Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) are two types of cerebrovascular diseases. Their pathogenesis is closely related, with common risk factors, but there are differences. Early detection and effective management of common risk factors, while taking into account differentiated risk factors, are of great significance for stroke prevention. This article reviews the similarities and differences in the major risk factors between CSVD and LAA.

Objective To observe and compare of the effects of esketamine and sufentanil induction for general anesthesia on postoperative analgesia in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Methods Patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between March 2023 and March 2024,irrespective of gender,aged between 20 and 50 years,with a BMI ranging from 30.0 to 50.0 kg/m2 and ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ classification,were randomly allocated into two groups:the esketamine group(Group E)and the sufentanil group(Group S),each consisting of 32 cases.During anesthesia induction,Group E received a dose of esketamine at 0.5 mg/kg while Group S received sufentanil at a dosage of 0.5 μg/kg;the remaining protocol remained unchanged.Heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),and SpO2 were recorded at various time points:upon arrival(T0),prior to anesthesia induction(T1),immediately after induction(T2),during intubation(T3),at the conclusion of anesthesia adminis-tration(T4),and during extubation(T5).Postoperative pain scores using the Numeric Rating Scale(NRS)were assessed at specific intervals following surgery:one hour post-surgery(P0),six hours post-surgery(P1),twelve hours post-surgery(P2),twenty-four hours post-surgery(P3)and forty-eight hours post-surgery(P4).Additionally,intraoperative remifentanil consumption as well as the number of presses on the analgesic pump within forty-eight hours after surgery in both patient groups were documented along with any occurrences of adverse reactions.Results During the surgery,there was no statistically significant difference in mean arterial pressure(MAP)and heart rate(HR)between the two patient groups at T0～T5(P>0.05).At T2,both groups exhibited lower MAP and HR compared to T0;specifically,group S had a MAP of(91.81±8.94)mmHg and HR of(81.75±13.37)beats/min,while group E had a MAP of(93.69±9.96)mmHg and HR of(80.38±13.2)beats/min,with group E showing values closer to baseline levels.At T3,both groups experienced a transient increase in MAP and HR(P<0.05);specifi-cally,group S had a MAP of(97.56±8.96)mmHg and HR of(86.47±13.84)beats/min,while group E had a MAP of(101.03±8.29)mmHg and(89.41±15.32)times/min,with S group closer to baseline values.There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of remifentanil used during surgery between group S and group E(P>0.05),which were(2071.88±717.63)μg and(2093.75±718.39)μg,respectively.Compared with the postoperative conditions of the two groups,the NRS scores of group E(0.41±0.61±1.870.75,2.47±0.62)at P0,P1 and P2 were lower than those in group S(0.88±0.71,2.47±0.72,2.97±0.54),and the difference was statisti-cally significant(P<0.05).The number of intravenous analgesia pump presses was significantly reduced in group E after surgery(P<0.05),with the postoperative analgesic pump compressions occurring 11.25±2.70 times in group S and 8.56±2.23 times in group E.The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)and hypotension in Group E(21.88%,15.63%)was lower than that observed in group S(46.88%,37.50%),demonstrating statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion In comparison to sufentanil induction,the utilization of esketamine anesthesia induction is deemed safe for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients,effectively mitigating postoperative acute pain and reducing the incidence of PONV.

