Cognitive impairment is one of the manifestations of nervous system injury,which is mainly closely related to neurodegeneration,and the incidence rate is increasing year by year,which has seriously affected the health level of the population.The gut microbiota plays an important role in the health of the body and participates in the regulation of the cognitive behavior of body.The microbiome-gut-brain axis acts as a bridge connecting gut microbiota and the nervous system,and plays a regulatory role between gut microbiota and the nervous system.Therefore,this review summarizes the latest progress in the effects of gut microbiota and nervous system on the cognitive ability of body through the bidirectional regulation of neurotransmitters,gut microbiota derivatives,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,autophagy and their crosstalk through the microbial-intestinal-brain axis,and providing a reference for the clinical research of targeted transplantation of gut microbiota for preventing and treating cognitive disorders.

Objective To investigate the clinical application value of combined pancreaticobiliary brushing under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in the treatment of hepatopancreatic ampulla malignant tumours.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 59 patients from January 2013 to December 2023 for ERCP treatment of hepatopancreatic ampulla tumours,and performed combined pancreaticobiliary brushing(combined pancreaticobiliary brushing group,n=10)and biliary duct brushing alone(biliary duct brushing group,n=49)respectively,then compared the positive pathological detection rate of hepatopancreatic ampulla malignant tumours,the magnitude of bilirubin reduction,and the occurrence of postoperative complications between the two groups.Results The positive detection rate of combined pancreaticobiliary brushing for diagnosing ampulla malignant tumours was 70.0％(7/10),and the positive detection rate of biliary duct brushing alone was 22.4％(11/49),and the positive detection rate of pathology in the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05);No significant statistical difference was observed in the decrease of bilirubin between the two groups(P＞0.05);There were three cases of post-operative complications in the biliary duct brushing group.There were no postoperative complications in the combined pancreaticobiliary brushing group.Conclusion Compared with bile duct brushing alone,combined pancreaticobiliary brushing is more helpful for the diagnosis of malignant tumours,and does not increase the incidence of complications.It is worthy for clinical application.

Cognitive impairment is one of the manifestations of nervous system injury,which is mainly closely related to neurodegeneration,and the incidence rate is increasing year by year,which has seriously affected the health level of the population.The gut microbiota plays an important role in the health of the body and participates in the regulation of the cognitive behavior of body.The microbiome-gut-brain axis acts as a bridge connecting gut microbiota and the nervous system,and plays a regulatory role between gut microbiota and the nervous system.Therefore,this review summarizes the latest progress in the effects of gut microbiota and nervous system on the cognitive ability of body through the bidirectional regulation of neurotransmitters,gut microbiota derivatives,neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,autophagy and their crosstalk through the microbial-intestinal-brain axis,and providing a reference for the clinical research of targeted transplantation of gut microbiota for preventing and treating cognitive disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of additional anti-rotation steel plate assisted intramedullary nail technology in treatment of aseptic femoral non-union patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 21 patients with aseptic femoral non-union who admitted between September 2020 and October 2024 and treated with additional anti-rotation steel plate assisted intramedullary nail technology. There were 17 males and 4 females, aged 25-67 years (mean, 44 years). There were 19 cases of femoral anterograde intramedullary nail fixation, 1 case of femoral retrograde intramedullary nail fixation, and 1 case of steel plate fixation with fatigue fracture. There were 9 cases of hypertrophic non-union and 12 cases of atrophic non-union. All patients had varying degrees of fracture end atrophy/sclerosis. Among them, 20 patients who were fixed with intramedullary nails underwent removal of soft tissue and hardened bone at the fracture end, and cortical treatment resulted in the appearance of "chili sign" at the fracture end. Iliac bone grafting and anti-rotation steel plate fixation were performed. One patient with steel plate fixation was removed the steel palte and fixed with a retrograde intramedullary nail, while the hardened bone at the fracture end was removed, iliac bone grafting and anti-rotation steel plate fixation were performed. Postoperative follow-up observation included the incision healing, maximum knee flexion range of motion, bone healing, length of lower limbs, and subjective satisfaction. The lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) score was used to evaluate the lower limb function. RESULTS: All incisions healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 7-26 months (mean, 15.5 months). At last follow-up, the femoral fracture healed with the obvious callus formation at the fracture end; the maximum knee flexion range of motion was 95°-127° (mean, 112.67°). The LEFS score increased from 29.9±6.7 before operation to 75.9±3.0 at last follow-up, and the difference was significant (t=-29.622, P<0.001). Except for 1 patient who underwent intramedullary nail dynamic treatment before operation and had a lower limb shortening of about 0.9 cm, the other patients had bilateral lower limbs of equal length. All patients had no postoperative infections, mal-union of fractures, deep vein thrombosis, joint stiffness, or other complications. CONCLUSION The use of additional anti-rotation steel plate assisted intramedullary nail technology in the treatment of aseptic femoral non-union not only overcomes the drawbacks of insufficient stability at the fracture end of intramedullary nails, but also overcomes the shortcomings of biased fixation with steel plates. It has the advantages of minimal trauma, effective maintenance of fracture stability, and ideal postoperative functional recovery, making it an effective treatment for aseptic femoral non-union.
Humans ; Male ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary/instrumentation* ; Female ; Bone Plates ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Femoral Fractures/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Bone Nails ; Aged ; Fractures, Ununited/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Bone Transplantation/methods* ; Steel ; Fracture Healing

