ObjectiveTo systematically compare the differential regulation of the maternal-fetal interface cell lineages and communication networks in the CBA/J×DBA/2 mouse model of recurrent pregnancy loss （RPL） by the two classic therapeutic methods-tonifying the kidney to stabilize the fetus and invigorating the spleen to stabilize the fetus （Shoutai Wan， Juyuan Jian）-of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） at the single-cell resolution and clarify their modern scientific connotations. MethodsFemale non-pregnant CBA/J mice were caged with male BALB/c （blank group） and DBA/2 （modeling group） mice separately. Pregnant mice in the modeling group were randomly grouped as follows： high/low-dose Shoutai Wan， high/low-dose Juyuan Jian， model （RPL）， and positive control （dydrogesterone）， with 10 mice in each group. Starting from the day after the detection of the vaginal plug， mice were administrated with drugs or an equal volume of normal saline by gavage for 10 consecutive days. After the intervention， the following indicators were measured. ① Macroscopic evaluation： general conditions， uterine wet weight， embryo loss rate， four coagulation parameters ［prothrombin time （PT）， activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）， fibrinogen （FIB）， and thrombin time （TT）］， and peripheral blood estradiol （E₂） and progesterone （Pg） levels. The decidua with embryos was stained with hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， angiotensin Ⅱ （AngⅡ）， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， leukemia inhibitory factor （LIF）， CXC chemokine ligand 12 （CXCL12）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 homolog （LC3）Ⅰ/Ⅱ was quantified by Western blot. ② Mechanism analysis at the single-cell level： The decidua with embryos from the blank， model， high-dose Shoutai Wan， and high-dose Juyuan Jian groups （6 mice per group， with 3 single-cell samples per group， totaling 24 mice） were analyzed by the BD Rhapsody™ platform， and the whole-cell atlas was drawn by uniform manifold approximation and projection （UMAP） dimensionality reduction clustering combined with the single-cell mouse cell atlas （scMCA）. The differentially expressed genes （DEGs） and cell interaction networks were analyzed via Gene Ontology （GO）， Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG）， and CellChat， and the protein-protein interaction （PPI） map of subtype cells was constructed. The CytoTRACE pseudo-temporal analysis was performed to explore the developmental trajectories of core immune cells （natural killer cells， NK cells） from maternal and fetal sources. Results① Pathological and Western blot results indicated that compared with the blank group， the RPL group showed an increase in the embryo loss rate （P<0.01）， down-regulated expression of Bcl-2， LIF， MMP-2， and Vegf in the decidua with embryos （P<0.05）， up-regulated protein levels of CXCL-12， AngⅡ， and IL-6 （P<0.05）， blocked angiogenesis， apoptosis-inflammation imbalance， and coagulation dysfunction. Both prescriptions dose-dependently reduced the abortion rate and restored the angiogenesis-inflammation balance， and Shoutai pill showed superior performance in restoring the E₂ level to the Pg level （P<0.05）. ② Single-cell transcriptome analysis indicated that compared with the blank group， the RPL group showed differences in multiple key cell populations such as decidual cells， trophoblast cells， endothelial cells， erythroblasts， NK cells， and macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface. Immunity and angiogenesis were the key links in RPL. Compared with the RPL group， high-dose Shoutai Wan reversed the changes of NK cells in the embryonic layer （upregulating the mRNA levels of 17 genes and downregulating the mRNA levels of 29 genes） and macrophages （upregulating the mRNA levels of 117 genes and downregulating the mRNA levels of 53 genes） through the regulation of gene expression. High-dose Shoutai pill regulated the immune cells to affect unfolded proteins， cell adhesion， and programmed cell death， thereby promoting decidualization and angiogenesis and modulating embryo-membrane development. High-dose Juyuan Jian regulated the key subgroups of NK cells （up-regulating the mRNA levels of 9 genes and down-regulating the mRNA levels of 17 genes） and macrophages （up-regulating the mRNA levels of 110 genes and down-regulating the mRNA levels of 81 genes）， which affected decidual inflammation and apoptosis and intervened in glycolysis. ③ The pseudo-temporal analysis and communication network indicated that the communication frequency of the RPL group decreased. High-dose Shoutai Wan restored maternal-fetal tolerance through pathways such as NKG2D， CDH5， GDF， and FASLG. High-dose Juyuan Jian enhanced the IL-6/LIFR/JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） and desmosome/SEMA6/tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis （TWEAK） signaling to improve endometrial receptivity. The RPL group showed an increased proportion of toxic dNK7， a decreased proportion of reparative dNK4， and blocked embryo fNK1. High-dose Shoutai Wan down-regulated dNK7 and up-regulated dNK4. High-dose Juyuan Jian inhibited the terminal differentiation of dNK7 and up-regulated LILRB1， thus restoring the balance of cytotoxicity and repair. ConclusionBoth the kidney-tonifying and spleen-invigorating methods are effective in treating RPL. NK and macrophages are the key immune cells in the interaction between the embryo and the membrane. The kidney-tonifying method （Shoutai Wan） has an advantage in regulating the phenotypes of unfolded protein， cell adhesion， and programmed cell death， and shows expression characteristics closer to the physiological state in the regulation of NKG2D and CDH5 signals. The spleen-invigorating method （Juyuan Jian） has an advantage in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， angiogenesis， and glycolysis and shows higher communication intensity in the IL-6 and LIFR pathways.

