Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent and serious cardiovascular disease characterized by a complex inflammatory response and myocardial tissue remodeling. The early inflammatory response plays a key role in the aftermath of AMI, promoting myocardial injury and repair. At the same time, ventricular remodeling, as a physiological process after AMI, involves myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, dilation, and remodeling, which has a profound impact on cardiac function and prognosis. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the mechanism of action of early inflammation and ventricular remodeling after AMI. In this paper, the mechanism of early inflammation and ventricular remodeling after AMI was systematically reviewed, focusing on the dynamic changes of inflammatory mediators after AMI and the correlation between ventricular remodeling and prognosis, hoping to provide guidance and reference for the prevention, treatment, and prognosis of AMI.

Objective:To study the clinical efficacy of modified open elbow arthrolysis in the treatment of traumatic elbow stiffness.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 120 patients who underwent modified open elbow arthrolysis in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2018 to December 2020. The age of the included patients was (37.7±12.4) years (ranged 18-64 years), including 54 males and 66 females. The medical records were reviewed, the range of motion (ROM) and functional status of the patients before operation and at the last follow-up were compared including visual analogue scale (VAS), Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. Complications and secondary operations were also recorded. Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation( ± s) and comparison between groups was conducted using the t-test; Measurement data of skewed distribution were expressed as M ( Q1, Q3), and Rank-sum test was used for inter-group comparison. Results:The preoperative extension of 120 patients was 43.6° (33.8°, 60.1°), the flexion was 78.7° (59.8°, 98.1°), and the flexion-extension ROM was 25.6° (0.0°, 54.5°); the preoperative pronation was 51.8° (33.0°, 67.0°), the supination was 85.1° (65.7°, 90.0°), and the rotation ROM was 136.9° (99.1°, 157.5°). Postoperative extension was 14.2° (7.0°, 24.8°), flexion was 129.5° (120.0°, 138.1°), flexion-extension ROM was 115.5° (94.4°, 127.3°); postoperative pronation was 65.0° (47.1°, 75.0°), the supination was 88.3° (78.6°, 90.0°), and the rotation ROM was 151.9° (131.7°, 163.4°). Postoperative extension, flexion, flexion-extension ROM, pronation, supination, and rotation ROM were all higher than those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.001). The VAS of 120 patients was 1.0 (0.0, 3.0) scores before operation and 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) scores after operation. The MEPS was 60.0 (50.0, 75.0) scores before operation and 100.0 (85.0, 100.0) scores after operation. The preoperative DASH was 37.5 (20.1, 51.3) scores, and the postoperative DASH was 7.9 (3.3, 13.3) scores. The postoperative VAS, MEPS, and DASH were significantly improved compared with those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.001). Residual ulnar nerve symptoms occurred in 18 cases, recurrence of heterotopic ossification in 42 cases, and hematoma in 3 cases. Conclusions:Modified open elbow arthrolysis is a safe and effective surgical method for the treatment of traumatic elbow stiffness. It can significantly improve the function of the patient, reduce the occurrence of elbow instability, avoid the use of external fixators, and reduce the cost of the patient.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of TiRobot navigation for hinged external fixation in elbow arthrolysis.Methods:The 11 patients were retrospectively analyzed who had been treated by elbow arthrolysis at Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital using TiRobot navigation for hinged external fixation. There were 9 males and 2 females with a mean age of 39.3 years (from 21 to 66 years). Their elbow range of motion (ROM) was compared between preoperation and the final follow-up. Their visual analogue scale (VAS) and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and complications were documented at the final follow-up.Results:The rotation axis of the elbow joint was positioned with the aid of intraoperative robot navigation in 11 patients.The deviation of entry point averaged 0.21 mm (from 0.05 to 0.41 mm) and the deviation of exit point 0.23 mm (from 0.06 to 0.38 mm). The follow-up time for the 11 patients averaged 25.8 months (from 16 to 32 months). Their elbow flexion and extension was 133.0° (134.9°, 138.7°) and rotation 164.6° ±17.5° at the final follow-up, significantly improved compared with their preoperative values [0.8°(0°, 33.7°) and 122.9°±49.0°] ( P<0.05). Their VAS averaged 0.2 (from 0 to 1) and MEPS 96.8 (from 85 to 100) at the final follow-up, giving 9 excellent and 2 good cases. There was no case of radial nerve injury, pin instability, pin breakage, pin infection or peri-pin fracture. Conclusion:When TiRobot navigation is used for hinged external fixation in elbow arthrolysis, the axis of rotation can be accurately located, leading to satisfactory functional outcomes for the patients.

