Objective:To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA).Methods:Clinical data of FAVA patients who underwent endoscopic treatment admitted to Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital from October 1, 2019 to April 1, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age of onset, age of diagnosis, lesion location, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stays, incision complications, etc. Before endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound were routinely used to locate the lesion range, and the surgical position and Trocar location were selected according to different lesion sites.Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0.Results:40 cases of FAVA patients were admitted during the period, all of whom underwent endoscopic radical resection, including 15 males and 25 females. The age of onset was 8 (6, 12.5) years. The age of diagnosis was 11 (8, 22.5) years. There were 31 patients with stage Ⅰ and 9 patients with stage Ⅱ. 31 cases involved the calf, of which 21 involved the calf triceps (gastrocnemius, soleus) and 9 involved the thigh, of which 1 patient had lesions originating from the fascia around the sciatic neurovascular bundle. 11 cases (27.5%) were converted to open surgery. The operative time was 192.5 (107, 292.5) min. The intraoperative blood loss was 35 (10, 87.5) ml. The length of hospital stay for endoscopic surgery was 9 (7, 11) d. The postoperative follow-up time was 11.5 (3.5, 13.5) months. Of the 40 patients, 39 were cured completely without residual pain or joint movement disorder after operation. Postoperative dorsiflexion function of the ankle joint was mildly limited in one patient classified as stage Ⅱ. There was no incision complication and recurrence.Conclusion:For patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ FAVA, endoscopic surgery has concealed incisions, indistinct scars, definite therapeutic effects and high safety.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic surgery in the treatment of fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA).Methods:Clinical data of FAVA patients who underwent endoscopic treatment admitted to Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital from October 1, 2019 to April 1, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed, including gender, age of onset, age of diagnosis, lesion location, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stays, incision complications, etc. Before endoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound were routinely used to locate the lesion range, and the surgical position and Trocar location were selected according to different lesion sites.Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0.Results:40 cases of FAVA patients were admitted during the period, all of whom underwent endoscopic radical resection, including 15 males and 25 females. The age of onset was 8 (6, 12.5) years. The age of diagnosis was 11 (8, 22.5) years. There were 31 patients with stage Ⅰ and 9 patients with stage Ⅱ. 31 cases involved the calf, of which 21 involved the calf triceps (gastrocnemius, soleus) and 9 involved the thigh, of which 1 patient had lesions originating from the fascia around the sciatic neurovascular bundle. 11 cases (27.5%) were converted to open surgery. The operative time was 192.5 (107, 292.5) min. The intraoperative blood loss was 35 (10, 87.5) ml. The length of hospital stay for endoscopic surgery was 9 (7, 11) d. The postoperative follow-up time was 11.5 (3.5, 13.5) months. Of the 40 patients, 39 were cured completely without residual pain or joint movement disorder after operation. Postoperative dorsiflexion function of the ankle joint was mildly limited in one patient classified as stage Ⅱ. There was no incision complication and recurrence.Conclusion:For patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ FAVA, endoscopic surgery has concealed incisions, indistinct scars, definite therapeutic effects and high safety.

BACKGROUND:Tissue engineering has brought new hope to the clinical challenge of liver failure,and the preparation of plant-derived decellularized fiber scaffolds holds significant importance in liver tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE:To prepare apple tissue decellularized scaffold material by using fresh apple slices and a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate,and assess its biocompatibility. METHODS:Fresh apples were subjected to decellularization using phosphate buffer saline and sodium dodecyl sulfate solution,separately.Afterwards,the decellularized apple tissues and apple decellularized scaffold materials were decontaminated with phosphate buffer saline.Subsequently,scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the effectiveness of decellularization of the apple materials.Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from the inguinal fat BALB/C of mice,and their expression of stem cell-related markers(CD45,CD34,CD73,CD90,and CD105)was identified through flow cytometry.The cells were then divided into a scaffold-free control group and a scaffold group.Equal amounts of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded onto both groups.The biocompatibility of the decellularized scaffold with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated using CCK-8 assay,hematoxylin-eosin staining,and phalloidine staining.Cell adhesion and growth on the scaffold were observed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Furthermore,the scaffold was subdivided into the non-induced group and the hepatogenic-induced group.Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the decellularized apple scaffold,and they were cultured for 14 days in regular culture medium or hepatogenic induction medium for comparison.Immunofluorescent staining using liver cell markers,including albumin,cytokeratin 18,and CYP1A1,was performed.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the secretion of alpha fetoprotein and albumin.Additionally,scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphology of the induced cells on the scaffold,verifying the expression of liver cell-related genes on the decellularized scaffold material.Finally,the cobalt-60 irradiated and sterilized decellularized apple scaffolds were transplanted onto the surface of mouse liver and the degradation of the scaffold was observed by gross observation and hematoxylin-eosin staining after 28 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the decellularized apple scaffold material retained a porous structure of approximately 100 μm in size,with no residual cells observed.(2)Through flow cytometry analysis,the cultured cells were identified as adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.