Objective:To obtain the normal reference range of hemodynamic ultrasound parameters after pediatric liver transplantation through big data query and statistical analysis, and compare their changes with age.Methods:The clinical liver transplantation ultrasound imaging database software V1.0 independently developed by Tianjin First Central Hospital was used to query the ultrasound hemodynamic parameters of 0-14 years old pediatric patients after parental liver transplantation from December 2012 to December 2022, including portal vein diameter (PVD) on the 1st day, 7th day, 1st month, 6th month, 1st year, 5th year, and 10th year after surgery. The changes in ultrasound blood flow parameters such as portal vein velocity (PVV), hepatic artery peak velocity (S), hepatic artery end diastolic velocity (D), and left hepatic vein velocity (LHVV) with postoperative time in different age groups were analyzed, the differences between age groups were compared, and statistical analysis was perform to obtain the 95% reference value range for each parameter.Results:A total of 731 pediatric patients aged 0-14 years who underwent parental liver transplantation were included in this study, with a total of 5 283 monitoring results. The ultrasound hemodynamic parameters PVV, hepatic artery S, D, and LHVV were highest at 7th day after surgery, and gradually showed a sustained and slightly decreasing trend with the prolongation of postoperative time. At the same time, there was no statistically significant difference in PVV, hepatic artery S, D, and LHVV among different age groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:This study obtains the trend of ultrasound hemodynamic parameters after pediatric liver transplantation with prolonged follow-up time, and compared them among different age groups.After pediatric liver transplantation, there is no significant change in liver hemodynamic parameters with increasing age. Obtaining reference value ranges for various parameters in different age groups is of great clinical significance for early detection and diagnosis of postoperative vascular complications. Pediatric liver transplantation is more complex than adult liver transplantation, and in clinical monitoring, more attention should be paid to the dynamic changes of transplanted liver blood flow, combining with individual patient status, to provide imaging support for clinical diagnosis.

Objective:To explore the comparative study of video laryngoscopy combined with bronchial blocker and video laryngoscopy combined with double-lumen tube in the teaching of endotracheal intubation in thoracic surgery in the standardized residency training of anesthesia.Methods:The trainees of the standardized residency training were randomly divided into control group and experimental group for clinical teaching, with 25 ones in each group. The experimental group was treated with visual laryngoscopy combined with bronchial blocker, while the control group was treated with visual laryngoscopy combined with double-lumen tube group. The intubation time, intubation success rate, positioning time, hemodynamic changes, and complication incidence during intubation, as well as student assessment results were recorded. GraphPad Prism 6.0 was used for t test and Chi-square test. Results:The time of endotracheal intubation [(95.3±10.1) vs. (137.5±13.5)] and positioning time [(100.8±11.7) vs. (155.4±15.3)] in the experimental group were both shorter than those of the control group ( P< 0.001), the hemodynamic changes in patients with immediate intubation were smaller ( P<0.001), the success rate of intubation was higher (92% vs. 68%) ( P<0.001), the complication incidence was lower ( P<0.001) and the students' performance was higher ( P<0.001). Conclusion:In the anesthesia teaching of thoracic surgery, bronchial blocker can reduce the time of endotracheal intubation, lower the hemodynamic changes during intubation, cut down the incidence of complications, improve the success rate of endotracheal intubation and enhance the confidence of students.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of postoperative hemodynamic changes in patients with early allograft dysfunction (EAD), and to provide clinical imaging support for the early diagnosis of EAD.Methods:A total of 907 patients who underwent liver transplantation in Tianjin First Central Hospital from December 2012 to June 2021 were retrospectively selected, and they were divided into EAD group (361 cases) and non-EAD group (546 cases) according to EAD diagnostic criteria. The peak systolic velocity(PSV) of the hepatic artery, end-diastolic velocity(EDV) of the hepatic artery, resistance index(RI), S/D(PSV/EDV), diameter of the portal vein(PVD), velocity of the portal vein(PVV), diameter of the middle hepatic vein(MHVD), velocity of the middle hepatic vein(MHVV), the diameter of the right hepatic vein(RHVD), and