Objective:To compare the diagnostic efficacy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/ CT and multi-parameter magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for pelvic lymph node metastases in prostate cancer patients who received neoadjuvant endocrinology or not after initial diagnosis. Methods:Data of 52 patients with moderate and high-risk prostate cancer admitted to Xijing Hospital from February to October 2023, aged (65.8±6.6) years, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 26.67 (13.09, 84.89) ng/ml, were retrospectively analyzed. Before operation, there were 28 cases of cT 2stage, 16 cases of cT 3 stage and 8 cases of cT 4 stage. There were 22 cases of cN 0 and 30 cases of cN 1. All patients underwent 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and mpMRI at the same time, and were diagnosed positive lymph nodes in 28 and 21 cases, respectively. Risk stratification were high risk in 45 cases, and medium risk in 7 cases. According to the preoperative endocrine treatment, they were divided into the newly diagnosed group without treatment (24 cases) and the endocrine treated group (28 cases), whose ages were (65.0±7.1) years and (66.8±6.1) years, respectively. Preoperative PSA was 26.17 (16.73, 61.18) ng/ml and 27.32 (11.94, 130.18) ng/ml, respectively. Gleason scores ≤7 were in 10 cases (41.7%) and 6 cases (21.4%), and Gleason scores >7 were in 14 cases (58.3%) and 22 cases (78.6%), respectively. There were 15 (62.5%) and 13 (46.4%) cases of cT 1-2 stage, and 9 (37.5%) and 15 (53.6%) cases of cT 3-4 stage, respectively. There were 16 (66.7%) and 6 (21.4%) cases of stage N 0, 8 (33.3%) and 22 (78.6%) cases of stage N 1, respectively. There were 22 (91.7%) and 20 (71.4%) cases of stage M 0, 2 (8.3%) and 8 (28.6%) cases of stage M 1, respectively. PET/CT diagnosis of lymph node positive was in 9 cases (37.5%) and 19 cases (67.9%), and mpMRI diagnosis of lymph node positive was in 5 cases (20.8%) and 16 cases (57.1%). The number of positive lymph nodes diagnosed by PET/CT was 13 (72.2%) and 47 (90.1%), and the number of positive lymph nodes diagnosed by mpMRI was 8 (44.4%) and 32 (61.5%). There was no significant difference ( P>0.05). All patients underwent radical prostatectomy as well as enlarged pelvic lymph node resection. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the two imaging examinations in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis were compared according to the results of postoperative pathological examination of lymph nodes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the accuracy of the two imaging tests in the diagnosis of pelvic lymph node metastasis in the newly diagnosed untreated group and the endocrine treated group. Results:In this study, of 52 cases, 26 (50.0%) had positive lymph nodes by pathological examination. In this study, a total of 681 lymph nodes were dissected, with 70 lymph nodes (10.28%) being pathologically positive, and the positive rate of 26 patients was 17.99% (70/389). The PET/CT and mpMRI detection rates of 26 node-positive patients were 92.3% (24/26) and 57.7% (15/26), respectively. There were 9 (37.5%) and 17 (60.7%) lymph node positive patients in the untreated group and the endocrine therapy group, respectively. There were 320 and 361 lymph nodes were clear, with 18 (5.6%) and 52 (14.4%) positive lymph nodes, respectively. The detection rates of PET/CT and mpMRI were 88.89% (8/9) and 94.12% (16/17)in the untreated group, and 44.44% (4/9) and 64.71% (11/17)in the endocrine treated group, respectively. In the newly treated group, the area under the curve (AUC) of PET/CT and mpMRI for diagnosing positive lymph nodes were 0.911 and 0.689 ( P=0.027), the sensitivity were 88.9% and 44.4%, and the specificity were 93.3% and 93.3%, respectively. PPV were 88.9% and 80.0%, and NPV were 93.3% and 73.7%, respectively. In the endocrine therapy group, the AUC of PET/CT and mpMRI for lymph node positive diagnosis were 0.834 and 0.596 ( P=0.011), the sensitivity were 94.1% and 64.7%, the specificity were 72.7% and 54.5%, and the PPV were 84.2% and 68.8%, respectively. NPV were 88.9% and 50.0%, respectively. Conclusions:For prostate cancer patients, regardless of whether they receive neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT can accurately detect pelvic lymph node metastasis, and the diagnostic efficacy is significantly better than that of mpMRI.