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transsacral magnetic root stimulation combined with sacral reflexes, external anal sphincter electromyography and pudendal nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in the assessment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD).Methods:Twenty-one NLUTD patients (1 with a supra-pontine lesion, 5 with a spinal cord injury, 5 with a cauda equina injury, and 10 with pelvic floor disorders) were enrolled. Needle electromyography (EMG) was used to record TMS-induced and transsacral magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potentials (tc-MEPs and ts-MEPs, respectively) related to the external anal sphincter (EAS). The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris was stimulated electrically to record the latency of the sacral reflex related to the EAS. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) and the tc/ts-MEP latency ratio were calculated to distinguish central from peripheral lesions.Results:In the one patient with a supra-pontine lesion, although the tc-MEP and ts-MEP latencies were within normal limits, the CMCT was prolonged (28.2ms) and the tc/ts-MEP ratio was large (7.4). Among the five patients with a spinal cord injury, one exhibited prolonged tc-MEP latency (50.6ms) and CMCT (47.8ms), along with a large tc/ts-MEP ratio (18.1). In the five patients with cauda equina injury and the ten with NLUTD secondary to pelvic floor disorders, CMCT was within the normal range [averaging (22.9±4.9ms) and (24.2±3.5ms), respectively], but the ts-MEP latency was prolonged [(7.1±2.1ms) and (8.6±3.7ms), respectively], and the tc/ts-MEP ratio was small [(4.4±0.9) and (4.3±1.5), respectively]. The tc/ts-MEP ratio demonstrated the best rate of abnormality detection (93.8%), with an area under the curve of 0.99, indicating good sensitivity.Conclusions:The tc/ts-MEP ratio can be useful for distinguishing central and peripheral lesions. A markedly increased tc/ts-MEP ratio may suggest central nervous system injury, whereas a decreased ratio may indicate peripheral nervous system injury.

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transsacral magnetic root stimulation combined with sacral reflexes, external anal sphincter electromyography and pudendal nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in the assessment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD).Methods:Twenty-one NLUTD patients (1 with a supra-pontine lesion, 5 with a spinal cord injury, 5 with a cauda equina injury, and 10 with pelvic floor disorders) were enrolled. Needle electromyography (EMG) was used to record TMS-induced and transsacral magnetic stimulation-induced motor evoked potentials (tc-MEPs and ts-MEPs, respectively) related to the external anal sphincter (EAS). The dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris was stimulated electrically to record the latency of the sacral reflex related to the EAS. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) and the tc/ts-MEP latency ratio were calculated to distinguish central from peripheral lesions.Results:In the one patient with a supra-pontine lesion, although the tc-MEP and ts-MEP latencies were within normal limits, the CMCT was prolonged (28.2ms) and the tc/ts-MEP ratio was large (7.4). Among the five patients with a spinal cord injury, one exhibited prolonged tc-MEP latency (50.6ms) and CMCT (47.8ms), along with a large tc/ts-MEP ratio (18.1). In the five patients with cauda equina injury and the ten with NLUTD secondary to pelvic floor disorders, CMCT was within the normal range [averaging (22.9±4.9ms) and (24.2±3.5ms), respectively], but the ts-MEP latency was prolonged [(7.1±2.1ms) and (8.6±3.7ms), respectively], and the tc/ts-MEP ratio was small [(4.4±0.9) and (4.3±1.5), respectively]. The tc/ts-MEP ratio demonstrated the best rate of abnormality detection (93.8%), with an area under the curve of 0.99, indicating good sensitivity.Conclusions:The tc/ts-MEP ratio can be useful for distinguishing central and peripheral lesions. A markedly increased tc/ts-MEP ratio may suggest central nervous system injury, whereas a decreased ratio may indicate peripheral nervous system injury.

