By analyzing the understandings of water points (acupoints connected with the kidney) and its association with water (kidney), zangfu organs and meridian-collateral recorded in Suwen: Shuire Xue Lun (Discussion on Water and Heat Diseases in Plain Question), it is found that the recognition on the water points is different from that on water diseases in Huangdi Neijing (the Yellow Emperor 's Inner Classic). The recognition on the water points focuses on the core theory, "rooted at the kidney", to explain the water diseases. Besides, in association with the study on the connotation of "luo" in Huangdi Neijing, it is discovered that "yinluo" discussed in water points is actually the misunderstanding of "zang zhi yinluo" that means "the connection by the kidney". It is shown that the discussion of water points refer to the elaboration of zangfu organs and 57 acupoints connected with water (the kidney), rather than the theory of collaterals. The characteristics of these 57 acupoints involved and the related needling techniques provide a new approach to the treatment of zangfu diseases.
Acupuncture Points ; Humans ; Meridians ; China ; History, Ancient ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history* ; Acupuncture Therapy/history*

The diseases and pathological manifestations associated with chongmai (thoroughfare vessel) are the representative in the practical applications of chongmai theory. Elucidating this theory serves as a prerequisite of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. Based on literature analysis, the diseases and clinical manifestations of chongmai recorded in the time of Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) were analyzed so as to reinterpret the diagnostic process, pathological characteristics, and clinical manifestations of disorders, and evaluate the value of chongmai theory. Chongmai diseases were identified from the palpation initially, known as the "palpation on abdominal pulse". The "qi reversion" of chongmai represents a typical clinical manifestation of chongmai diseases, such as ji (abdominal mass), jia (abdominal hematoma), and shan (hernia), occurring in different sites of the abdomen and in different pathological stages. A part of distribution of chongmai is considered in clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion. To emphasize the significance of chongmai in modern acupuncture-moxibustion theory and practice, the diagnostic and therapeutic patterns of the related disorders should be considered in clinical practice. The characteristics of chongmai are reflected in three aspects: qi, blood and abdomen, which are determined by both its inherent properties and the clinical manifestations of related diseases.
Humans ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Moxibustion ; History, Ancient ; Meridians ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a globally life-threatening disease. Presently, few therapeutic medicines are available for treating IS, and rt-PA is the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US. In fact, many agents showing excellent neuroprotection but no blood flow-improving activity in animals have not achieved ideal clinical efficacy, while thrombolytic drugs only improving blood flow without neuroprotection have limited their wider application. To address these challenges and meet the huge unmet clinical need, we have designed and identified a novel compound AAPB with dual effects of neuroprotection and cerebral blood flow improvement. AAPB significantly reduced cerebral infarction and neural function deficit in tMCAO rats, pMCAO rats, and IS rhesus monkeys, as well as displayed exceptional safety profiles and excellent pharmacokinetic properties in rats and dogs. AAPB has now entered phase I of clinical trials fighting IS in China.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Xuebijing injection on the improvement of pneumonia severity index (PSI) and prognosis in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods:A multicenter prospective cohort study was designed. Adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of 28 designated COVID-19 hospitals in 15 provinces and cities of China from January to March 2020 were enrolled. All patients were treated according to the standard treatment plan of COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. They were divided into Xuebijing group and standard treatment group according to whether they received Xuebijing injection or not. In the standard treatment group, routine medical care measures such as antiviral, respiratory support, circulatory support and symptomatic treatment were taken. In the Xuebijing group, on the basis of standard treatment, Xuebijing was used within 12 hours of admission to the ICU, 100 mL each time, twice daily. The minimum duration of Xuebijing administration was 1 day. The improvement rate of PSI risk rating on the 8th day and clinical outcome on the 28th day were recorded.Results:A total of 276 COVID-19 patients were screened continuously, and the data of 144 severe patients who met PSI risk rating Ⅲ-Ⅴ were analyzed. Seventy-two cases were involved each in standard treatment group and Xuebijing group. The average age of the standard treatment group and Xuebijing group were (65.7±7.9) years old and (63.5±10.9) years old, and male accounted for 75.0% (54/72) and 70.8% (51/72), respectively. There were no significant differences in general conditions, comorbidities, PSI risk rating and score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2), respiratory support mode and other baseline indicators between the two groups. Compared with the standard treatment group, the improvement rate of PSI risk rating in Xuebijing group on the 8th day after admission was significantly improved [56.9% (41/72) vs. 20.8% (15/72), between-group difference and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 36.1% (21.3% to 50.9%), P < 0.01], PSI score, SOFA score and PaO 2/FiO 2 were significantly improved [PSI score: 83.7±34.8 vs. 108.2±25.6, between-group difference (95% CI) was -24.5 (-34.9 to -14.1); SOFA score: 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) vs. 7.0 (4.0, 10.0), between-group difference (95% CI) was -3.5 (-5.0 to -2.0); PaO 2/FiO 2 (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 289.4±111.6 vs. 188.5±98.1, between-group difference (95% CI) was 100.9 (65.3 to 136.5); all P < 0.01]. The 28-day discharge rate of Xuebijing group was 44.5% higher than that of standard treatment group [66.7% (48/72) vs. 22.2% (16/72), P < 0.01], and the 28-day survival rate was 9.8% [91.7% (66/72) vs. 81.9% (59/72), P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference in the combination of antiviral drugs, antibiotics, anticoagulants and vasopressor drugs between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the Xuebijing group and standard treatment group [41.7% (30/72) vs. 43.1% (31/72), P > 0.05], and no serious adverse events and adverse reactions of Xuebijing were reported. Conclusion:Standard treatment combined with Xuebijing injection can significantly improve the PSI risk score and clinical prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19 without increasing drug safety risk.