the velocity of the right hepatic vein (RHVV) were collected from 1 to 7 days after operation (a total of 5 573 ultrasound examination results), and the differences in ultrasound hemodynamic parameters were compared between the two groups. The correlation of S/D<2, PSV<25 cm/s, PVV<15 cm/s, MHVV or RHVV<15 cm/s within 3 days after operation with the occurence of EAO were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results:①The PSV and EDV of the hepatic artery in the EAD group and the non-EAD group showed a slow upward trend at 1-7 days after operation, while the hepatic artery RI and PVV showed a downward trend, the MHVV and RHVV did not fluctuate significantly. ②The hepatic artery in the EAD group showed low-resistance blood flow in the early postoperative period, and the EDV were significantly higher than that in the non-EAD group on 1 d, 2 d, 3 d and 5 d, RI was significantly lower than that of the non-EAD group (all P<0.05); At 4 d, 6 d and 7 d, there was no significant differences of EDV and RI between the two groups(all P>0.05). The PSV of the EAD group was higher than that of the non-EAD group on 3 d ( P<0.05). Among the parameters of portal vein blood flow, the PVV in the EAD group was significantly higher than that in the non-EAD group on 1 d ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference of PVD between the two groups at day 1-7. Among the parameters of hepatic venous blood flow, the MHVV and RHVV in the EAD group were significantly lower than those in the non-EAD group (all P<0.05), there was no significant difference between the two groups of MHVD and RHVD at 1-7 days. ③The incidence of grafted hepatic artery S/D<2 within 3 days after operation in EAD group was higher than that in non-EAD group. Binary Logistic regression multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of grafted hepatic artery S/D<2 within 3 days after operation was significantly correlated with the occurrence of EAD[Exp(B)=1.878, P<0.05]. Conclusions:Patients who develop EAD after liver transplantation show low-resistance blood flow in the hepatic artery during the perioperative period, and the occurrence of hepatic artery S/D<2 within 3 days after operation can early predict the occurrence of EAD.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between Doppler ultrasound parameters and pressure gradient of portal vein in pediatric liver transplant patients, and to analyze the diagnostic value of Doppler ultrasound for portal vein stenosis.Methods:This retrospective study involved the data from 92 pediatric liver transplant patients in Tianjin First Central Hospital from June 2014 to September 2021, who underwent pressure gradient measurement. The collected ultrasonic parameters included the diameter and flow velocity of the native portal vein, the portal vein anastomosis, and the donor portal vein. The anastomotic stenosis rate=(the native portal vein diameter–the portal vein anastomosis diameter)/the native portal vein diameter, the velocity ratio=the portal vein anastomosis velocity /the native portal vein velocity, the velocity difference=the portal vein anastomosis velocity–the native portal vein velocity. According to the diagnostic standard of portal vein stenosis, pressure gradient more than 5 mmHg was the portal vein stenosis group, and the pressure gradient less than 5 mmHg was the non-stenosis group. The correlation and differences between ultrasonic parameters and pressure gradient were analyzed. ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of each parameter.Results:Firstly, there was a positive correlation between pressure gradient and the portal vein anastomosis velocity, the velocity difference and the velocity ratio ( r=0.521, 0.531, 0.417; all P<0.001). And there was a negative correlation between pressure gradient and the anastomotic diameter ( r=-0.284, P=0.004). Secondly, the portal vein anastomotic velocity, velocity difference and velocity ratio in stenosis group were significantly higher than those in non-stenosis group [135.5(111.0, 169.0)cm/s vs 103.7(72.9, 118.7)cm/s, (112.2±40.3)cm/s vs (67.9±30.5)cm/s, 5.56(3.73, 7.26) vs 3.85(2.78, 4.70); all P≤0.001]; Furthermore, by ROC curve analysis, the cut-off value, the area under the ROC curve, Jordan index, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of each parameter for the diagnosis of portal vein stenosis were: the anastomotic velocity 124.5 cm/s, 0.814, 0.592, 80.0%, 65.5% and 93.7%; velocity ratio 5.67, 0.760, 0.488, 73.0%, 48.8% and 100%; velocity difference 107.25 cm/s, 0.797, 0.511, 76.0%, 51.9% and 100%. Conclusions:The anastomosis velocity, velocity difference and velocity ratio of portal vein in pediatric liver transplant patients are correlated with the pressure gradient, and there is higher accuracy and specificity of each parameter for diagnosing portal vein stenosis, but the sensitivity is slightly lower.

