Machine learning,as a core branch of artificial intelligence,has gradually demonstrated significant potential in the field of dentition defect repair in recent years.By employing techniques such as data mining and pattern recognition,machine learning has been applied in various aspects including oral implant restoration,fixed bridge design,and fabrication of removable partial dentures.This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive review of machine learning applications within the aforementioned three aspects.It endeavors to assess the current developmental landscape and chart a course for future investigative endeavors,in hopes of offering a reference for re-search on machine learning in prosthodontics.

Fetal growth restriction(FGR)refers to the failure of a fetus to reach the level of growth potential determined by its genetic potential.It is a common obstetric complication,occurring in 5%to 10%of pregnancies.As a major risk factor for perinatal death and adverse neonatal outcomes,early prediction of FGR is crucial for optimizing pregnancy management.Existing evidence suggests that FGR is significantly associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes,including intrauterine hypoxia,preterm birth,neonatal asphyxia,and even neonatal mortality.It may also affect long-term neurological development and increase the risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood.Its pathogenesis is complex,which may involve placental blood flow perfusion insufficiency and genetic factors.Ultrasound parameters are the main basis for the diagnosis of FGR,among which fetal biological and hemodynamic parameters are of great value.Elevated umbilical artery blood flow resistance index,absent or reversed end-diastolic blood flow,and placental insufficiency are associated with the severity of FGR.However,approximately 10%of fetuses diagnosed by ultrasound as having FGR are later confirmed to be healthy small-for-gestational-age(SGA)infants after birth,and this false positive result may lead to unnecessary clinical interventions.Currently,there is no recognized accurate prediction model for FGR in clinical practice.Future research should focus on establishing unified diagnostic criteria and developing multi-index joint prediction tools based on artificial intelligence(AI).Early prediction and intervention for FGR are of great significance to improve perinatal outcomes.This paper reviewed the predictive value of ultrasound parameters,blood indicators,and their integration with AI for FGR,in order to provide a basis for clinical decision-making.

The"ying-wei imbalance"theory originates from Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor,which refers to the dynamic pathological process of yingfen and weifen circulation,distribution,posture,strength,and weakness due to internal and external disturbance,emphasizing that"ying-wei imbalance"is the key to disease occurrence.The sanjiao,as the"envoy of primordial qi,"is central to yingfen and weifen,and the coordinated operation of yingfen and weifen depends on the promotion of the qi of sanjiao.Therefore,based on the yingfen and weifen theory and sanjiao differentiation and treatment,this paper discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease,as well as the syndrome differentiation approach."Ying-wei imbalance"is the core of this mechanism:in the early stage,the loss of yingfen and weifen nutrition,combined with the deficiency of the qi of sanjiao,allows exogenous pathogens to invade the lungs.During progression,dysfunction in the transportation function of yingfen and weifen,along with the stagnation of the qi of sanjiao,results in pulmonary and cardiac involvement,accompanied by phlegm accumulation and stagnation.The end stage is characterized by the failure of both ying and wei,along with dysfunction of the sanjiao and zang-fu organs,which interact to form a pathological chain of"qi disease involving body."Accordingly,the treatment principle of"harmonizing yingfen and weifen,giving sanjiao treatment"was proposed.This is implemented through three therapeutic strategies:"harmonizing""returning",and"astringing"aimed at restoring balance.In the early stage,treatment focuses on tonifying the lungs and consolidating the exterior to eliminate pathogenic factors and activate stagnation.The selected formula is Buyuan Decoction with modifications to harmonize sanjiao.During the developmental stage,treatment focuses on promoting collaterals and dispersing phlegm,utilizing the modified Xuefu Zhuyu Decocotion to facilitate the restoration of function to the sanjiao.In the final stage,Fuyang Decoction,with modifications,is used to resolve fluid retention and nourish both qi and blood.Discussions are closely focused on the syndrome differentiation system of"sanjiao-yingfen and weifen,"in order to offer a novel perspective on the management of chronic pulmonary heart disease.

Diamond-Blackfan anemia(DBA),also known as congenital pure red cell aplasia,is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure,congenital anomalies,and severe red blood cell abnormalities.The rarity of the condition,and consequently limited patient pool and scarcity of research models,means that the pathogenic mechanisms associated with genetic mutations in DBA remain uncertain,and the clinical treatment options are limited.This review synthesizes the findings from zebrafish,mouse,and human cellular models of DBA mutations.We clarify the pathogenic mechanisms and monitor the progression of drugs into clinical trials,thereby aiding further in-depth explorations into the etiology and therapeutic advancements for DBA.