Objective:To study the locational distribution characteristics of the heterotopic ossification (HO) following traumatic elbow stiffness and the risk factors for HO development at different locations.Methods:Consecutively included according to our inclusion criteria in the present study were the patients who had been admitted to Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 for elbow release due to traumatic elbow stiffness but developed postoperative HO. Their baseline data and CT data were collected and processed using Mimics 20.0. The HO distribution for each patient was characterized at the anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, posterolateral, posterior, medial, lateral, and proximal radioulnar locations. The patient's original injury was categorized into 5 types: distal humerus fracture, olecranon fracture, radial head fracture, coronoid fracture, and elbow dislocation. After the univariate analysis with the HO occurrence at a specific location as the dependent variable and the original injury and baseline data as the independent variables, the factors with P value less than 0.1 were included in the logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors for HO at each location.Results:A total of 91 patients were included in this study. Of them, 88 had posteromedial HO (96.7%, 88/91), 62 posterior HO (68.1%, 62/91), 60 posterolateral HO (65.9%, 60/91), 41 anteromedial HO (45.1%, 41/91), 26 anterolateral HO (28.6%, 26/91), 13 proximal radioulnar HO (14.3%, 13/91), 8 lateral HO (8.8%, 8/91), and 7 medial HO (7.7%, 7/91). Logistic regression analysis showed that presence of ulnar nerve symptoms ( OR=4.354, P=0.017) and presence of original elbow dislocation ( OR=2.927, P=0.042) were the independent risk factors for the anteromedial HO development and that presence of original olecranon fracture ( OR=0.277, P=0.023) was the protective factor for the anteromedial HO development. Presence of original radial head fracture was the independent risk factor for the anterolateral HO development ( OR=2.891, P=0.033) and the posterolateral HO development ( OR=3.123, P=0.043). Conclusions:HO development in patients with post-traumatic elbow stiffness is closely related to their original injury. Posteromedial HO may develop in almost all the patients. Patients with ulnar nerve symptoms and original elbow dislocation are more prone to anteromedial HO development, but patients with original olecranon fracture are less likely to develop anteromedial HO. Patients with original radial head fracture are more likely to develop anterolateral and posterolateral HO.

Objective:To analyze the subsequent assisted pregnancy outcomes of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and find out the key influencing factors.Methods:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 640 patients who received embryo transfer assisted fertility in the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to June 2019 and were diagnosed with RIF and received subsequent assisted fertility treatment. The main outcome measures were the live birth rate and the time to pregnancy after diagnosis of RIF.Results:The live birth rate, the biochemical pregnancy rate, the clinical pregnancy rate and the abortion rate of the first cycle, the second cycle, the third and above cycle after a diagnosis of RIF were not significantly different (all P>0.05). The time to pregnancy after diagnosis of RIF of 344 patients who achieved live births was 5.00(3.13, 8.52) months. After adjusting for confounding factors by using multivariate logistic regression, the results showed that the cumulative live birth probability of blastocyst transfer was significantly higher than that of cleavage embryo transfer [ P=0.002, RR (95% CI)=1.492(1.158-1.923)]; the cumulative live birth probability of patients less than 35 years old was significantly higher than older patients (≥35 years old)[ P=0.013, RR (95% CI)=0.694(0.521-0.925)]; the cumulative live birth probability of patients with endometrial thickness ≥8 mm on the embyro transfer day was significantly higher than that of patients with endometrial thickness <8 mm [ P=0.016, RR (95% CI)=1.943(1.132-3.335)]; compared with patients with 0 [ P=0.001, RR (95% CI)=0.625(0.474-0.825)] or 2 and more [ P=0.003, RR (95% CI)=0.414(0.233-0.736)] biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles, the cumulative live birth probability of patients with history of only 1 biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles was significantly higher. Conclusion:The type of embryos transferred, age, endometrial thickness on the embyro transfer day and the history of biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles are independent factors for subsequent cumulative live birth probability in RIF patients. Blastocyst transfer should be selected as much as possible, and fertility treatment should be performed as soon as possible through reasonable cycle management, the history of only 1 biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles heralds a better live birth outcome in the subsequent cycles of RIF.