Objective:To explore the clinicopathological factors that influence the prognosis and pathological complete response (PCR) of young breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Methods:From January 2007 to December 2017, 87 cases of female breast cancer patients aged ≤40 who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and were admitted to the breast surgery department of Qingdao 8th people′s hospital were analyzed retrospectively.According to the pathological results, , the patients were divided into three groups: 30 in the PCR group and 57 in the non PCR group. To compare the correlation between the composition of PCR, recurrence/metastasis and death and clinicopathological characteristics, and to analyze the relationship between PCR and disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS).Results:After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 30 of the 87 patients reached to PCR (34.5%). The proportion of PCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in young breast cancer is related to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), preoperative lymph node status, Ki67 level and molecular typing( χ 2 values were 3.592, 4.614, 8.373, 4.251 and 14.569, respectively, P values were 0.047, 0.032, 0.039, 0.039 and 0.006, respectively; the proportion of recurrence and metastasis patients with Er, PR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 2, HER-2, tumor size and lymph node status were correlated (χ 2 values were 8.778, 6.243, 9.413, 14.910, 23.074, P values were 0.003, 0.013, 0.009, 0.002, < 0.001, respectively); the proportion of dead patients was correlated with Er, PR, HER-2, grade, tumor size and lymph node status (χ 2 values were 6.686, 4.340, 11.874, 15.707, 12.428, 26.564, respectively, P values were 0.010, 0.037, 0.003, < 0.001, 0.006, < 0.001). Er, PR, HER-2, tumor size, preoperative lymph node status and molecular typing were correlated with DFS ( HR(95% CI) was 0.53 (0.31-0.93), 2.12 (1.21-3.64), 0.46 (0.27-0.77), 1.91 (1.40-2.62), 2.22 (1.55-3.20), 1.21 (0.95-1.55), all P< 0.05), while er, PR, HER-2, classification, tumor size and preoperative lymph node status were closely correlated with OS ( HR(95% CI was 0.47 (0.23-0.98), 2.14 (1.03-4.44), 0.37 (0.19-0.76), 2.90 (1.45-5.79), 1.86 (1.24-2.79) and 2.22 (1.39-3.56), respectively (all P < 0.05)). Among the 33 patients with recurrence and metastasis, 5 (16.7%)patients had PCR, while the remaining 28 (49.1%)patients had not reached PCR, accounting for 49.1% (28/57) of all the non PCR patients. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P = 0.019). Among the 21 patients who died, there were 2 patients with PCR, accounting for 6.7% (2/30) of all the patients with PCR; the remaining 19 patients did not reach PCR, accounting for 33.3% (19/57) of all the patients without PCR. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant( P= 0.026). Conclusion:The proportion of PCR, DFS and OS in young breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were affected by many clinicopathological factors.

Objective To evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2 ( TIPE2) in pyroptosis in macrophage of mice using small interfering RNA ( siRNA) technique. Methods J774A. 1 macrophages of mice were divided into 4 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table method: non-specific siRNA (Scr-siRNA) group (S group), Scr-siRNA plus LPS∕ATP group (S+LPS∕ATP group ) , TIPE2-siRNA group ( T group ) and TIPE2-siRNA plus LPS∕ATP group ( T+LPS∕ATP group) . The corresponding siRNA and Lipofectamine2000 transfection reagents were added to each group, and transfection was performed for 24-48 h, and in addition LPS 1. 0 μg∕ml was then added, cells were incubated for 5 h, then ATP 5. 0 mmol∕L was added, and cells were incubated for 1 h in S+LPS∕ATP and T+LPS∕ATP groups. Cells were collected to detect the expression of TIPE2, NOD-like receptor familypyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain ( ASC) and Gasdermin D ( GSDMD) ( by Western blot) . The superna-tant was collected for determination of lactic dehydrogenase ( LDH) activity and concentrations of interleu-kin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results Compared with group S, the expression of TIPE2 was significantly down-regulated, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC and GSDMD was up-regulated, and the LDH activity and concentrations of IL-1βand IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group S+LPS∕ATP ( P<0. 05) . Compared with group T, the expression of TIPE2 was sig-nificantly down-regulated, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC and GSDMD was up-regulated, and the LDH activity and concentrations of IL-1βand IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group T+LPS∕ATP (P<0. 05). Compared with group S+LPS∕ATP, the expression of TIPE2 was significantly down-regulated, the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC and GSDMD was up-regulated, and the LDH activity and con-centrations of IL-1βand IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group T+LPS∕ATP ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion Application of siRNA technique once again confirms that TIPE2 can inhibit pyroptosis in macrophages of mice.