(3)CCK-8 assay results demonstrated that the prepared decellularized apple tissue scaffold material exhibited no cytotoxicity.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and phalloidine staining showed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were capable of adhering and proliferating on the decellularized apple tissue scaffold.(4)The results obtained from immunofluorescence staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the decellularized apple scaffolds exhibited elevated expression of liver-specific proteins,including albumin,alpha-fetoprotein,cytokeratin 18,and CYP1A1.These results suggested that they were induced differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells possessing functional characteristics of liver cells.(5)The decellularized apple scaffold implanted at 7 days has integrated with the liver,with partial degradation of the scaffold observed.By 28 days,the decellularized apple scaffold has completely degraded and has been replaced by newly-formed tissue.(6)The results indicate that the decellularized scaffold material derived from apple tissue demonstrates favorable biocompatibility,promoting the proliferation,adhesion,and hepatic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Left atrial reverse remodeling refers to the reversal of left atrial structure,function,and electrical remodeling,and the restoration of left atrial morphology,functional parameters,and myocardial tissue,which mostly indicates that the disease is on the way of improvement.Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) has become an entity of widespread concern,and the progression of the disease is related to the nature and severity of myocardial injury,rather than being limited to the trajectory of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes.In recent years,it has been found that the left atrial reverse remodeling is closely related to the prognosis,risk stratification,and drug selection of patients with HFrecEF.This article reviews the definition,pathophysiology,evaluation methods of left atrial reverse remodeling in patients with heart failure,its application in patients with HFrecEF,and the controversies and related considerations in the diagnosis of left atrial reverse remodeling.

Left atrial reverse remodeling refers to the reversal of left atrial structure,function,and electrical remodeling,and the restoration of left atrial morphology,functional parameters,and myocardial tissue,which mostly indicates that the disease is on the way of improvement.Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) has become an entity of widespread concern,and the progression of the disease is related to the nature and severity of myocardial injury,rather than being limited to the trajectory of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) changes.In recent years,it has been found that the left atrial reverse remodeling is closely related to the prognosis,risk stratification,and drug selection of patients with HFrecEF.This article reviews the definition,pathophysiology,evaluation methods of left atrial reverse remodeling in patients with heart failure,its application in patients with HFrecEF,and the controversies and related considerations in the diagnosis of left atrial reverse remodeling.

Objective:To explore the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of fibro-adipose vascular anomaly(FAVA).Methods:The data of the patients with FAVA admitted to Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital between October 2019 and February 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were routinely performed. X-ray and CT were performed for patients with unequal length of lower limbs, lesions involving joints, and obvious joint deformities. The treatment plan was made according to the stage: stage Ⅰ (pain stage), open or laparoscopi radical resection of the lesion was performed; stage Ⅱ (contracture stage), radical surgery was performed to remove the lesion, sometimes combined with Achilles tendon lengthening or tenolysis, and rehabilitation training was performed 2 weeks after surgery; stage Ⅲ(deformity stage), comprehensive treatment based on surgical resection was adopted, combined with joint capsule release, Achilles tendon lengthening or dissection, tendon transfer and oral sirolimus (each time 0.08 mg/m 2, twice daily ) before and after the operation. For patients with lesions involving multiple anatomical regions, staged surgery was performed, and in principle, only one anatomical region was operated per time. Patients were followed up for pain, joint activity and recurrence. Results:A total of 42 patients were admitted, including 18 males and 24 females. The onset age was (7.3±5.0) years, but the average age of diagnosis was (12.5±6.0) years. The lower limbs were involved in 38 cases, the upper limbs in 4 cases. There were 17 cases of stage Ⅰ, 17 cases of stage Ⅱ and 8 cases of stage Ⅲ. Only 4 cases had no misdiagnosis experience, and the misdiagnosis rate was 90.5%(38/42). Persistent pain, muscle contractures and joint deformities were the main clinical symptoms of the disease. MRI showed heterogeneous high and low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and the high signal intensity was the same as that of subcutaneous adipose tissue. T2 fat-suppressed sequences showed stronger heterogeneous hyperintensity. The follow-up time was (14.6±10.8) months. Patients who took sirolimus orally before or after surgery experienced significant relief of pain symptoms. Of the 42 patients, the symptoms of 31 patients were completely relieved after the operation, and 11 patients still had residual pain or joint movement disorder or even deformity after the operation. Sixteen of 17 stage Ⅰ patients were cured, the lesion was further expanded and the pain recurred in 1 case after the operation. Of the 17 stage Ⅱ patients, 15 were cured, and 2 had mild limitation of ankle movement after the operation. Eight stage Ⅲ patients had varying degrees of pain or joint movement disorder after surgery, postoperative oral sirolimus significantly relieved symptoms. All 10 patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ who underwent endoscopic resection were cured.Conclusion:FAVA usually occurred in school-age and adolescent children. Pain, muscle contracture and joint deformity were the characteristic clinical features. Combined with MRI features, the diagnosis can be confirmed. FAVA staging system could guide treatment and predict prognosis. For stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients, surgery should be performed as soon as possible and the prognosis was good. For stage Ⅲ patients, surgery-based comprehensive treatment could improve symptoms, but it was difficult to cure them radically. Oral sirolimus was also required after surgery.