Objective:To analyze the subsequent assisted pregnancy outcomes of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and find out the key influencing factors.Methods:A case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 640 patients who received embryo transfer assisted fertility in the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2016 to June 2019 and were diagnosed with RIF and received subsequent assisted fertility treatment. The main outcome measures were the live birth rate and the time to pregnancy after diagnosis of RIF.Results:The live birth rate, the biochemical pregnancy rate, the clinical pregnancy rate and the abortion rate of the first cycle, the second cycle, the third and above cycle after a diagnosis of RIF were not significantly different (all P>0.05). The time to pregnancy after diagnosis of RIF of 344 patients who achieved live births was 5.00(3.13, 8.52) months. After adjusting for confounding factors by using multivariate logistic regression, the results showed that the cumulative live birth probability of blastocyst transfer was significantly higher than that of cleavage embryo transfer [ P=0.002, RR (95% CI)=1.492(1.158-1.923)]; the cumulative live birth probability of patients less than 35 years old was significantly higher than older patients (≥35 years old)[ P=0.013, RR (95% CI)=0.694(0.521-0.925)]; the cumulative live birth probability of patients with endometrial thickness ≥8 mm on the embyro transfer day was significantly higher than that of patients with endometrial thickness <8 mm [ P=0.016, RR (95% CI)=1.943(1.132-3.335)]; compared with patients with 0 [ P=0.001, RR (95% CI)=0.625(0.474-0.825)] or 2 and more [ P=0.003, RR (95% CI)=0.414(0.233-0.736)] biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles, the cumulative live birth probability of patients with history of only 1 biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles was significantly higher. Conclusion:The type of embryos transferred, age, endometrial thickness on the embyro transfer day and the history of biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles are independent factors for subsequent cumulative live birth probability in RIF patients. Blastocyst transfer should be selected as much as possible, and fertility treatment should be performed as soon as possible through reasonable cycle management, the history of only 1 biochemical pregnancy in the RIF cycles heralds a better live birth outcome in the subsequent cycles of RIF.

Objective:To compare the clinical outcomes between OTA/AO-C open and closed fractures of the distal humerus treated by open reduction and internal fixation.Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of the 70 patients who had been treated at Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital for OTA/AO-C fractures of the distal humerus from January 2014 to June 2017. Of them, 22 suffered from open fractures (Gustilo types Ⅰ/Ⅱ) and 48 closed fractures. There were 18 males and 4 females with an age of (42.6±13.0) years in the open group and 21 males and 27 females with an age of (42.2±17.1) years in the closed group. Analyzed were interval from injury to surgery, hospitalization time, injury energy and functional outcomes which included range of motion (ROM) in elbow flexion and extension, ROM in elbow rotation, Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), complications and rate of secondary surgery.Results:There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in age, injury energy or interval from injury to surgery ( P>0.05), but there were significantly more males in the open group than in the closed group ( P=0.011). The follow-up time for all the patients averaged 34.0 months (from 25 to 54 months). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in hospitalization time [9.5(6.0, 13.0) d versus 8.5 (6.0, 11.0) d], ROM in flexion and extension [120.0° (100.0°, 137.8°) versus 128.5° (110.0°, 140.0°)], ROM in rotation [155.0° (151.3°, 155.0°) versus 155.0° (155.0°, 155.0°)], MEPS [95.0 (80.0, 100.0) versus 95.0 (80.0, 100.0)] or DASH [2.6 (0.63, 9.2) versus 1.7 (0.0, 8.5)] ( P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups either in rate of secondary surgery [36.4% (8/22) versus 33.3% (16/48)], ulnar nerve symptoms [54.5% (12/22) versus 60.4% (29/48)], local irritability in the region of internal fixation [9.1% (2/22) versus 6.3% (3/48)] or elbow stiffness [13.6% (3/22) versus 10.4% (5/48)] ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Open reduction and internal fixation can lead to similar clinical outcomes in the treatment of both open (Gustilo types Ⅰ/Ⅱ) and closed distal humeral fractures of OTA/AO-C, with no significant differences in postoperative ROM, functional scores or complications.