Objective Taking typical cases of Western medicine as an example,this paper explores the connection between Chinese and Western medicine on the understanding of tongue elephants.Methods After collecting the literature with tongue diagram attached to the clinical imaging column published in NEJM magazine,extracting the symptoms,signs and Western medicine disease information recorded in the literature,the tongue diagram was diagnosed from three aspects:tongue quality,tongue moss and sublingual meridians,and whether the symptoms and signs of tongue correspond to a certain diagnosis result,and the results were analyzed.Results A total of 48 articles were included,including 6 literature on abnormal tongue dynamics,which could correspond to abnormal tongue morphology in traditional Chinese medicine.Thirty-four cases of abnormal tongue shape were found.Among them,12 cases could be diagnosed with corresponding TCM tongue diagnosis,including 7 cases of abnormal tongue shape and 5 cases of abnormal coating.The remaining 22 cases were secondary changes in tongue structure.There were 8 articles on abnormal tongue color,including 1 abnormal tongue color,1 abnormal sublingual chord,and 6 abnormal lichen color.Conclusion Starting from the form and function,explore the connection between Chinese medicine and Western medicine in their understanding of tongue diagnosis,and promote the objectification and standardization of Chinese medicine tongue diagnosis.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane protein receptors, and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a member of this family. As a membrane receptor, TGR5 is widely distributed in different parts of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, including the processes of energy consumption, weight loss and blood glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that TGR5 plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders such as fatty liver, obesity and diabetes. With the global obesity situation becoming more and more serious, a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of TGR5 and filling the gaps in knowledge concerning clinical ligand drugs are urgently needed. In this review, we mainly explain the anti-obesity mechanism of TGR5 to promote the further study of this target, and show the electron microscope structure of TGR5 and review recent studies on TGR5 ligands to illustrate the specific binding between TGR5 receptor binding sites and ligands, which can effectively provide new ideas for ligand research and promote drug research.

Talents are the main force for the development of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， and the construction of TCM talents and the reformation of talent evaluation system are essential to promote the inheritance and innovation of TCM. At present， we are still exploring and developing in the fields of the formulation， implementation and evaluation indicators of TCM talent evaluation system. However， there are shortcomings and difficulties. For instance， insufficient stratification in the evaluation， excessive emphasis on the quantity of achievements， neglecting the quality of the achievements and the actual contribution， imperfect assessment indicators， and the weak characteristics of TCM. Therefore， national ministries and commissions have jointly issued a document requesting to break the four only and set a new standard， in order to promote the construction of a scientific and technological talent evaluation system oriented by innovation value， ability and contribution. For the evaluation of TCM clinical talents， China Association for Science and Technology commissioned China Association of Chinese Medicine to build the China Clinical Cases Library of TCM（CCCL-TCM）， which aims at collecting the most authoritative and representative TCM clinical cases and exploring the advantages of applying clinical cases as masterpiece of achievement in TCM clinical talents evaluation. CCCL-TCM can promote the construction of a talent evaluation system that is more in line with the development characteristics of TCM industry， and to carry out relevant pilot in TCM colleges and institutions across the country in order to promote the reformation of TCM talent evaluation system.