Objective:To explore the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of fibro-adipose vascular anomaly(FAVA).Methods:The data of the patients with FAVA admitted to Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital between October 2019 and February 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were routinely performed. X-ray and CT were performed for patients with unequal length of lower limbs, lesions involving joints, and obvious joint deformities. The treatment plan was made according to the stage: stage Ⅰ (pain stage), open or laparoscopi radical resection of the lesion was performed; stage Ⅱ (contracture stage), radical surgery was performed to remove the lesion, sometimes combined with Achilles tendon lengthening or tenolysis, and rehabilitation training was performed 2 weeks after surgery; stage Ⅲ(deformity stage), comprehensive treatment based on surgical resection was adopted, combined with joint capsule release, Achilles tendon lengthening or dissection, tendon transfer and oral sirolimus (each time 0.08 mg/m 2, twice daily ) before and after the operation. For patients with lesions involving multiple anatomical regions, staged surgery was performed, and in principle, only one anatomical region was operated per time. Patients were followed up for pain, joint activity and recurrence. Results:A total of 42 patients were admitted, including 18 males and 24 females. The onset age was (7.3±5.0) years, but the average age of diagnosis was (12.5±6.0) years. The lower limbs were involved in 38 cases, the upper limbs in 4 cases. There were 17 cases of stage Ⅰ, 17 cases of stage Ⅱ and 8 cases of stage Ⅲ. Only 4 cases had no misdiagnosis experience, and the misdiagnosis rate was 90.5%(38/42). Persistent pain, muscle contractures and joint deformities were the main clinical symptoms of the disease. MRI showed heterogeneous high and low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, and the high signal intensity was the same as that of subcutaneous adipose tissue. T2 fat-suppressed sequences showed stronger heterogeneous hyperintensity. The follow-up time was (14.6±10.8) months. Patients who took sirolimus orally before or after surgery experienced significant relief of pain symptoms. Of the 42 patients, the symptoms of 31 patients were completely relieved after the operation, and 11 patients still had residual pain or joint movement disorder or even deformity after the operation. Sixteen of 17 stage Ⅰ patients were cured, the lesion was further expanded and the pain recurred in 1 case after the operation. Of the 17 stage Ⅱ patients, 15 were cured, and 2 had mild limitation of ankle movement after the operation. Eight stage Ⅲ patients had varying degrees of pain or joint movement disorder after surgery, postoperative oral sirolimus significantly relieved symptoms. All 10 patients with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ who underwent endoscopic resection were cured.Conclusion:FAVA usually occurred in school-age and adolescent children. Pain, muscle contracture and joint deformity were the characteristic clinical features. Combined with MRI features, the diagnosis can be confirmed. FAVA staging system could guide treatment and predict prognosis. For stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients, surgery should be performed as soon as possible and the prognosis was good. For stage Ⅲ patients, surgery-based comprehensive treatment could improve symptoms, but it was difficult to cure them radically. Oral sirolimus was also required after surgery.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a main type of mood disorder, characterized by significant and lasting depressed mood. Until now, the pathogenesis of MDD is not clear, but it is certain that biological, psychological, and social factors are involved. Childhood trauma is considered to be an important factor in the development of this disease. Previous studies have found that nearly half of the patients with MDD have experienced childhood trauma, and different types of childhood trauma, gender, and age show different effects on this disease. In addition, the clinical characteristics of MDD patients with childhood trauma are also different, which often have more severe depressive symptoms, higher risk of suicide, and more severe cognitive impairment. The response to antidepressants is also worse. In terms of biological mechanisms and marker characteristics, the serotonin transporter gene and the FKBP prolyl isomerase 5 have been shown to play an important role in MDD and childhood trauma. Moreover, some brain imaging and biomarkers showed specific features, such as changes in gray matter in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, and abnormal changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
Child ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Gray Matter ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Suicide