Objective:To compare the sustained virological response (SVR) and viral recurrence in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) after antiviral treatment, and to further analyze the influencing factors of liver-related events (LRE).Methods:This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 1 844 CHC patients who visited the Department of Infectious Diseases of Hainan General Hospital from January 1st, 2013 to December 31st, 2022 were included. After screening, 891 patients were selected and divided into direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatment group, interferon treatment group and non-antiviral treatment group based on different intervention measures. Propensity score matching was performed, and SVR and viral recurrence were compared among the three groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for LRE.Results:The confirmed CHC patients showed an increasing trend year by year (average annual change percentage=19.97%, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 10.46% to 30.30%, t=4.32, P<0.001). After propensity score matching, the total sample size of 891 CHC patients was 451, including 100 in the interferon treatment group, 311 in the DAA treatment group, and 40 in the non-antiviral treatment group. In the interferon treatment group, 89 cases (89.00%) achieved SVR and nine cases (9.00%) had recurrence. In the DAA treatment group, 306 cases (98.39%) achieved SVR and 10 cases (3.22%) had recurrence. The differences were statistically significant ( χ2=17.84 and 6.22, respectively, both P<0.05). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that age (hazard ratio ( HR)=1.065, 95% CI 1.028 to 1.104, P<0.001), alcohol consumption ( HR=3.034, 95% CI 1.302 to 7.071, P=0.010) were independent risk factors for LRE in CHC patients, while albumin ( HR=0.858, 95% CI 0.802 to 0.917, P<0.001), DAA treatment ( HR=0.267, 95% CI 0.103 to 0.692, P=0.007) were protective factors. In CHC patients receiving antiviral treatment, diabetes ( HR=6.719, 95% CI 2.242 to 20.137, P<0.001), total bilirubin ( HR=1.111, 95% CI 1.054 to 1.171, P<0.001) and viral recurrence ( HR=4.646, 95% CI 1.322 to 16.321, P=0.017) were independent risk factors for LRE. Conclusions:Compared with interferon treatment, DAA treatment has a significantly higher SVR rate and a lower recurrence rate. Age and alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for LRE, while higher albumin levels and DAA treatment are protective factors. In CHC patients receiving antiviral treatment, diabetes, viral recurrence, and total bilirubin are independent risk factors for LRE.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can potentially induce immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, leading to the release of ATP, and facilitating the initiation of an immune response. Nevertheless, the enzymes CD39 and CD73 can swiftly convert ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine (ADO), resulting in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This study introduced a nanomedicine (QD/POM1@NP@M) engineered to reprogram TME by modulating the CD39/CD73/ADO pathway. The nanomedicine encapsulated sonosensitizers silver sulfide quantum dots, and the CD39 inhibitor POM1, while also incorporating homologous tumor cell membranes to enhance targeting capabilities. This integrated approach, on the one hand, stimulates the release of ATP via SDT, thereby initiating the immune response. In addition, it reduced the accumulation of ADO by inhibiting CD39 activity, which ameliorated the immunosuppressive TME. Upon administration, the nanomedicine demonstrated substantial anti-tumor efficacy by facilitating the infiltration of anti-tumor immune cells, while reducing the immunosuppressive cells. This modulation effectively transformed the TME from an immunologically "cold" state to a "hot" state. Furthermore, combined with the checkpoint inhibitor α-PDL1, the nanomedicine augmented systemic anti-tumor immunity and promoted the establishment of long-term immune memory. This study provides an innovative strategy for combining non-invasive SDT and ATP-driven immunotherapy, offering new ideas for future cancer treatment.

Objective:To address the critical issue of missing dynamic border molding information in edentulous direct digital impression technology, this study explores innovative digital solutions and conducts preliminary application validation.Methods:Based on the myostatic line theory, a methodology was established: intraoral scanner (IOS) high-frequency video was utilized to dynamically capture functional molding data of soft tissues, integrated with a self-developed mobility gradient recognition algorithm to achieve dynamic threshold segmentation between the muscle dynamic zone and myostatic zone, termed "optical digital molding technology". Ten edentulous patients with well-fitting complete dentures, treated at the Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2024 to December 2024, were enrolled. The standard deviation between the muscle static line (generated by mobility gradient algorithm with thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm) and the denture border curve was analyzed to optimize the dynamic threshold, followed by single-case clinical validation.Results:Among the mobility thresholds of 0.3-0.7 mm, the 0.5 mm threshold yielded the smallest standard deviation between the myostatic line and denture border. Clinical validation demonstrated that dentures designed with this threshold exhibited no displacement during dynamic functional tests, with marginal sealing meeting clinical standards.Conclusions:The optical digital border molding technique for edentulous soft tissue boundaries translates the myostatic line theory into quantifiable parameters for the first time. Based on data from 10 cases, a mobility threshold of 0.5 mm is recommended for clinical application.

In recent years,with the rapid development of mechanical thrombectomy(MT)for acute large vessel occlusion,an increasing number of clinical studies begin to focus on the acute distal medium vessel occlusion(DMVO).This article systematically reviews the existing literature,summarizes the definition and classification of DMVO,the advance in MT,the imaging evaluation methods,and the clinical application of emerging technologies.Currently,the definition of DMVO is mostly based on vascular anatomical features and clinical functional deficits,the etiology of DMVO can be classified as primary and secondary.Due to the small diameter and tortuous running course of distal medium vessels,individualized treatment strategies are often required for patients with DMVO.This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic techniques,including direct thrombectomy,aspiration thrombectomy,stent retriever thrombectomy,and bridging therapy,in treating DMVO,besides,this review also discusses the role of imaging methods,including non-enhanced CT(NCCT),CT perfusion(CTP),CT angiography(CTA),and MRI in the patient screening and treatment decision-making.Meanwhile,the emergence of novel small-scale thrombectomy devices and techniques offers new possibilities for improving recanalization rates and reducing complication risks.Overall,although preliminary studies suggest that MT has promising clinical benefits for the treatment of DMVO,the available evidence remains limited.High-quality randomized controlled trials are urgently needed to further formulate the optimal treatment strategies and promote the precision interventional therapy.