Objective:To explore the possible effects of Bushen Huoxue Formula (the kidney tonifying and blood activating prescription) on the proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis of nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the circ_0036763/miR-583 axis.Methods:Real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of circ0036763 and miR-583 in normal and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) nucleus pulposus cells; IDD nucleus pulposus cells were divided into pcDNA group, pcDNA circ_0036763 group, pcDNA circ_0036763+ mimic NC group, and pcDNA circ_0036763+ miR-583 mimic group. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0036763 and miR-583 in nucleus pulposus cells in each group, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to detect cell proliferation (A value), and Western blot was used to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), collagen Ⅰ, and collagen Ⅱ proteins in nucleus pulposus cells, The dual luciferase assay reported experimental validation of the targeting relationship between circ_0036763 and miR-583. 27 mice were divided into sham surgery group, IDD group, and kidney tonifying and blood activating formula group. IDD models were established in all groups except for the sham surgery group. After successful modeling, the sham surgery group and IDD group were given physiological saline by gavage, while the kidney tonifying and blood activating formula group was given 1.5 g/ml of kidney tonifying and blood activating formula by gavage for 3 consecutive weeks. QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of circ0036763 and miR-583 in the nucleus pulposus cells of mice in each group, MTT was used to detect cell proliferation, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of PCNA, collagen Ⅰ, and collagen Ⅱ proteins.Results:The expression level of circ_0036763 in IDD nucleus pulposus cells decreased, while the expression level of miR-583 increased (all P<0.05); Overexpression of circ_0036763 can promote proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis of nucleus pulposus cells (all P<0.05); Circ_0036763 targets miR-583 and upregulates miR-583 reversible overexpression. Circ_0036763 enhances the proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis ability of IDD nucleus pulposus cells. Compared with the sham surgery group, the IDD group showed an increase in collagen Ⅰ protein expression and miR-583 expression levels (all P<0.05), while the cell A value, PCNA and collagen Ⅱ protein expression, and circ_0036763 expression levels decreased (all P<0.05); Compared with the IDD group, the Kidney Tonifying and Blood Activating Formula group showed a decrease in collagen Ⅰ protein expression and miR-583 expression levels (all P<0.05), while the cell A value, PCNA and collagen Ⅱ protein expression, and circ_0036763 expression levels increased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The kidney tonifying and blood activating formula (Bushen Huoxue) may induce proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis of nucleus pulposus cells by regulating the circ_0036763/miR-583 axis.

Objective:The study retrospectively analyzed the etiology, clinical manifestations, emergency treatment and etiological treatment of a large sample of cases with hypercalcemic crisis.Methods:The clincial data of patients with hypercalcaemia cirisis who were administered in First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2009 to July 2022 were analyzed, inculding the general data, clinical manifestations, etiology, photographic examination, emergency treatment, etiological treatment, serological examination before and after treatment, pathological immunohistochemical findings and prognosis.Results:A total of 143 hypercalcaemia crisis patients(84 males and 59 females) with a mean age of 53.51±16.60 were enrolled. The most common disease was hyperparathyroidism(62/143), followed by solid malignancy(57/143) and multiple myeloma(12/143). Patients presented with digestive system symptoms at 76.91%, followed by neurological symptoms at 63.60%, urinary system symptoms at 58.76%, musculoskeletal symptoms at 55.23%, and cardiovascular system symptoms at 32.91%. After emergency calcium-lowering treatment, the remission rate of hypercalcemic crisis in 143 patients was 100%(143/143), and after etiological treatment, the remission rate of hypercalcemia was 85.31%(122/143).Conclusion:Early identification, emergency treatment and etiology treatment of hypercalcaemia crisis are essential. Effective treament with comprehensive calcium reduction can quickly relieve clinical symptoms and create opportunities for treatment for the cause. Targeted etiological interventions can lead to the correction or long-term remission of hypercalcemia.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of different treatment modes for locoregional recurrence after nephrectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma.Methods:A total of 106 patients with locoregional recurrence after nephrectomy without distant metastasis (77 males and 29 females) admitted to Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from October 2001 to July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The median age was 51 (40, 60) years old. Radical nephrectomy was performed in 90 patients with primary tumor and partial nephrectomy was performed in 16 patients. Pathological diagnosis showed that 54 cases were clear cell carcinoma and 52 cases were non-clear cell carcinoma. 53 cases were in stage T 1-2 and 53 cases in stage T 3-4. The median diameter of recurrent lesions was 3.2 (2.0, 6.3) cm, and the median number was 2 (1, 4). The recurrence sites were divided into renal fossa recurrence (33 cases), renal fossa±retroperitoneal lymph node recurrence (38 cases), and intra-abdominal spread (35 cases). The median duration from primary surgery to local recurrence was 14.8 (7.3, 35.8) months. Two treatment groups were identified as systemic therapy alone (Group A) and local therapy with or without systemic therapy (Group B). