In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has advanced rapidly, demonstrating remarkable potential particularly in the field of plastic surgery. As a major subdiscipline of plastic surgery, craniomaxillofacial surgery characterized by its heavy reliance on imaging, anatomical precision, and meticulous surgical techniques is especially amenable to the integration and transformation enabled by AI technologies. This review systematically summarized the current applications of AI in craniomaxillofacial surgery, including preoperative imaging analysis, diagnosis, and postoperative evaluation. Special emphasis was placed on the role of AI in the management of congenital craniofacial anomalies and facial contouring procedures. Additionally, the article discussed the existing challenges in technical implementation, clinical translation, and ethical governance. Finally, it explored the future potential of AI in multimodal data integration, high-throughput image annotation, and personalized treatment planning. AI is poised to propel craniomaxillofacial surgery toward a more precise, efficient, and intelligent era.

In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has advanced rapidly, demonstrating remarkable potential particularly in the field of plastic surgery. As a major subdiscipline of plastic surgery, craniomaxillofacial surgery characterized by its heavy reliance on imaging, anatomical precision, and meticulous surgical techniques is especially amenable to the integration and transformation enabled by AI technologies. This review systematically summarized the current applications of AI in craniomaxillofacial surgery, including preoperative imaging analysis, diagnosis, and postoperative evaluation. Special emphasis was placed on the role of AI in the management of congenital craniofacial anomalies and facial contouring procedures. Additionally, the article discussed the existing challenges in technical implementation, clinical translation, and ethical governance. Finally, it explored the future potential of AI in multimodal data integration, high-throughput image annotation, and personalized treatment planning. AI is poised to propel craniomaxillofacial surgery toward a more precise, efficient, and intelligent era.

Objective To evaluate the degree of liver injury and liver fibrosis in patients in the immune-tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection, and to provide a basis for judging the condition of patients in the immune-tolerant phase. Methods A total of 300 patients with HBV DNA ≥10 7 IU/mL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤40 U/L, and complete data who were treated in The Third People's Hospital of Kunming from January 2015 to December 2019 were enrolled as subjects, and related data were collected, including age, sex, duration of HBV infection, blood biochemistry, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level, and HBV DNA. Liver pathological examination was performed for all patients, and the patients were divided into G < 2 and G ≥2 groups according to inflammation grade and S < 2 and S ≥2 groups according to the degree of fibrosis. The t -test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors for G ≥2 liver inflammation and S ≥2 liver fibrosis. Results Among the 300 patients, 213 (71%) had G ≥2 liver inflammation and 120 (40%) had S ≥2 liver fibrosis, with a baseline age of 26.06±9.01 years; male patients accounted for 48%, and the duration of infection was 5.62±5.09 years. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the G < 2 and G ≥2 groups in ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (Alb), platelet count (PLT), diameter of the portal vein, and spleen thickness ( t =-26.677, -11.612, 2.149, 5.410, -6.092, and -2.911, all P < 0.05), and there were significant differences between the S < 2 and S ≥2 groups in duration of infection, ALT, ALP, Alb, HBV DNA, PLT, diameter of the portal vein, and spleen thickness ( t =-6.320, -6.694, -7.880, 2.349, 4.552, 19.160, -5.782, and -5.622, all P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that ALT (odds ratio [ OR ]=10.270, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 2.212-47.672, P =0.003) and ALP ( OR =1.097, 95% CI : 1.013-1.188, P =0.023) were independent risk factors for G ≥2 liver inflammation in patients in the immune-tolerant phase, and ALP ( OR =1.034, 95% CI : 1.015-1.054, P < 0.001), PLT ( OR =0.913, 95% CI : 0.886-0.938, P < 0.001), HBV DNA ( OR =0.198, 95% CI : 0.062-0.636, P =0.007), and duration of infection ( OR =1.176, 95% CI : 1.033-1.340, P =0.015) were independent influencing factors for S ≥2 liver fibrosis in patients in the immune-tolerant phase. Conclusion Most patients in the immune-tolerant phase have significant liver histological changes. ALT and ALP are the influencing factors for significant liver inflammation, and ALP, HBV-DNA, PLT, and infection time are the influencing factors for significant liver fibrosis in patients in the immune-tolerant phase.

Objective To investigate the technique and application of nasolacrimal duct imaging using MR hydrography.Methods Eight healthy volunteers(16 lacrimal ducts)and 17 patients affected by primary epiphora(32 lacrimal ducts)underwent MRl with three.dimensional fast recovery fast spin echo (3D-FRFSE)MR dacryocystography(MRD)sequence after sterile saline solution had been instilled into the conjunctival sac.For all patients affected by primary epiphora,FRFSE T2-weighted oblique coronal and axial images were obtained after MRD.All patients(32 lacrimal ducts)underwem lacrimal endoscopy.which served as a standard of reference for confirming MR findings.Results Eight cases of 16 normal lacrimal passages were showed by MR hydrography with administering topical sterile saline solution,which demonstrated the lacrimal sac well and whole course of the nasolacrimal duct.Endoscopic findings confirmed nasolacrimal duct obstruction secondary to chronic non-specific inflammation:the color of the mucosa of the nasolaerimal ducts was grey-red,and the obstructive sinuses were filled with nonelastic grey-white membrane.The accuracy of 3D-FRFSE MRD sequence in diagnosing obstructive level was 78%(25/32). The lacrimal ducts above the obstructive level showed watery hypo-intensity on 3D-FRFSE MRD.and the lacrimal ducts below the obstructive level could not be showed.Abnormal findings were presented in all cases of obstructive nasolacrimal ducts with Axi-FRFSET2 WI and Cor-FRFSET,WI sequences:long T2 fluid signals were seen in the lumens of tlle lacrimal sac and(or)nasolacrimal duct above the obstructive level. equal or slightly long T2 soft-tissue signals were seen in the lumens of the nasolaerimal duct below the obstructive level.and the mucosa of the ducts thickened Conclusion MR imaging performed after the topical administration of sterile saline solution can reveal normal nasolacrimal duct and is feasible in evaluating obstructive nasolacrimal ducts.

Objective　To evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of 99Tcm-tetrofosmin in the imaging of breast carcinoma and axillary lymph node metastases and to compare with that of 99Tcm-MIBI. Methods　52 females with breast masses were examined by 99Tcm-tetrofosmin scintigraphy and 99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy.All the results were compared with that from pathologic study. Results　26 patients were found to have a primary malignancy of the breast ,whereas 30 had benign disease. 99Tcm-tetrofosmin breast imaging showed abnormal uptake in 21 of 26 malignancies and in 11 of 16 axillary lymph node metastases.The sensitivity ,specificity, and accuracy values obtained with 99Tcm-tetrofosmin and 99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy for breast carcinoma were 80.8%, 76.7%, 78.6%,and 73.1%,73.3%,73.2%, respectively. The values obtained with 99Tcm-tetrofosmin and 99Tcm-MIBI scintigraphy for axillary lymph node metastases were 68.8%, 80.0%, 76.0%,and 75.0%,80.0%,76.9%, respectively. Conclusions　Both of the two techniques are effective in the differentiation of malignant breast mass-es from benign ones and in detecting axillary lymph node metastases.However , 99Tcm-tetrofosmin is superior to 99Tcm-MIBI in detecting breast carcinoma.