Objective To evaluate the effect of penehyelidine hydrochloride(PHCD)on tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 8-like-2(TIPE2)-Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-myeloid differentiation fac-tor 88(MyD88)signaling pathway in a rat model of traumatic acute lung injury(ALI).Methods Thirty SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 190-210 g,were divided into 3 groups(n＝15 each)by a random number table method: sham operation group(group Sham),traumatic ALI group(group ALI)and group PHCD.ALI was induced by blunt chest trauma in ALI and PHCD groups.PHCD 2 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected immediately after blunt chest trauma in group PHCD.The rats were sacrificed and lung tissues were removed at 8 h after the model was successfully established for exami-nation of the pathological changes and ultrastructure of lung tissues(with a light microscope or an electron microscope)and for determination of the wet to dry weight ratio(W/D ratio)and expression of TLR4 and MyD88 in lung tissues.Results Compared with group Sham,the W/D ratio was significantly increased,TIPE2 expression was down-regulated,and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 was up-regulated in ALI and PHCD groups(P＜0.05).Compared with group ALI,the W/D ratio was significantly decreased,TIPE2 expression was up-regulated,and the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 was down-regulated(P＜0.05),and the pathological changes of lung tissues and ultrastructure were significantly attenuated in group PHCD.Conclusion The mechanism by which PHCD reduces traumatic AIL is related to activating TIPE2-TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway in rats.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) and caspase-11 during pyroptosis in macrophages of mice. Methods: J774A.1 macrophages of mice were divided into 4 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table method: non-specific siRNA (Scr-siRNA) group (S group), Scr-siRNA plus LPS/ATP group (S+ LPS/ATP group), TIPE2-siRNA group (T group) and TIPE2-siRNA plus LPS/ATP group (T+ LPS/ATP group). The corresponding siRNA and Lipofectamine2000 transfection reagents were added to each group, and transfection was performed for 24-48 h, and in addition LPS 1.0 μg/ml was then added, cells were incubated for 5 h, then ATP 5.0 mmol/L was added, and cells were incubated for 1 h in S+ LPS/ATP and T+ LPS/ATP groups.Cells were collected to detect the expression of TIPE2, caspase-11, NOD-like receptor familypyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1 (by Western blot). The supernatant was collected for determination of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Results: Compared with group S, the expression of TIPE2 was significantly down-regulated, the expression of caspase-11, NLRP3 and caspase-1 was up-regulated, and the activities of LDH and MPO and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group S+ LPS/ATP (P<0.05). Compared with group T, the expression of TIPE2 was significantly down-regulated, the expression of caspase-11, NLRP3 and caspase-1 was up-regulated, and the activities of LDH and MPO and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group T+ LPS/ATP (P<0.05). Compared with group S+ LPS/ATP, the expression of TIPE2 was significantly down-regulated, the expression of caspase-11, NLRP3 and caspase-1 was up-regulated, and and the activities of LDH and MPO and concentrations of IL-1β and IL-18 in supernatant were increased in group T+ LPS/ATP (P<0.05). Conclusion TIPE2 inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages through down-regulating the expression of caspase-11 in mice.