Allografts ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects* ; SARS-CoV-2

OBJECTIVE: To develop a solvent desorption-gas chromatography method for detecting ethylene glycol monopropyl ether( EGME) in workplace air. METHODS: EGME in workplace air was captured by charcoal tubes and desorbed by methanol-methylene chloride(5∶ 95,V/V),separated by capillary chromatographic column,and detected by flame ionization detector. RESULTS: The good linear range of EGME was 1. 37-1 913. 80 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient was 0. 999 90. The detection limit was 0. 06 mg/L. The minimum detectable concentration was 0. 02 mg/m3.The average desorption efficiency was 97. 81%-104. 70%. The within-run relative standard deviation( RSD) was 1. 94%-2. 99%,and the between-run RSD was 3. 24%-4. 53%. The samples could be stored at room temperature for at least 14 days. CONCLUSION: This method could be used for detection of EGME in workplace air.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of simultaneous detection of 45 kinds of common organic compounds in workplace air by solvent desorption-gas chromatography method.METHODS: A total of 45 kinds of common organic compounds such as benzene,1,2-dichloroeyhane,n-hexane and trichloroethylene in workplace air were collected with activated carbon tube and desorbed with carbon disulfide,separated by capillary chromatographic column,and detected with flame ionization detector.RESULTS: There was good linear relationship in the selected range.The correlation coefficients was 0.999 92-0.999 99.The detection limit was 0.03-0.30 mg/L and the minimum detectable concentration range was 0.01-0.20 mg/m~3( sample volume was 3.00 L).The average desorption efficiencies was 75.4%-105.7%.The within-run and between-run relative standard deviations were 0.4%-6.7% and 1.8%-7.9%,respectively.The sampling efficiency was 91.9%-100.0%.CONCLUSION: The method is simple,high sensitivity and good precision,which can be used for simultaneous detection of 45 kinds of common coexisting organic compounds in workplace air.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a methodology for simultaneous detection of chloromethyl methyl ether( CMME) and bis-chloromethyl ether( BCME) in workplace air by gas chromatography. METHODS: CMME and BCME in workplace air were collected with absorption solution which was also derivatization solution. The derivative products were extracted using n-hexane alkaline medium. The extracts were separated by capillary column and detected with electron capture detector.The quantification was performed by use of standard curves. RESULTS: The linearity ranges of CMME and BCME were2. 00-80. 00 and 1. 32-52. 80 ng,respectively. The correlation coefficients were both 0. 999 93. The minimum detectable concentrations were both 0. 030 μg / m3 and the minimum quantification concentrations were both 0. 100 μg / m3( 7. 50 L sample). The recovery rates were 99. 35%-101. 00% and 97. 99%-101. 70% respectively. The within-run relative standard deviations( RSD) were 2. 73%-4. 46% and 2. 61%-3. 82% respectively,and the between-run RSD were3. 10%-5. 50% and 3. 89%-5. 38% respectively. The sampling efficiencies were 92. 43%-96. 25% and 91. 43%-94. 03%respectively. The samples were stable at room temperature for at least 15 days. CONCLUSION: This method is suitable for simultaneous detection of CMME and BCME in workplace air.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a solvent desorption-gas chromatography method for simultaneous determination of 2-methoxyethyl acetate(2-MEA) and 2-ethoxyethyl acetate(2-EEA) in the workplace air. METHODS: 2-MEA and 2-EEA in workplace air were captured by charcoal tubes and desorbed with solution of 5. 00%(V/V) methanol-methylene chloride,separated through capillary chromatographic column,and then analyzed by gas chromatography-flameionization detector. RESULTS: The linear ranges of 2-MEA and 2-EEA were 1. 50-2 403. 84 and 1. 79-2 871. 20 mg/L,respectively.The correlation coefficient were 0. 999 8. The minimum quantification concentrations were 0. 20 and 0. 09 mg/m~3,respectively(3. 00 L sample). The average desorption efficiencies were 98. 08%-99. 67% and 94. 34%-99. 79%,respectively. The within-run relative standard deviations(RSD) were 1. 77%-3. 51% and 1. 72%-3. 01%,respectively.The between-run RSD were 2. 27%-4. 44% and 2. 31%-4. 19%,respectively. The samples could be stored at room temperature for at least 14 days. CONCLUSION: This method could be used for simultaneous sampling and quantitative detection of 2-MEA and 2-EEA in workplace air.

AIM:To investigate the effect of renal denervation ( RDN) by radiofrequency catheter ablation on the expression of aquaporins ( AQP) in dog kidneys .METHODS:Adult Chinese Kunming dogs ( n=12 ) were randomly divided into RDN group and control group (6 for each group).The dogs in RDN group underwent bilateral RDN using ra-diofrequency catheter ablation , and radiofrequency catheter was positioned in bilateral renal artery without ablation in con -trol group.The levels of norepinephrine (NE) and AQP1~3 in the renal tissues were detected 1 month after RDN, and blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed at baseline and 1 month after RDN.RESULTS: The level of NE in RDN group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01).The expression of AQP1~3 in the renal cortex and medulla was lower in RDN group than that in control group .RDN also caused a substantial BP reduction (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:RDN substantially decreases the tissue levels of NE and AQP in dog kidneys , and also decreases BP sig-nificantly , which might be involved in the mechanism of BP reduction by RDN .Renal sympathetic nerve plays an excitatory role in the regulation of AQP in the kidney.