Chronic elbow dislocation has a low incidence, but high disability rate, often leads to complications such as stiffness and instability, whose management is still a huge challenge in orthopedics traumatology. The mainstream strategy now is to reduce the elbow after extensive soft tissue release, repair or reconstruct collateral ligaments, stabilize the elbow with a hinged external fixator, and start rehabilitation as soon as possible. However, as evidence supporting treatment approaches comes mostly from small case series and case reports, controversies still remain in some intraoperative issues, such as the choice of surgical approach, the indications and methods of triceps lengthening and the reconstruction of ligaments. Combining relevant literature and clinical experience, the authors discussed the research progress in diagnosis and treatment of chronic elbow dislocation, suggesting that clinical doctors should focus on prevention rather than treatment of this disease, and advocated further reducing the incidence and disability rate of chronic elbow dislocation.

Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is an effective surgical method for treatment of end-stage elbow arthritis. However, compared with hip and knee arthroplasties, the implant survival rate of TEA remains low, with a high postoperative complications rate and a high revision rate. The main reasons for revision include aseptic loosening, periprosthetic infection, periprosthetic fracture, component failure, and postoperative instability, of which the most common cause is aseptic loosening. Unlike the initial TEA, revision surgery usually needs to deal with complicated conditions such as infection, scars, bone defects, prosthetic stem extraction and cement removal, making the operation more difficult. There are few clinical studies related to TEA revision in China. Therefore, the authors review the reasons for postoperative revision, the management of key intraoperative issues, and the outcomes of treatment to provide the basis for future clinical application and academic research of TEA revision surgery in China.

Objective: To explore the risk factors for elbow stiffness after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus. Methods: From January 2013 to May 2017, 159 patients underwent ORIF for intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus with dual plating. They were 83 males and 76 females with a mean age of 42.6 years (from 14 to 79 years). They were divided into 2 groups according to their range of motion at the latest follow-up and the secondary elbow arthrolysis they had undergone or not. The stiffness group had extension-flexion and/or pronation-supination <100° and secondary elbow arthrolysis while the non-stiffness group had extension-flexion and pronation-supination ≥100° and no secondary elbow arthrolysis. Age, gender, fracture side, mechanism of injury, AO fracture classification, open/close fracture, additional fracture, preoperative nerve injury, time from injury to surgery, surgical approach, configuration of plating, medication for anti-heterotopic ossification and implant removal were analyzed as risk factors for elbow stiffness using Logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean follow-up period for this cohort was 32.0 months (from 10 to 63 months). The latest follow-up showed fracture union in all the patients. The stiffness group had 38 patients and the non-stiffness group 121. Multivariate regression analysis showed that high energy trauma (OR=3.141, 95%CI 1.396~7.070, P=0.006) and time from injury to surgery >one week (OR=2.596, 95%CI 1.123~6.000, P=0.026) were independent risk factors for elbow stiffness after ORIF for intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus. Conclusion The patients with high energy trauma and time from injury to surgery >one week should be treated with caution and special care in clinical practice because the 2 factors are closely related to posttraumatic elbow stiffness after ORIF for intercondylar fracture of the distal humerus.