainly distribute in the Hillus of the ventral hippocampus.Galanin may be involved in the anxiety-and depression-like behavior of C57BL/6J through GalR1.

Objective To search for the metabolites that associated with articular cartilage damage in the urine of rat model with articular cartilage destruction induced by T-2 toxin.Methods Thirty healthy male Wistar rats aged 4-5 weeks were numbered by weight,randomly divided into two groups (n =15 per group),namely the control group and the model group.The rats in the control group were fed with standard rat diets,and those in the model group were given diets contaminated by T-2-toxin (300 μg/kg).Throughout the experiment,all animals were given free access to distilled water and diets.After continuous treatment for 3 months,all the rats were sacrificed.The changes of articular cartilage in rat knee joints were observed by histopathological method,the metabolic profile of rats' urine was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF-MS) technique.Combined with multivariate statistical analysis,database searching was applied to explore and confirm the different metabolites associated with cartilage damage.Results Light microscope showed that rats' articular chondrocytes in the control group presented cells in neat rows and eumorphism,rats' articular chondrocytes in the model group presented extensive areas of chondrocyte degeneration,necrosis and loss.In rats' urine metabolic profiles,5 different metabolites associated with cartilage destruction were detected,such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE),trans-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal (EDE),5-methyldeoxycytidine,and 5-L-glutamyl-glycine and prolyl-valine.Compared with the control group (mass spectrum peak area:65820 ± 5200,22080 ± 3538,4292 ± 3520,3277 ± 2025,1104 ± 990),all of them increased in the model group (mass speetrum peak area:90240 ± 18863,25610 ± 5071,9702 ± 6562,6029 ± 3905,4144 ± 5322,t =-3.903,-2.209,-2.814,-2.424,-2.174,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The articular cartilage destruction induced by T-2 toxin could cause the changes of related metabolites in the urine;the 5 kinds of changed metabolites in urine are related to articular cartilage destruction.

We developed a three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvis. According to Letournel methods, we established a pelvis model of T-shaped fracture with its three different fixation systems, i. e. double column reconstruction plates, anterior column plate combined with posterior column screws and anterior column plate combined with quadrilateral area screws. It was found that the pelvic model was effective and could be used to simulate the mechanical behavior of the pelvis. Three fixation systems had great therapeutic effect on the T-shaped fracture. All fixation systems could increase the stiffness of the model, decrease the stress concentration level and decrease the displacement difference along the fracture line. The quadrilateral area screws, which were drilled into cortical bone, could generate beneficial effect on the T-type fracture. Therefore, the third fixation system mentioned above (i. e. the anterior column plate combined with quadrilateral area screws) has the best biomechanical stability to the T-type fracture.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Plates ; Bone Screws ; Finite Element Analysis ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Fractures, Bone ; pathology ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; Pelvis ; anatomy & histology ; injuries ; Posture

Objective To study the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in core and marginal region of the contusion brain tissues from patients with severe traffic brain injuries. Methods Thirty patients with severe traffic brain injuries (frontal-temporal brain contusion) admitted into our department from January 2007 to July 2009 were enrolled in the study and divided into three groups according to the period from injury to operation, ie, 0-4 hours (Group A), 5-8 hours (Group B) and 9-12 hours (Group C). The tissue was collected from core and marginal regions of brain contusion in each group. Ten parts of normal brain tissues obtained from the cerebellum to gain good exposure of CPA region tumors were used as control. The expression of AQP-4 in the normal brain tissues and in the tissues from core and marginal region of brain contusion, with GAPDH used as a control. Results The expression of AQP-4 in the marginal region was distinctly higher than that in normal tissues and in the tissues from core region. The AQP-4 expression in the tissues of the core region was lower than that in normal tissues. Conclusions AQP-4 is highly expressed in the tissues from the marginal region early after injury in a time-dependent fashion. Low expression level of AQP-4 in the core region is possibly correlated with early damage of blood brain barrier and peripheral structures.