The"ying-wei imbalance"theory originates from Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor,which refers to the dynamic pathological process of yingfen and weifen circulation,distribution,posture,strength,and weakness due to internal and external disturbance,emphasizing that"ying-wei imbalance"is the key to disease occurrence.The sanjiao,as the"envoy of primordial qi,"is central to yingfen and weifen,and the coordinated operation of yingfen and weifen depends on the promotion of the qi of sanjiao.Therefore,based on the yingfen and weifen theory and sanjiao differentiation and treatment,this paper discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart disease,as well as the syndrome differentiation approach."Ying-wei imbalance"is the core of this mechanism:in the early stage,the loss of yingfen and weifen nutrition,combined with the deficiency of the qi of sanjiao,allows exogenous pathogens to invade the lungs.During progression,dysfunction in the transportation function of yingfen and weifen,along with the stagnation of the qi of sanjiao,results in pulmonary and cardiac involvement,accompanied by phlegm accumulation and stagnation.The end stage is characterized by the failure of both ying and wei,along with dysfunction of the sanjiao and zang-fu organs,which interact to form a pathological chain of"qi disease involving body."Accordingly,the treatment principle of"harmonizing yingfen and weifen,giving sanjiao treatment"was proposed.This is implemented through three therapeutic strategies:"harmonizing""returning",and"astringing"aimed at restoring balance.In the early stage,treatment focuses on tonifying the lungs and consolidating the exterior to eliminate pathogenic factors and activate stagnation.The selected formula is Buyuan Decoction with modifications to harmonize sanjiao.During the developmental stage,treatment focuses on promoting collaterals and dispersing phlegm,utilizing the modified Xuefu Zhuyu Decocotion to facilitate the restoration of function to the sanjiao.In the final stage,Fuyang Decoction,with modifications,is used to resolve fluid retention and nourish both qi and blood.Discussions are closely focused on the syndrome differentiation system of"sanjiao-yingfen and weifen,"in order to offer a novel perspective on the management of chronic pulmonary heart disease.

The menopausal age is one of the important menopausal factors, and women of different menopausal ages have different risks of diabetes. This study reviewed the evidence from prospective studies on the association between the age at natural menopause and diabetes risk, both domestically and internationally, and presented its research design and main findings. Advanced menopause, especially premature and early menopause, will increase the risk of diabetes in postmenopausal women. The research on the influence of delayed menopause on the incidence of diabetes is still insufficient. Many factors may modify the association between menopausal age and the risk of diabetes.

Bone tissue engineering(BTE)is expected to be used as an autologous bone graft substitute for bone defects,and in the se-lection of BTE scaffold materials,collagen(Col)and hydroxyapatite(HA)have attracted attention due to their unique biomimetic ad-vantages.Collagen/hydroxyapatite(CHA)composite scaffolds made by combining the two have been shown to have excellent biocompat-ibility and bone-enhancing potential in various in vitro,in vivo,and clinical studies.With the development of three-dimensional(3D)printing technology in the field of tissue engineering,bone scaffolds constructed using 3D printing methods have been shown to possess superior clinical potential.This review describes new advances in 3D printed CHA composite scaffolds and introduces the application of 3D printed CHA scaffolds in oral and maxillofacial bone regenerative repair.

Fetal growth restriction(FGR)refers to the failure of a fetus to reach the level of growth potential determined by its genetic potential.It is a common obstetric complication,occurring in 5%to 10%of pregnancies.As a major risk factor for perinatal death and adverse neonatal outcomes,early prediction of FGR is crucial for optimizing pregnancy management.Existing evidence suggests that FGR is significantly associated with a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes,including intrauterine hypoxia,preterm birth,neonatal asphyxia,and even neonatal mortality.It may also affect long-term neurological development and increase the risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood.Its pathogenesis is complex,which may involve placental blood flow perfusion insufficiency and genetic factors.Ultrasound parameters are the main basis for the diagnosis of FGR,among which fetal biological and hemodynamic parameters are of great value.Elevated umbilical artery blood flow resistance index,absent or reversed end-diastolic blood flow,and placental insufficiency are associated with the severity of FGR.However,approximately 10%of fetuses diagnosed by ultrasound as having FGR are later confirmed to be healthy small-for-gestational-age(SGA)infants after birth,and this false positive result may lead to unnecessary clinical interventions.Currently,there is no recognized accurate prediction model for FGR in clinical practice.Future research should focus on establishing unified diagnostic criteria and developing multi-index joint prediction tools based on artificial intelligence(AI).Early prediction and intervention for FGR are of great significance to improve perinatal outcomes.This paper reviewed the predictive value of ultrasound parameters,blood indicators,and their integration with AI for FGR,in order to provide a basis for clinical decision-making.

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among men worldwide. Owing to its unique biological characteristics (a low α/β ratio), hypofractionated radiotherapy can improve tumor control in prostate cancer. Consequently, the American National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines have recommended hypofractionated radiotherapy as the preferred treatment option for localized prostate cancer. However, the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy in pelvic irradiation after radical prostatectomy remains limited, and its safety and efficacy are yet to be fully established. Investigating the feasibility of moderate-hypofractionated post-prostatectomy radiotherapy has therefore become a recent focus of clinical research. In this review, moderate-hypofractionated post-prostatectomy radiotherapy was categorized according to the per-fraction dose and current evidence was summarized from retrospective studies, prospective studies, and ongoing clinical trials.

This article reports a case of an elderly female patient with osteoporotic vertebral fractures who experienced recurrent fractures within a short period after percutaneous vertebroplasty. The case highlights the necessity and importance of implementing anti-osteoporosis interventions to prevent subsequent fractures, in addition to performing appropriate orthopedic management for the initial fracture.