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) between Group A and Group B. The Cox model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analysis. Results:Of all the 106 patients, 33 patients were in Group A and 73 patients were in Group B. In Group A, 29 patients (87.9%) received targeted therapy, and 4 patients (12.1%) received targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy. In Group B, 34 patients (46.6%) received surgery or ablation and 39 patients (53.4%) received SBRT, of which 62 patients (84.9%) received concurrent systemic therapy. Among them, 58 patients (93.5%) received targeted therapy, and 4 patients (6.5%) received targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy. The median follow-up period was 29.0 (15.4, 45.9) months, 64 patients progressed on tumor including 28 patients died. The median PFS and OS were 15.6 (7.1, 35.2) months and 66.9 (37.8, not reached) months. The median PFS of Group A and Group B were 7.6(5.0, 17.2)months and 22.2(9.6, 63.9)months respectively ( P=0.001), median OS of Group A and Group B were 45.7 (23.4, 62.8)months and 71.0(50.6, not reached)months respectively, and the 2-year OS were 70.6% and 85.5% in Group A and Group B respectively ( P=0.023). The univariate analysis showed local therapy with or without systemic therapy was significantly reduced 56% risk of tumor progression ( HR=0.44, P=0.003) and reduced 60% risk of death ( HR=0.40, P=0.028). The multivariate analysis showed that the OS was associated with ECOG score( HR=10.20, 95% CI 4.13-25.30, P<0.001)and local therapy( HR=0.23, 95% CI 0.09-0.58, P=0.002). Conclusion:Compared with systemic therapy alone, local therapy with or without systemic therapy can effectively improve the PFS and OS of patients with locoregional recurrence after nephrectomy.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in a community population.Method:This was a prospective cohort study. From December 2011 to April 2012, the first investigation was conducted among subjects with more than 40-year old who were from Shijingshan district and Pingguoyuan community in Beijing. The second investigation was conducted from April to October 2015. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to the tertile of the TyG index at baseline. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore the correlation between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the TyG index group was drawn. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia to determine the correlation characteristics between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease among subgroups.Results:A total of 9 577 subjects were finally included to analyze. The mean follow-up time of this study was (34.14±3.84) months. During the follow-up, 363 subjects (3.8%) occurred nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that the hazard ratio ( HR) of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the high TyG index group was 1.54 (95% CI 1.19-1.98), 1.60 (95% CI 1.23-2.10), and 1.57 (95% CI 1.20-2.05) in the three models, compared with the low TyG index group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease increased from the low-TyG index group to the high-TyG index group ( P=0.015). In the six subgroups analysis, only gender was shown to have a significant interaction effect with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. In the female population, the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease is significantly increased with the increase in the TyG index level ( P<0.001). Conclusions:A high TyG index is independently related to the increased risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community population. Gender has a significant interaction with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. Therefore, the TyG index may be a useful marker to predict the nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk of a community population.

Objective:To determine the long-term efficacy and safety of intra-cervical lymphatic immunotherapy (ICLIT) for adult allergic rhinitis (AR) by comparing it with subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT).Methods:A total of 100 adult AR patients with dust mite allergy in Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First People′s Hospital of Foshan from Feb 2018 to Dec 2019 were randomly divided into two groups, 50 in SCIT group [including 42 males and 8 females, aging (32.55±9.72) years] and 50 in ICLIT group [including 45 males and 5 females, aging (31.33±9.84) years]. The changes in total symptom score (total system score, TSS), nasal symptom score (total nasal symptom score, TNSS), eye symptom score (total ocular scoring system, TOSS), drug score (total medication score, TMS), and quality of life score of the two groups of patients were evaluated before and after treatment, and the adverse reactions of all patients during the treatment period were recorded. The changes in the level of dust mite specific IgE (sIgE) in the serum were evaluated. GraphPad Prism 9.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:In the SCIT group, 38 patients completed treatment and follow-up, with a dropout rate of 24%. In the ICLIT group, 48 patients completed treatment and follow-up, with a dropout rate of only 4%. The scores of TSS, TNSS, TOSS, TMS, and quality of life in the ICLIT group before treatment were 32.1±3.0, 27.3±3.1, 4.8±2.8, 2.3±0.9, and 68.1±28.7, respectively; After 36 months of treatment, the scores were 21.8±11.4, 18.1±9.4, 3.7±2.9, 1.3±1.1, and 36.0±26.7, respectively, which were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P<0.001). After 36 months of treatment, the TSS of the ICLIT group improved by 10.3±11.2 compared to before, while the TSS of the SCIT group improved significantly by 21.9±11.0 compared to before, with statistically significant differences between the groups ( P<0.001). No serious systemic adverse reactions occurred in both groups of patients. Conclusions:ICLIT treatment for adult AR has long-term efficacy, high safety, and high compliance, but its long-term efficacy is not as good as SCIT. ICLIT can be considered as a new complementary option for AR immunotherapy.